Central nervous system (CNS) diseases such as Alzheimer s disease, Parkinson s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis affect a large number of populations worldwide for which no suitable cure is currently available. In addition, stroke, nanoparticle intoxication, diabetes, hypertension, and psychostimulant abuse either alone or in combination are capable of inducing potential brain damage. Thus, there is an urgent need to expand our knowledge to find suitable therapeutic strategies to enhance neurorepair processes in such diseases.

This volume presents neuroprotection and novel therapeutic strategies developed in the last 5 years by 12 world leaders in the field. The term neuroprotection means rescuing neuronal and non-neuronal cells together. The cerebral endothelium that constitutes the anatomical and physiological site of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is one of the most important non-neural cells in the CNS. Any distortion of the BBB leads to brain diseases and restoration of the barrier results in neuroprotection. Thus, the BBB appears to be the "gateway" for neurological diseases and neurorepair. However, to treat brain tumors or infarcts, new therapeutic strategies are needed to enhance brain drug delivery using nanotechnology. In addition, apart from conventional drugs, restoration of BBB function could also be achieved by means of antibodies directed against specific proteins, neurotransmitters or exogenous supplement of neurotrophic factors. Since co-morbidity factors e.g., hypertension, diabetes, and exposure of nanoparticles could complicate the pathogenesis of neurological disorders either an enhanced dose of the drug or nanodelivery of a combination of several drugs is needed to achieve neuroprotection.

This volume of "International Review of Neurobiology" is the first to discuss novel therapeutic strategies in situations of neurological disorders in combination with different co-morbidity factors.

Reviews written by experts in such a way thatprovides basic knowledge for beginners and advanced information for researchers and experts.

New aspects of Neurodegenerative diseasessuch as;Alzheimer s Disease, Parkinson s Disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis are presented with thelatest therapeutic measures.

Exacerbation of brain pathology in hypertension or diabetes is discussed for the first time.

Leading authors review state-of-the-art in their field of investigation and provide their views and perspectives for future research
Chapters are extensively referenced to provide readers with a comprehensive list of resources on the topics covered
All chapters include comprehensive background information and are written in a clear form that is also accessible to the non-specialist
Leading authors review state-of-the-art in their field of investigation and provide their views and perspectives for future research
Chapters are extensively referenced to provide readers with a comprehensive list of resources on the topics covered
All chapters include comprehensive background information and are written in a clear form that is also accessible to the non-specialist

The serotonin 5-HT6 receptor represents a novel pharmacological target whose impact on physiopathology of CNS functions remains undetermined. Some receptor antagonists have been synthesized and they show a modulatory role in learning and memory processes, and food intake. The pharmacology of 5-HT6 receptor agonists is still under evaluation. However, both 5-HT6 antagonists and agonists seem to exert potential antidepressant activity. Recently, a second messenger system has been discovered. 5-HT6 receptor function is becoming more and more intriguing. Thus, the aim of the present book is to try to clarify the pharmacology of 5-HT6 receptors.

written by expert researchers covers all published literature to date in the field of 5-HT6 receptors

Microdialysis is currently one of the most important in vivo sampling methods in physiology and pharmacology. It is used to determine the chemical components of the fluid in the extracellular space of tissues. The technique is now well established in neuroscience research and is used excessively in behavioral neuroscience to determine the concentrations and identities of molecules in brain tissues, and their change due to behavior, hormonal and transmitter changes in the nervous system. The book provides a detailed comprehensive overview of the technology and its applications, including application in pathology, drug development, and the application in the clinic. The authors are all well known researchers in Neuroscience and experts in the use of Microdialysis.
Organized into two parts of seven sections, the Handbook of Microdialysis critically examines recent developments in the field through a variety of chapters written by an internationally acclaimed group of authors. It is the first comprehensive handbook covering the technology of Microdialysis and its applications in Neuroscience.
* Presents microdialysis methods and interpretation including the technical aspects of microdialysis as a sampling technique followed by the analytical chemical methods
* Discusses the role of microdialysis in pharmacology, drug development and models of CNS
pathology
* Includes clinical applications of microdialysis

This book describes human hereditary ion channel diseases of voltage- and ligand-gated ion channels covering the diverse fields of medicine myology, neurology, cardiology, and nephrology requiring a wide and interdisciplinary readership. Interesting parallels in pathogenetic mechanisms of disease are especially emphasized to interest even highly specialized readers in entities outside of their fields. Each author has written an objective overview of his or her particular subject in a way that should allow the reader within a short period of time to obtain a comprehensive picture of the present state of art.

The book presents a basis for the interaction of the brain and nervous system with painting, music and literature, and a discussion of art from multiple facets such as anatomy, migraine, illusion and evolutionary biology. The book explores several aspects of the neurobiology of painting, including evolutionary neurobiology, sensation vs. perception, the visual brain and how the mind works, and also explores the affects of brain disorders and trauma on artist, with a concluding chapter on Frida Kahlo and the spinal cord injury that influenced her painting.

Hardbound. Major theoretical advances were made in this area of research, and in the course of these developments order statistics has also found important applications in many diverse areas. These include life-testing and reliability, robustness studies, statistical quality control, filtering theory, signal processing, image processing, and radar target detection. Theoretical researchers working on theoretical and methodological advancements on order statistics and applied statisticians and engineers developing new and innovative applications of order statistics have been successfully brought together to create this handbook. For the convenience of readers, the subject matter has been divided into two volumes. This volume focuses on theory and methods, and volume 17 deals primarily with applications. Each volume has been divided into parts, each part specializing in one aspect of order statistics. The articles in this volume have been classified into

The study of catatonia in Autism Spectrum Disorders is a novel and controversial topic. Catatonia is a motor disorder characterized by stereotypy, rigidity, mutism, and posturing. These motor signs are also characteristic of autism. The interest in the relation between autism and catatonia stems from clinical observations that autistic and catatonic symptoms overlap, that some people with autism develop full-blown catatonia, and that anti-catatonic treatments bring relief in some of those patients.
This book explores the question of if the two syndromes have a common pathophysiology. It also examines whether the successful treatment of catatonia be applied to patients with both autism and catatonia. The book concludes with blueprints for the assessment, treatment, and future study of catatonia in Autism Spectrum Disorders. These blueprints aim to increase early recognition and treatment of catatonia in patients with autism, show the urgency of controlled treatment trials and increased collaborative and interdisciplinary research into the co-occurrence of these two enigmatic disorders.
* Provides a historical perspective of the concepts of catatonia and autism, as described by old European masters like Bleuler and Kalhbaum
* Presents clinical-epidemiological studies that apply systematic criteria of catatonia in populations with Autism Spectrum Disorders
* Includes a review of the importance of psychomotor function for normal and abnormal development

In the tradition of its predecessor, the main purpose of this volume is the dissemination of statistical methodologies in the area of biological and medical sciences. The chapters are written by specialists with considerable experience in the application of statistical techniques for investigating biological issues. The volume is divided into four parts and the chapters illustrate some recent work on many issues. Most of the papers discuss the statistical principles in conjunction with specific applications. As a result biological as well as statistical readers will benefit from this exposition, and obtain the current state of knowledge in these areas. Many authors emphasize the open problems that might lead to further work on these subjects.

Natural product chemistry covers a fascinating area of organic chemistry and its study has enriched organic chemistry in a myriad of different ways. In recent years the thrust has been in three major directions: advances in stereoselective synthesis of bioactive natural products, developments in structure elucidation of complex natural products through the applications of multidimensional NMR and mass spectroscopy, and the integration of bioassay procedures with the isolation processes leading to the isolation of active principles from the extracts. The present volume reflects these developments, and the growing emphasis on bioactive natural products, chemical constituents of echinoderms, diterpenoids from Rabdosia and Eremophila sp., structural studies on saponins, marine sesquiterpene quinones and antimicrobial activity of amphibian venoms. The reviews on bioactive metabolites of Phomophis, cardenolide detection by ELISA, xenocoumacins and bioactive dihydroisocoumarins, CD studies of carbohydrate-molybdate complexes, oncogene function inhibitors from microbial secondary metabolites and Gelsemium and Lupin alkaloids present frontier developments in several areas of natural product chemistry. It is hoped that the present volume, which contains articles by eminent authorities in each field, will be received with the same enthusiasm as the previous volumes of this series.

Glutamate and GABA are the main information carrying neurotransmitters in the brain. Their action is modulated by a further series of small molecules called neuromodulators. The major neuromodulators in the brain are acetylcholine (both muscarinic and nicotinic), dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine and serotonin. These have an enormous range of functions in a wide variety of brain mechanisms. This book attempts to give a general overview of this field with a section devoted to each of these. Each section starts with anatomy, both structural and functional. The various types of receptors for these agents are described and then the effects of stimulating these receptors. These receptors trigger a variety of electrical reactions that generally involve potassium, sodium or calcium channels. Also reviewed are other receptors that trigger a wide variety of post-synaptic signaling cascades that influence a large number of neuronal functions including receptor sensitivity, synaptic plasticity and gene manipulation. Finally the relevance of these systems to disease states is detailed. There are many reviews of individual neuromodulators but this is the only book where one author attempts to cover the whole field.

Hardbound. This volume covers an area of statistics dealing with complex problems in the production of goods and services, maintenance and repair, and management and operations. The opening chapter is by W. Edwards Deming, pioneer in statistical quality control, who was involved in the quality control movement in Japan and helped the country in its rapid industrial development. He gives a program to keep a country in an ascending path of industrial development.Areas covered in the further 23 chapters of the work include: - reliability of hardware and process control software;- the concepts and theory of reliability and the statistical inference problems arising therein;- the aspects of Quality Control of manufactured goods.

It is well recognized that there is an intimate and reciprocal interaction between epilepsy and sleep. The book, Epilepsy and Sleep is a ground-breaking, comprehensive source for exploring this correlation and is especially timely because of the considerable growth in the understanding of the physiology underlying both sleep and epilepsy. An insightful reference, it presents many of the complex physiologic mechanisms underlying epilepsy--sleep interaction and highlights sleeping disorder symptoms that may be related to epilepsy.
The annual cost of treating epilepsy in the United States is an estimated $12.5 billion, according to a report issued January 2000 by The Epilepsy Foundation. The Foundation also reports that more than 180,000 Americans develop epilepsy each year. However, thousands more cases may be misdiagnosed as sleeping disorders, causing these figures to jump significantly. This correlation and diagnosis can help determine the correct type of medication to administer to regulate the symptoms, in turn saving hundreds of hours of lost time at work and millions of dollars.
Key Features
* Provides the first comprehensive source of information available on the correlation between epilepsy and sleep
* Outlines sleeping disorder symptoms which may in fact be caused by epilepsy
* Well illustrated, easy-to-read text
* An essential text for epileptologists, psychiatrists, physicians, and sleep disorder therapists
* Written by internationally recognized experts in the field

Hardbound. This reference work covers the many aspects of Robust Inference. Much of what is contained in the chapters, written by leading experts in the field, has not been part of previous surveys of this area. Robust Inference has been an active area of research for the last two decades. Especially during recent years it has been extended in different directions covering a wide variety of models. This volume will be valuable for both graduate students and researchers using statistical methods.

International Review of Neurobiology is a well-respected series appealing to neuroscientists, clinicians, psychologists, physiologists, and pharmacologists. Led by an internationally renowned editorial board, this important serial publishes both eclectic volumes made up of timely reviews and thematic volumes that focus on recent progress in a specific area of neurobiology research. This volume is a cumulative subject index of volumes 26-50.

The thalamus is a group of cells placed centrally in the brain that serve a critical role in controlling how both sensory and motor signals are passed from one part of the cerebral cortex to another. Essentially, all information reaching the cerebral cortex and thus consciousness is relayed through the thalamus. The role of the thalamus in controlling the flow of information (such as visual, auditory, and motor) to the cortex has only recently begun to be understood. This book provides an in-depth look at the function of the thalamus and its role as relayer of information to the cerebral cortex. The authors explore how the thalamus controls messages that are passed to the cortex and they introduce the novel suggestion that the thalamus serves a critical role in controlling how messages pass from one part of the cortex to another. Exploring the Thalamus is a comprehensive, up-to-date reference for researchers. It discusses problems concerning the function and structure of the thalamus and concludes each chapter with thought-provoking questions regarding future research.
Key Features:
* Focuses on thalamocortical interrelationships
* Discusses important problems concerning the function and structure of the thalamus
* Concludes each chapter with thought-provoking questions requiring future research

This book provides a comprehensive description of how human sensory systems function, with comparisons of the five senses and detailed descriptions of the functions of each of them. In addition to describing anatomy and function, the book also provides insight as to how sensory information is processed in the brain to provide the basis for communication and for our perception of our surroundings.
The information is presented in a way that is suitable for individuals from diverse disciplines and educational backgrounds. It gives the clinician an understanding of the function of normal and diseased sensory systems and provides a convenient, up-to-date source of information relevant to individuals in the fields of communication and communication disorders. This book is ideal for scientists, clinical researchers, and students in neurology and neuroscience.
Key Features
* Provides comparative descriptions of the anatomy and physiology of all five sensory systems including pain
* Focuses on neural and central processing of sensory information
* Describes parallel processing and stream segregation and the different targets for sensory information including the emotional brain

The increasing realization among behaviorists and psychologists is that many animals learn by observation as members of social systems. Such settings contribute to the formation of culture. This book combines the knowledge of two groups of scientists with different backgrounds to establish a working consensus for future research. The book is divided into two major sections, with contributions by a well-known, international, and interdisciplinary team which integrates these growing areas of inquiry.
Key Features
* Integrates the broad range of scientific approaches being used in the studies of social learning and imitation, and society and culture
* Provides an introduction to this field of study as well as a starting point for the more experienced researcher
* Chapters are succinct reviews of innovative discoveries and progress made during the past decade
* Includes statements of varied theoretical perspectives on controversial topics
* Authoritative contributions by an international team of leading researchers

Published since 1959, International Review of Neurobiology is a well-known series appealing to neuroscientists, clinicians, psychologists, physiologists, and pharmacologists. Led by an internationally renowned editorial board, this important serial publishes both eclectic volumes made up of timely reviews and thematic volumes that focus on recent progress in a specific area of neurobiology research.
Key Features
*Provides solid scientific basis to our understanding of the associations between the brain and the immune system the importance of these connections
* Presents coherent development from cellular and molecular neuroimmune communication to social and health considerations, including psychological intervention
* Addresses the theory that there is a neurobiology of the immune system

This book details how "Alzheimer Disease" went from being an obscure neurologic diagnosis to a household word. The words of those responsible for this revolution are the heart of this book. Dr. Robert Katzman and Dr. Katherine Bick, leaders in Alzheimer research and policy making, interview the people responsible for this awakening of public consciousness about Alzheimer
Disease from 1960 to 1980. They speak with the scientists, public health officials, government regulators, and concerned relatives and activists responsible for taking this neurodegenerative disease out of the "back wards" through the halls of Congress, and on to the front page. The reader will learn how the explosive increase in research funding and public awareness came about, how physicians and psychiatrists established diagnostic criteria, how drugs were developed that offer hope for sufferers, and how the Alzheimer's Association was born.
* Written in the words of those responsible for the widespread recognition of this neurodegenerative disease
* The authors are recognised as leaders in Alzheimer research and policy making

This text introduces underlying principles of the endocrine regulation of behavior in animals and humans. Every chapter begins by stating a principle, followed by specific examples of hormone actions derived from scientific experiments and clinical observations, and concludes with a few challenging unanswered questions. The reference source Hormones, Brain & Behavior identified this field as rapidly expanding within neurobiology and endocrinology. Now, this well-illustrated and referenced text will serve students from undergraduate school to medical school as they learn this new discipline.
* Uniform presentation of material across all chapter, with each chapter addressing a key principle, illustrated by basic experimental and clinical examples
* Includes user-friendly features such as boxed figures with extended captions and references, numerous clinical notes, and a comprehensive list of abbreviations
* Illustrations highlight both the clinical and basic science information

With data from the United States and Europe, Jon Miller and Linda Kimmel examine the public's understanding of and attitude toward biotechnology and biomedicine while they present methods of introducing cutting edge science to the
nonscientist. Biomedical Communications illustrates how vital it is for researchers, journalists, and policy makers to clearly communicate their findings in a way that avoids general misconception or confusion. The authors explore how to acquire information about biomedical policy, discuss strategies for informing consumers, and present tactics for improving biomedical communication with the public.
TOPICS COVERED:
* Using Research to Improve Biomedical Communications
* The Public Understanding of Biomedical Science
* Strategies for Communications to Consumers
* Public Attitudes Toward Biotechnology Issues

Theoretical Mechanics of Biological Neural Networks develops an engineering science for the description of neuroclectric signalling of biological neural networks in terms of the underlying neurobiological mechanisms. The primary theoretical contribution of the book is to show how to describe the co-ordinated electrical activity of arbitrarily complex neural networks in terms of a single governing principle ' for each significant component in the same way that Newton's formulation of classical mechanics allows one to express force-motion relationships for arbitrarily complex mechanical systems in terms of one fundamental principle of motion for each constituent element.;Practically, the book shows how to generate mathematical and computational representations Of' the co-ordinated electrical activity of neural networks, ranging from individual neurons to composite systems of interconnected networks. Complete listings of several general purpose computer programs embodying the theory are included in the book.

Febrile Seizures is written by the most active researchers and clinicians in epilepsy research today. This book presents the latest developments in this field as well as the current state of knowledge in the following:
* New imaging tools and emerging data, visualizing effects of febrile seizures on the brain
* New genetic methodologies
* The use of animal models to permit scientific analysis of the electrophysiology and molecular biology of the seizure.

Key Features
* First book on febrile seizures in over 20 years
* Broad spectrum of approaches, from genetic and epidemiological to bench research using animal models and in vitro single-cell patch-clamp methods
* Comprehensive update of the topic, written by world leaders in the field
* Novel and newly discovered information based on up-to the minute methods
* Engaging style, accessible to the clinician, researcher, and educated parent