Mild traumatic brain injury can happen to anyone, anytime; in cars, sports, or workplace accidents, falls, or through physical assault, including domestic violence and shaken-baby syndrome. The National Center for Injury Prevention and Control estimates that 1.4 million Americans sustain a traumatic brain injury (TBI) each year, and that at least 5.3 million Americans currently have long-term or lifelong need for help to perform activities of daily living as a result of a TBI.

"Brainlash" provides the tools and facts to make the recovery process more intelligible-- and to support the wide range of people affected by MTBI. For patients, family members, physicians and other health care providers, attorneys, health insurance companies, employers and others, it covers options and services, health and vocational issues, medicolegal topics, psychological and emotional implications, and more

This book covers the explosion of new information about the relationship between the brain and its blood supply since the first edition was published in 2009. With new knowledge and its impact on clinical care, neurovascular neuropsychology has become a recognized sub-specialty that has been integrated into health care systems in the US and abroad. The second edition brings to this larger audience the latest word on these matters, with new emphasis on women's issues, relevance to the pediatric population, insights from modern imaging, and advances in medical and surgical treatments such as heart transplantation, cardiovascular transarterial therapies, and noninvasive brain stimulation in connection with neurocognitive outcomes.

Part of the Neurosurgery by Example series, this volume on surgical neuro-oncology presents exemplary cases in which renowned authors guide readers through the assessment and planning, decision making, surgical procedure, after care, and complication management of common and uncommon disorders. The cases explore a number of different types of nervous systems tumors, including glioblastoma, medulloblastoma, skull tumors, and more. Each chapter also contains 'pivot points' that illuminate changes required to manage patients in alternate or atypical situations, and pearls for accurate diagnosis, successful treatment, and effective complication management. Containing a focused review of medical evidence and expected outcomes, Surgical Neuro-Oncology is appropriate for neurosurgeons who wish to learn more about this subspecialty, and those preparing for the American Board of Neurological Surgery oral examination.

Essential prep for maintenance of certification exams as well as neurosurgery boards Comprehensive, but small enough to take on rounds, the updated second edition of this popular neurosurgical board review provides a robust study companion for the American Board of Neurological Surgery (ABNS) primary examination. The text includes an impressive number of questions with concise and well-delineated explanations. Suitable for thorough board preparation, the question and answer format enables busy neurosurgical residents to efficiently practice, review, and improve upon their comprehension. In addition to all the fundamental disciplines that are relevant to the practice of neurosurgery, this edition encompasses the latest advances in the field including endovascular approaches, minimally invasive spinal surgery techniques, and genetics. The diverse and challenging questions encourage the acquisition of factual knowledge and application of logic. This is the definitive ABNS study book because it most closely mimics the written board examination format. Key Highlights: Multiple choice Q&A format provides highly effective study tool Questions organized randomly, thereby simulating the written examination Short explanations provide readers with a clear understanding of the correct answers This is a must-have primer that will help neurosurgeons and neurosurgical residents study and pass the rigorous written board exam. Board-certified neurosurgeons will also find it a handy and useful resource to prepare for MOC examinations or to brush up on clinical know-how.

Clinical neurophysiologic testing plays a critical role as a complement to the clinical assessment in patients who are being evaluated for a variety of neurologic symptoms. Many different techniques and methods of assessment can be used to evaluate the function of the nervous system, including electroencephalography, electromyography, evoked potentials, movement disorder studies, and sleep studies. An accurate understanding of the role of these tests and reliable technical performance and interpretation of these studies is critical in clinical practice. This new edition in the Contemporary Neurology Series remains an essential resource for physicians and technologists learning or utilizing clinical neurophysiology in their training or practice. This fifth edition updates the basic concepts underlying each of the techniques used in clinical neurophysiology and provides detailed descriptions of the methods, findings, studies, and value of the wide range of electrophysiologic testing available for patients with epilepsy and spells, neuromuscular diseases, movement disorders, demyelinating diseases, sleep disorders, autonomic disorders, and those undergoing orthopaedic and neurosurgical procedures in the operative setting. The role of each type of study, the interpretation of findings, and the application of the studies to different types of clinical problems are detailed throughout the text. It is a practical textbook for neurologists, physiatrists and clinical neurophysiologists in clinical or research practice or in training.

There are few books devoted to the topic of brain plasticity and behavior. Most previous works that cover topics related to brain plasticity do not include extensive discussions of behavior. The first to try to address the relationship between recovery from brain damage and changes in the brain that might support the recovery, this volume includes studies of humans as well as laboratory species, particularly rats. The subject matter identifies a consistent correlation between specific changes in the brain and behavioral recovery, as well as various factors such as sex and experience that influence this correlation in consistent ways.
Evolving from a series of lectures given as the McEachran Lectures at the University of Alberta, this volume originally began as a summary of the lectures, but has expanded to include more background literature, allowing the reader to see the author's biases, assumptions, and hunches in a broader perspective. In writing this volume, the author had two goals in mind:
* to initiate senior undergraduates or graduate psychology, biology, neuroscience or other interested students to the issues and questions regarding the nature of brain plasticity, and
* to provide a monograph in the form of an extended summary of the work the author and his colleagues have done on brain plasticity and recovery of function.

The pituitary gland is a very small-sized gland which plays an important role in regulating human well-being by controlling many activities of other hormone-secreting glands. It embeds in a midline, bony hollow of the cranial base and is surrounded by vital structures (eg: optic apparatus, cavernous sinuses, internal carotid arteries, and cranial nerves that control extraocular muscles). Adenoma of this gland is a challenging problem for neurosurgeons. Some are best managed with medication alone, but some are more responsive to surgery. Numerous refinements in surgical approaches to the pituitary gland have been proposed for decades. Advancements in modern surgical equipment and state-of-the-art technology of highly precise tools have given neurosurgeons a new, minimally invasive approach. Since the era of image-guided surgery, neurosurgeons have been offered many chances in innovating high precision surgical techniques via a very small incision or no incision at all. Patients received many benefits from the so-called minimally invasive surgery, particularly less side effects with greater patient comfort. Better outcome, little or no scarring, and lower complication rates of pituitary adenoma surgery resulted from little tissue manipulation by cutting-edge technology. However, the revolutionized pituitary surgery is still going ahead. Starting with the microscopic era, followed by image-guidance and then by endoscopic maneuver, all of these give neurosurgeons a streamlined, multidisciplinary approach in treatment of the pituitary adenoma. Another groundbreaking development in minimally invasive treatment for pituitary adenoma is robotic surgery. Robotic surgery of pituitary adenoma offers a wide range of treatment: passive, semiactive, active robots, and remote manipulators. Some of them are non-invasive alternatives to surgery such as Gamma Knife (R), LINAC, Cyberknife (R); they provide pain-free, non-surgical alternative treatment for surgically complex and invasive adenomas or inoperable patients. The era of robotic surgery is going to innovate pituitary glands surgery; as a technique, it is to become the gold standard treatment. Future progress will turn minimally invasive surgery into non-invasive treatment of pituitary adenoma sooner or later. This book examines all these issues and provides a prediction of what will happen in the future in the field of minimally invasive surgery, particularly for pituitary adenoma.

"Rapid Neurology and Neurosurgery" is a must for all medical students and junior doctors - it is a quick and easy on-the-ward or clinic reference and the perfect revision tool for those approaching finals, undergraduate neurology and neurosurgery examinations, and the Membership of Royal College of Surgeons (MRCS) examinations.

It provides a concise, structured approach to neurology and neurosurgery learning, covering key facts in a simple and memorable way: Part I - The Basics - features the basic principles and facts essential for a good understanding of neurology and neurosurgery and includes sections on relevant neuroanatomy; neurological history and examination; and investigations including neurophysiology and neuroradiology. MRI and CT scans are included throughout the text.Part II - Complaints: face to face with the patient - features OSCE-style and the viva-voce examination preparation and has chapters on presenting complaints with relevant and selected questions to ask for establishing the differential diagnoses (presented in a table) with basic investigations and management.Part III - Conditions: applying the basics - presents important clinical conditions with sections on definition; epidemiology; aetiology; associations/risk factors; pathology; history; examination; investigations; management; complications; prognosis and a list of differential diagnoses usually in a table with general clinical information and distinguishing information to exclude the alternative diagnoses.

Each chapter also includes key points to remember and highlights key facts.

"Rapid Neurology and Neurosurgery" contains only the essential, core, and relevant facts in a concise, pocket-sized, 'rapid' refresher providing a thorough foundation of neurology and neurosurgery knowledge allowing you to excel in the examinations.

Benefits: - Leblancs new investigative technique allows the rapid visualisation of the most vulnerable points of the cranial nerves - the course of each nerve is studied radiologically and anatomically, using dissections, injections, serial macroscopic sections, and x-rays - each cranial nerve is depicted from its origin to the muscle with its intracranial, extracranial, and intracranial pathways - the start of each chapter features an illustration of the cranial nerve as a whole, allowing the reader to quickly memorize the cranial anatomy - unique full-colour illustrations make the atlas a reference of outstanding value to clinicians, researchers and students

Peripheral nerves are biologic wires that convey the desire for motion from brain to muscle, and the experience of touch from skin to brain. When a nerve is cut, the individual fibers, or axons, must regenerate from the site of injury to reconnect with their skin and muscle targets. Nerve regeneration is a process of bewildering complexity that requires the coordinated action of multiple biologic systems. Gene expression within the neuron is altered to support axon growth, regenerating axons must cross the complex environment of the nerve injury and enter pathways that lead to functionally appropriate end organs, Wallerian degeneration clears these pathways of axon debris, and Schwann cells in the distal nerve must produce growth factors to support regeneration. In spite of this complexity, the surgical repair of transected nerve remains a mechanical process that has changed little in the last century, and that restores normal function to only 10% of adults with nerve injuries. Improving the outcome of nerve repair will require close cooperation between surgeon and scientist. Skyrocketing clinical demands on the surgeon and the rapidly increasing sophistication of neuroscience have interacted to form two distinct cultures. Nerve Repair bridges these cultures by providing a translational review of the clinical and basic science relevant to nerve repair. It provides the clinician with an understanding of pertinent research, and the basic scientist with an overview of the clinical manifestations of nerve injury and regeneration. It is also grounded in the history of peripheral nerve surgery and biology so that modern concepts can be understood in the context of their origins.

This book is a comprehensive guide to Targeted Drug Delivery (TDD), also known as Intrathecal Drug Delivery (IDD), and offers an overview to this unique form of treatment. The medication is delivered by intrathecal pumps and is less common than some other techniques for interventional pain management, but is essential in conditions such as refractory pain, cancer pain, multifocal pain, severe spasticity, and in patients who are not candidates for surgical correction of their underlying condition. This book is the first source to describe both the optimal surgical implantation and patient management aspect of this therapy, and thus will be a valuable single reference guide for interventional radiologists, anesthesiologists, physiatrists, oncologists, neurologists, spine surgeons, palliative care physicians, and primary care physicians.

This book is a combination of ideas and experiences from over 100 dedicated and brilliant neurosurgeons around the world. Their common goal is to provide data for a deeper understanding of the multi-faceted aspects of neurosurgery and, by doing so, to better serve patients across the globe. Scientific curiosity, deep dedication, incredible work ethics, entrepreneurship, and creativity are the common traits among all neurosurgeons, and not the exception. By allowing readers to see the field of neurosurgery from the perspectives of surgeons spanning five continents, this book serves to provide multiple, diverse viewpoints and to build a foundation for future collaborations. The book's 24 chapters are organized into 3 parts. Part I provides the reader with an overview of the role of neurosurgery in worldwide health care, its evolution over the past decades, the current state and future directions of each neurosurgical subspecialty across the five continents. Over the years, the overarching goal for neurosurgeons has been to develop new, more effective and high-end solutions for complex diseases and to provide access to neurosurgical services for all patients. Part II discusses the differences and similarities of neurosurgery education and training across the globe, providing a snapshot of how new tools, technology, and paradigms reduce inequality and increase access to neurosurgical education. Educational accomplishments and challenges still present for the in different regions of the world are reviewed. Part III focuses on economic aspects influencing neurosurgery globally, including how to make efficient decisions in the face of scarcity, yet demand. The authors provide theories, models, and tools helpful to apply when planning to allocate resources, not just financial, but also human and intellectual. A deeper understanding of economics does not necessarily provide the answer to the problem; rather it provides the tools to find an answer, or, ideally, multiple possible solutions. Neurosurgery and Global Health is the first comprehensive guide to the role of neurosurgery in the global health care sphere, providing an in-depth compendium about the understanding of the neurosurgical role within global health, its efforts in the education of tomorrow's workforce, and the economic aspects driving the field.

This book bridges the gap between data scientists and clinicians by introducing all relevant aspects of machine learning in an accessible way, and will certainly foster new and serendipitous applications of machine learning in the clinical neurosciences. Building from the ground up by communicating the foundational knowledge and intuitions first before progressing to more advanced and specific topics, the book is well-suited even for clinicians without prior machine learning experience. Authored by a wide array of experienced global machine learning groups, the book is aimed at clinicians who are interested in mastering the basics of machine learning and who wish to get started with their own machine learning research. The volume is structured in two major parts: The first uniquely introduces all major concepts in clinical machine learning from the ground up, and includes step-by-step instructions on how to correctly develop and validate clinical prediction models. It also includes methodological and conceptual foundations of other applications of machine learning in clinical neuroscience, such as applications of machine learning to neuroimaging, natural language processing, and time series analysis. The second part provides an overview of some state-of-the-art applications of these methodologies. The Machine Intelligence in Clinical Neuroscience (MICN) Laboratory at the Department of Neurosurgery of the University Hospital Zurich studies clinical applications of machine intelligence to improve patient care in clinical neuroscience. The group focuses on diagnostic, prognostic and predictive analytics that aid in decision-making by increasing objectivity and transparency to patients. Other major interests of our group members are in medical imaging, and intraoperative applications of machine vision.

An essential reference for state-of-the-art techniques in movement disorder surgery Authored by world renowned experts in neurosurgery and neurology, this book is a comprehensive reference for the entire spectrum of surgical treatments for movement disorders, with an emphasis on the use of deep brain stimulation. It provides essential information on the proposed mechanism of action, electrophysiology, preoperative evaluation, surgical techniques, postoperative care, and anticipated outcomes. High-quality images of anatomy and electrophysiology supplement detailed descriptions of each surgical procedure to ensure that clinicians gain a solid understanding of each clinical problem. The text covers the newest techniques, such as frameless functional stereotactic approaches, and provides critical discussion of the efficacy and possible complications of deep brain stimulation. Features: Complete technical details for performing movement disorder surgery with or without microelectrode recording Practical discussion of a simplified electrical basis for programming deep brain stimulators Information about new directions for deep brain stimulation as well as alternative therapies, such as gene therapy and cellular therapy Guidance on how to avoid and manage potential complications Extensive coverage of anesthesia to help clinicians optimize patient care and comfort Recommendations for setting up a multidisciplinary practice More than 150 high-quality illustrations demonstrating key concepts This essential reference will aid clinicians and residents in neurosurgery, neurology, anesthesiology, and neurophysiology in instituting the best practices for movement disorder surgery.

The latest techniques for managing trauma and critical care of spine patients Neurotrauma and Critical Care of the Spine provides a concise review of the current surgical interventions and medical treatments for patients with traumatic spine injuries. Experts in the fields of neurosurgery and orthopedic surgery lead clinicians through each stage of patient care, from prehospital care to initial assessment to diagnostic work up and finally through operative and nonoperative treatments. The book places special emphasis on critical care of the patient and provides insight into future techniques for management. Features: Review of fundamental science concepts, including pathophysiology, spinal cord regeneration, and the biomechanics of the spine Guidelines for selecting appropriate imaging modalities and administering diagnostic tests, such as electrophysiological studies Thorough descriptions of preoperative evaluation and medical optimization of the patient Chapters covering such important topics as pediatric management, multidisciplinary approaches to rehabilitation and recovery, socioeconomic issues, and ethical issues Summary tables that synthesize the literature and provide an overview of treatment options More than 130 high-quality illustrations demonstrating key concepts Guiding clinicians from assessment through rehabilitation, this book presents a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach that will enable neurosurgeons, orthopedic surgeons, trauma and emergency specialists, and residents in these specialties to optimize patient care. The companion volume to this book is Neurotrauma and Critical Care of the Brain.

This book provides a comprehensive analysis of the contemporary management of all aspects of traumatic brain injury (TBI), combining the findings of several recent randomised controlled trials investigating the role of hypothermia, erythropoietin, intracranial pressure monitoring and decompressive craniectomy in the management of TBI. The book is divided into four sections: the first section covers the epidemiology of TBI, the changing global patterns of presentation, and the basic pathophysiology and classification, while the second discusses contemporary management of TBI, from pre-hospital care, emergency assessment, and medical and surgical management to rehabilitation and social reintegration. The third section then examines the evidence gained from recent clinical trials that have investigated the efficacy of management strategies involving intracranial pressure monitoring, multimodal monitoring, hypothermia, erythropoietin, thromboembolic prophylaxis and decompressive craniectomy. Lastly, the fourth section explores the ethical issues, both at the societal level and on an individual basis. Written by a broad range of experts, this book provides a valuable reference resource for neurosurgeons, intensivists, clinicians with ethical experience and pure bioethicists in their daily work.

This book is a detailed resource on the technical aspects of pediatric neurosurgery that relate to vascular malformations of the brain and spinal cord. It introduces concepts relevant to cerebrovascular system development and the classification of vascular malformations. Information on a range of disorders is then provided with an emphasis placed on answering frequently asked questions in relation to a particular condition. Therefore, enabling the reader to systematically improve their understanding of how approach treating patients utilizing techniques such as ultrasound and spinal angiography. The chapters, authored by experts in their respective field, provide a standard of care based on current diagnostic and management guidelines for pediatric neurosurgical diseases. Pediatric Vascular Neurosurgery: Technical Nuances in Contemporary Pediatric Neurosurgery (Part 2) is a comprehensive overview of how to approach diagnosing and treating a range of vascular malformations encountered in pediatric patients. The problem-solving approach of this work makes it a valuable addition to the literature and suitable for use by residents, fellows and consultants within pediatrics and allied specialities, including Neurosurgery, Neurology, Neuro-anesthesia, Neuro-critical care and advanced health care providers amongst others.

Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). It regulates normal CNS function, is a major participant in pathology, and serves learning, memory, and higher cognitive functions. The 12 chapters of this book provide the first comprehensive coverage of all the major features of glutamate as excitatory neurotransmitter. The book begins with a valuable historical backdrop. Building from a chapter on the common structure of glutamate receptors, several others cover the major ionotropic receptors, their structure, function, and pharmacology. A follow-up chapter discusses the metabotropic receptors that are directly coupled to second messenger metabolism. A central theme of the book is the capacity of the excitatory amino acid system to contribute to the diverse array of signaling systems in the CNS as a direct result of the large assortment of receptors (including, for the ionotropic receptors, various subunits) the combination of which determine distinct functional properties. A recent development in the field discussed in several chapters is the biochemical characterization of a supermolecular protein complex, the post-synaptic density, that makes the unique structure of excitatory synapses. This complex subserves the experience-dependent modulation of synaptic strength and synaptic plasticity, and gives the synapse the capacity to change dynamically in both structure and receptor composition. Drawing on the individual properties of the receptors, transporters, and functional architecture of the synapse, the concluding chapters describe the functional integration of these components in the more complex physiological processes of plasticity and pathology. Recognition that the regulation of excitatory amino acid receptor activity underlies the pathology of many neurological diseases, including stroke, Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia, has opened up an exciting frontier that will allow the translation of our understanding of these basic mechanisms into new concepts of pathology and new therapeutic strategies. This book will be invaluable for neuroscientists, pharmacologists, neurologists, and psychiatrists, and for their students and trainees.

Drawing from original correspondence penned by lobotomy patients and their families as well as from the professional papers of lobotomy pioneer and neurologist Walter Freeman, The Lobotomy Letters gives an account of the widespread acceptance of this controversial procedure. The rise and widespread acceptance of psychosurgery constitutes one of the most troubling chapters in the history of modern medicine. By the late 1950s, tens of thousands of Americans had been lobotomized as treatment for a host of psychiatric disorders. Though the procedure would later be decried as devastating and grossly unscientific, many patients, families, and physicians reported veritable improvement from the surgery; some patients were even considered cured. The Lobotomy Letters gives an account of why this controversial procedure was sanctioned by psychiatrists and doctors of modern medicine. Drawing from original correspondence penned by lobotomy patients andtheir families as well as from the professional papers of lobotomy pioneer and neurologist Walter Freeman, the volume reconstructs how physicians, patients, and their families viewed lobotomy and analyzes the reasons for its overwhelming use. Mical Raz, MD/PhD, is a physician and historian of medicine.

This updated second edition provides a practical and succinct overview of basic neuropathology. Key concepts and basic principles are covered and discussed with particular focus on recent advances, classification, and genetics. Practical points are included to detail how to best use the neuropathology service and interpret the results of pathological tests. Neuropathology Simplified aims to aid the development of multidisciplinary teams and help clinical trainees understand recent advances in neuropathological disorders. The book is also relevant to trainee and resident neurologists, pathologists, and neurosurgeons.

This book provides an in-depth review of the current state of knowledge on the intracranial chronic subdural hematoma, with an emphasis on the etiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, anatomic pathology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, imaging findings, and treatment modalities, both medical and surgical. Sections on the postoperative complications, prognosis, and medicolegal aspects of this illness are also included. Lastly, the book considers future areas of investigation and innovative therapeutic philosophies. This richly illustrated book will help the reader choose the most appropriate way to manage this challenging neurosurgical disease process. It is an ideal resource for neuroscientists at all levels, from graduate students to research scientists, including neurosurgeons, neurologists, neuroradiologists, and pediatricians, and for those seeking both basic and more advanced information regarding the craniospinal subdural hematoma, including acute, subacute and chronic ones.

This book provides a comprehensive overview of the management of brain and skull base tumors. It features detailed insight into the intrinsic molecular biology, anatomical foundation, radiological planning, surgical execution, and the novel therapeutics that guide today's treatment regimens. The first section features concepts related to the epidemiology and pathological basis of disease processes, including relevant cellular and molecular biology. In the second section, integral anatomical foundations and principles are covered including microsurgical anatomy of the cerebrum, white matter tracts, ventricles, brainstem, skull base, advancements in radiological imaging, and cognitive examinations. Surgical approaches and how to execute these procedures are then subsequently discussed in the third part of the work. Principles of Neuro-Oncology: Brain & Skull Base is a practically applicable guide to the latest treatment techniques available to treat these patients. Therefore, it is an indispensable resource for all physicians who utilize these methodologies in their day-to-day practice.

Many neurological conditions are caused by damage to neurons and glial cells. For most of these diseases there are at present no effective treatments to minimize the extent of neuronal and glial loss, and no effective way of replacing what has been lost. This picture is rapidly changing. Developments in basic neuroscience have produced various potential therapies that can protect neurons and glia following traumatic, anoxic, infectious and immunological damage. The old doctrine that axons cannot be made to regenerate, and dead neurons cannot be replaced is no longer tenable, and a wide variety of reconstructive techniques for the nervous system are under development. These and other basic science discoveries will progress into clinical practice, and lead to a revolution in neurology and neurosurgery. This book describes the various conditions that lead to damage to the nervous system, and the ways in which they may be ameliorated. It covers the burgeoning science of reconstruction of the nervous system, through neuronal, glial and stem cell transplantation, axon regeneration, remyelination, plasticity and pharmacological interventions.

Fully illustrated and enhanced with accompanying video clips, this comprehensive text presents the clinical evaluation and management of brachial plexus injuries and reconstruction, both for adult patients and birth injuries. Divided into two main sections, part one covers adult brachial plexus injuries, discussing the relevant anatomy and biology, epidemiology, and associated injuries. The main focus, however, is on diagnosis - the clinical exam as well as neurodiagnostic and radiographic evaluation - and surgical management approaches and techniques, including nerve grafting and transfers, tendon and muscle transfers, and joint fusion. Related topics are presented in chapters on sensory reinnervation, neuropathic pain management, the role of amputation and prosthetics, and pre- and post-surgical therapy protocols. Brachial plexus birth injury is described in part two, also focusing mainly on diagnosis and management but with an emphasis on the fact that babies are not small adults and special considerations are warranted. This section concludes with chapters on the management of late complications and long-term sequelae. A comprehensive surgical text on brachial plexus injuries has not been previously attempted. Filling a large gap in the literature, Operative Brachial Plexus Surgery is the go-to resource for adult and birth related brachial plexus reconstruction for orthopedic surgeons, neurosurgeons, plastics surgeons, and their trainees.