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By way of a personal note, I can reveal to the reader that I was led to Sanskrit by an exposure to Indian philosophy while still a child. These early mystical interests gave way in the university to scholarly pursuits and, through reading the works of Franklin Edgerton, Louis Renou and Etienne Lamotte, I was introduced to the scientific study of the* past, to philology and the academic study of an ancient literature. In this period I wrote a number of books on Sanskrit aesthetics, concentrating on the sophisticated Indian notions of suggestion. This work has culminated in a three-volume study of the Dhvanyaloka and the Dhvanyalokalocana, for the Harvard Oriental Series. Eventually I found that I wanted to broaden my concern with India, to learn what was at the universal core of my studies and what could be of interest to everyone. In reading Indian literature, I came across so many bizarre tales and ideas that seemed incomprehensible and removed from the concerns of everyday life that I became troubled. Vedantic ideas of the world as a dream, for example, to which I had been particularly partial, seemed grandiose and megalomanic. I turned away with increasing scepticism from what I felt to be the hysterical outpourings of mystical and religious fanaticism.

The role of women in Islamic societies, not to mention in the religion itself, is a defining issue. It is also one that remains resistant to universal dogma, with a wide range of responses to women's social roles across the Islamic world. Reflecting this heterogeneity, the editor of this volume has assembled the latest research on the issue, which combines contemporary with historical data.

The material comes from around the world as well as from Muslim and non-Muslim researchers. It takes in work from majority Muslim nations such as Bangladesh, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Pakistan, Palestine, Tunisia and Turkey, as well as countries with troubled interfaith relations such as India and Israel. Nations with minority Muslim populations such as France, the UK, Canada and Australia, are also represented. The work also features varying Islamic sub-groups such as the two main ones, Sunni and Shi'a, as well as less well known populations such as the Ismaili Muslims. In each case, the work is underpinned by the very latest socio-theological insights and empirical data."

Serving as a gateway to Chinese thought, this Encyclopedia introduces the significant historical periods of Chinese philosophy ancient and modern and offers insight into the ideas of important thinkers and elementary concepts in philosophical discourse as well as addressing the major conundrums found within various Chinese disciplines. All the major schools of thought are covered and their proponents, followers and critics discussed. There are also essays on the relation of philosophy to other aspects of culture such as history and literature.
The Encyclopedia provides a penetrating look into the thought of China and the Chinese, making it a useful resource for both those already acquainted with Chinese philosophy and those seeking to learn.

The work explores the historical and intellectual context of Tsongkhapa's philosophy and addresses the critical issues related to questions of development and originality in Tsongkhapa's thought. It also deals extensively with one of Tsongkhapa's primary concerns, namely his attempts to demonstrate that the Middle Way philosophy's deconstructive analysis does not negate the reality of the everyday world. The study's central focus, however, is the question of the existence and the nature of self. This is explored both in terms of Tsongkhapa's deconstruction of the self and his reconstruction of person. Finally, the work explores the concept of reality that emerges in Tsongkhapa's philosophy, and deals with his understanding of the relationship between critical reasoning, no-self, and religious experience.

Islamic philosophy has often been treated as being largely of historical interest, belonging to the history of ideas rather than to philosophical study. This volume successfully overturns that view. Emphasising the living nature and rich diversity of the subject, it examines the main thinkers and schools of thought, discusses the key concepts of Islamic philosophy and covers a vast geographical area. This indispensable reference tool includes a comprehensive bibliography and an extensive index.

Contents:
Matilal, B K, Ontological Problems in Nyaya, Buddhism and Jainism: A Comparitive Analysis, Journal of Indian Philosophy 5 [1977]
Potter, Karl H, Vedantaparibhasa as Systematic Reconstruction, SS Rama Rao Pappu ed. Perspectives on Vedanta, Essays in Honor of Professor T Raju [Leiden: E J Brill, 1988]
Chakrabarti, Kisor, The Nyaya-Vaisesika Theory of Universals, Journal of Indian Philosophy 3 [1975]
Siderits, Mark, More Things in Heaven and Earth, Journal of Indian Philosophy, 10 [1982]
Gillon, Brendon S, Negative Facts and Knowledge of Negative Facts, P. Bilimoria and J N Mohanty eds., Relativism, Suffering and Beyond [Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1997]
Kapstein, Matthew, Mercological Considerations in Vasubandhu's Proof of Idealism,(Vijnaptimatratasiddhi) Idealstic Studies 18 [1988]
Matilal, B K, Causality in the Nyaya-Vaisesika School, Philosophy East and West 44 [1975]
Potter, Karl H, An Ontology of Concrete Connectors, Journal of Philosophy 58 [1961]
Garfield, Jay L, Dependent Arising and the Emptiness of Emptiness: Why Did Nagarjuna Start with Causation?, Philosophy East and West 44 [1994]
Potter, Karl H, Freedom and Determinism from an Indian Perspective, Philosophy East and West 17 [1967]
Duerlinger, James, Reductionist and Nonreductionist Theories of Persons in Indian Buddhist Philosophy, Journal of Indian Philosophy 21 [1993]
Bastow, David, Self-Construction in Buddhism, Ratio 28 [1986]
Siderits, Mark, Buddhist Reductionism, Philosophy East and West 47 [1997]
Taber, John, The Mimamsa Theory of Self Recognition, Philosophy East and West 40 [1990]
Chakrabarti, Arindam, I Touch What I Saw, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 52 [1992]
Shukla, Pandit Badrinath, Dehatmavada or the Body as Soul: Exploration of a Possibility Within Nyaya Thought, Journal of the Indian Council of Philosophical Research 5 [1988]
Larson, Gerald James, An Eccentric Ghost in the Machine: Formal and Quantitative Aspects of the Samkhya-Yoga Dualism, Philosophy East and West 33 [1983]
Schweizer, Paul, Mind/Consciousness Dualism in Sankhya-Yoga Philosophy, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 53 [1993]
Deutsch, Eliot, The Self in Advaita Vedanta, International Philosophical Quarterly 6 [1966]
Bhattacharyya, K C, The Concept of the Absolute and its Alternative Forms, Philosophical Studies 2 [Calcutta: Progressive Publishers, 1958]

Contents:
Herman, A L, Indian Theodicy:Samkara and Ramanuja on Brahmasutrabhasya II, Philosophy East and West 21 [1971]
Biderman, Shlomo, A 'Constitutive' God - a An Indian Suggestion, Philosophy East and West 32 [1982]
Nagel, Bruno M I, Untiy and Contradiction: Some Arguments in Utpaladeva and Abhinavagupta for the evidence of the self as Siva, Philosophy East and West 45 [1995]
Lipner, J J, The World as God's 'Body': In Pursuit of Dialogue with Ramanuja, Religous Studies 20 [1984]
Betty, L Stafford, A Death-Blow to Sankara's Non-Dualism?, Religous Studies 20 [1976]
Bilimoria, Purosottama, Hindu Doubts About God: Towards a Mimamsa Deconstruction, International Philosophical Quarterly 30 [1990]
Hayes, Richard P, Principled Atheism in the Buddhist Scholastic Tradition, Journal of Indian Philosophy 16 [1988]
Griffiths, Paul J, Buddha and God: a Contrastive Study in Maximal Goodness, Journal of Religion 69 [1989]
Taber, John, Reason, Revelation and Idealism in Sankara's Vedanta, Journal of Indian Philosophy 9 [1981]
Hayes, Richard P, The Question of Doctrinalism in the Buddhist Epistemologists, Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 52 [1983]
Perrett, Roy W, Rebirth, Religous Studies 23 [1987]
Potter, Karl H, The Naturalistic Principle of Karma, Philosophy East and West 14 [1964]
Deutsch, Eliot, Karma as a 'Convenient Fiction' in the Advaita Vedanta, Philosophy East and West 15 [1965]
Griffiths, Paul J, Notes Towards a Critique of Buddhist Karmic Theory, Religous Studies 18 [1982]
Forrest, Peter, Inherited responsibility, karma and Original Sin, Sophia 33 [1994]
Biderman, Shlomo, Religion and Imperatives, eligous Traditions 4 [1981]
Perrett, Roy W, Religion and Politics in India: Some Philosophical Perspectives, Religous Studies 33 [1997]
McDermott, A C S, Towards A Pragmatics of Mantra Recitation, Journal of Indian Philosophy, 3 [1975]
Staal, Frits, The Meaninglessness of Ritual, Numen 26 [1979]
Smart, Ninian, Analysis of the Religious Factors in Indian Metaphysics, Doctrine and Argument in Indian Philosophy [London:George Allen & Unwin, 1964]
Krishna, Daya, Three Myths about Indian Philosophy, Diogenes 55 [1966]

Contents:
Hiriyanna, M, Philosophy of Values, Haridas Bhattacharyya ed. The Cultural History of India: V3 The Philosophies 2nd rev. ed [Calcutta: The Ramakrisna Mission of Culture]
Krishna, Daya, The Myth of the Purusarthas, Journal of the Indian Council of Philosophical Research 4 [1986]
van Buitenen, J A B, Dharma and Moksa, Philosophy East and West 7 [1957]
Ingalls, Daniel H H, Dharma and Moksa, Philosophy east and West 7 [1957]
Potter, Karl H Dharma and Moksa from a Conversational Point of View, Philosophy East and West 8 [1958]
Prasad, Rajendra, The Concept of Moksa, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 31 [1971]
Chakrabarti, A Is Liberation (Moksa) Pleasant?, Philosophy East and West 33 [1983]
Ingalls, Daniel H H, Authority and Law in Ancient India, Journal of the American Oriental Society suppl. 7 [1954]
Prakash, Buddha, The Hindu Philosophy of History, Journal of the History of Ideas 16 [1955]
Taber, John, The Sugnificance of Kumarilas Philosophy, Eli Franco and Karin Preisendanz eds. Beyond Orientalism [Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1997]
Parekh, Bhikkhy, 'Theory of Non-Violence' Colonialism, Tradition and reform: AN Analysis of gandhi's Political Discourse [New Delhi:Sage, 1989]
Kupperman, Joel J, The Supra-Moral in Religous Ethics: The Case of Buddhism, Journal of Religous Ethics 1[1973]
Perrett, Roy W, Egoism, Altruism and Intentionalism in Buddhist ethics, Journal of Indian Philosophy 15 [1987]
Hiriyanna, M, Indian Aesthetics-1 and Art Experience-2, Art Experience [Mysorc: Kavyalaya Publishers, 1954]
Bhattacharya, K C, The Concept of Rasa, Philosophical Studies 1 [Calcutta: Progressive Publishers, 1958]
Chari, V K, Rasa: Poetry and the Emotions, Sanskrit Criticism [Honolulu: University of hawaii Press, 1990]
Gerow, Edwin, Abhinavagupta's Aesthetics as a Speculative Paradigm, Journal of the American Oriental Society 111 [1994]
Chaudhury, P J , Catharsis in the Light of Indian Aesthetics, Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 24 [1965]
Bake, A A, The Aesthetics of Indian Music, Britih Journal of Aesthetics 4 [1964]
Vatsyayan, Kapila Metaphors of Indian Art, Journalof the Asiatic Society of Bombay 71 [1997]

Contents:
Mohanty, J N, A Fragment of the Indian Philosophical Tradition - Theory of Pramana, Philosophy East and West 38 [1988]
Sidcrits, Mark, Nagarjuna as Anti-Realist, Journal of Indian Philosophy 16 [1988]
Mohanty, Jitendranath, Introduction, Gungesa's Theory of Truth, 2nd rev. ed. [Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1989]
Katsura, Shoryu, Dharmakirti's Theory of Truth, Journal of Indian Philosophy, 12 [1984]
Potter, Karl H, Does Indian Epistemiology Concern Justififed True Belief?, Journal of Indian Philosophy 12 [1984]
Matilal, B K, Knowing That One Knows, Journal of the Indian Council of Philosophical Research 8 [1988]
Bhattacharyya, Kalidas, The Indian Concepts of Knowledge and Self, (Second Installment) Our Heritage (Calcutta) 3 [1955]
Phillips, Stephen H, Padmapada's Illusion Argument, Philosophy East and West 37 [1987]
Ram-Prasad, C, Dreams and Reality: The Sankarite Critique of Vijnanavada, Philosophy East and West 43 [1993]
Ram-Prasad, C, Dreams and the Coherence of Experience: An Anti-Idealist Critique from Classical Indian Philosophy, American Philosophical Quarterly 32 [1995]
Potter, Karl H, Astitva Jneyaiva Abhidheyatva, Weiner Zeitschrift fur die Kunde Sud-und Ostasiens und Archiv fur Indische Philosophie 12 [1968]
Shaw, J L, The Nyaya on Existence, Knowability and Nameability, Journal of Indian Philosophy, 5 [1978]
Perrett, Roy W, Is Whatever Exists Knowable and Nameable?, Philosophy East and West 49 [1999]
Chakrabarti, Arindam, On Knowing by Being Told, Philosophy East and West 42 [1992]
Mohanty, J N, The Nyaya Theory of Doubt,Visva Bharati Journal of Philosophy 3 [1965]

This is Volume VIII of sixteen in a collection on Buddhism. Originally published in 1923, this volume looks at cosmology. All forms of Buddhism, however divergent, claim to have but three objects of worship: the Buddha, the Dharma, and the Sangha.. The first is the founder of the faith, the second the teaching which he gave, and the third the order which he founded. Regarding each of the Ratnas or jewels, as they are called, an enormous amount of speculation has grown up, with many different opinions concerning the proper method of interpretation.

First Published in 2000. This is Volume III of ten of the Oriental series looking at Indian Religion and Philosophy. It was written around 1884 and includes the translation from Sanskrit of the 'Manava-dharma-castra' by the late Dr. Burnell which was completed by the editor.

First Published in 2000. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

First Published in 2000. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

First Published in 2000. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

First Published in 2000. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

The Jewish Philosophy Reader is the first comprehensive anthology of classic writings on Jewish philosophy from the Bible to the present. Complementing the History of Jewish Philosophy, the Reader is divided into four parts:
* Foundations and First Principles
* Medieval and Renaissance Jewish Philosophy
* Modern Jewish Thought
* Contemporary Jewish philosophy

eBook available with sample pages: PB:0415168600

The Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy is a unique one-volume reference work which makes a broad range of richly varied philosophical, ethical and theological traditions accessible to a wide audience.
The Companion is divided into 6 sections, each of which covers a specific tradition within Asian Philosophy including Persian, Indian, Buddhist, Chinese, Japanese and Islamic. Within each section the chapters cover such important areas as origins of the tradition, approaches to logic and languages, positions on morals and society as well as histories of the lives of influential thinkers. In addition, the final chapter of each section provides unique coverage of current trends in that particular philosophical tradition. each.
Key features
* Collaboration between internationally renowned Asian and Western scholars provides unique perspectives on Asian philosophy
* Contains comprehensive bibliographies and suggestions for further reading
The Companion is a crucial reference tool for students and scholars working in a very broad range of fields including philosophy, theology and a variety of area studies, including Asian, Indian and Middle Eastern studies, as well as being a valuable resource for anyone with an interest in any of the traditions covered.

eBook available with sample pages: 0203013506

An invaluable introductory guide to Afro-Carribean philosophy, tracing the roots of Afro-Caribbean thought from traditional African philosophy to the Christian and Enlightenment traditions of Western Europe. A ground-breaking work.