The activity of many biopharmaceutical polymers is dependent on conformation, and the next several years will see increased interest in the conformational analysis of these polymers resulting from the development of biosimilar or "follow-on" biological products. While a wide variety of approaches to analysis exists, finding the most viable ones would be much easier with a consolidated reference that details the benefits and cost of each approach, with an emphasis on real results and real products. Explores the Growing Role of Conformational Analysis in Comparing Generic Biopharmaceuticals Approaches to the Conformational Analysis of Biopharmaceuticals gathers the most useful techniques and methods into a single volume, putting the greatest emphasis on those approaches that have proven the most fruitful. Rather than cover specific uses of techniques in detail, this book provides commercial biotechnologists and researchers with the information and references they need to make good choices about the technology they choose to use. With a large number of references that direct readers to primary source material, it includes studies drawn from the gamut of current literature, covering physical methods, such as differential scanning calorimetry, light scanning, and analytical ultracentrifugation. It also addresses chemical methods, such as hydrogen-deuterium exchange and trace labeling, along with infrared, ultraviolet, and Raman spectroscopy. Written by Roger Lundblad, a true pioneer in protein science, this volume supplies the necessary information researchers need to access when deciding on the most cost-effective approach, including: Comparability of biopharmaceuticals Characterization of follow-on biologics Quality attributes of protein biopharmaceuticals Confrontational analysis of biopharmaceutical products With a clear focus on relevant commercial biotechnology, this book belongs on the shelves of those serious researchers who are paving the way for the next generation of biopharmaceutical polymers.

This book provides a comprehensive coverage of the basic principles of structural biology, as well as an up-to-date summary of some main directions of research in the field. The relationship between structure and function is described in detail for soluble proteins, membrane proteins, membranes, and nucleic acids.There are several books covering protein structure and function, but none that give a complete picture, including nucleic acids, lipids, membranes and carbohydrates, all being of central importance in structural biology.The book covers state-of-the-art research in various areas. It is unique for its breadth of coverage by experts in the fields. The book is richly illustrated with more than 400 color figures to highlight the wide range of structures.

Exploring current themes in modern computational and membrane protein biophysics, this book presents a comprehensive account of the fundamental principles underlying different methods and techniques used to describe the intriguing mechanisms by which membrane proteins function. The book discusses the experimental approaches employed to study these proteins, with chapters reviewing recent crucial structural advances that have allowed computational biophysicists to discern how these molecular machines work. The book then explores what computational methods are available to researchers and what these have taught us about three key families of membrane proteins: ion channels, transporters and receptors. The book is ideal for researchers in computational chemistry and computational biophysics.

This unique volume reviews the beautiful architectures and varying mechanical actions of the set of specialized cellular proteins called molecular chaperones, which provide essential kinetic assistance to processes of protein folding and unfolding in the cell. Ranging from multisubunit ring-shaped chaperonin and Hsp100 machines that use their central cavities to bind and compartmentalize action on proteins, to machines that use other topologies of recognition - binding cellular proteins in an archway or at the surface of a 'clamp' or at the surface of a globular assembly - the structures show us the ways and means the cell has devised to assist its major effectors, proteins, to reach and maintain their unique active forms, as well as, when required, to disrupt protein structure in order to remodel or degrade. Each type of chaperone is beautifully illustrated by X-ray and EM structure determinations at near- atomic level resolution and described by a leader in the study of the respective family. The beauty of what Mother Nature has devised to accomplish essential assisting actions for proteins in vivo is fully appreciable.

The Protein Reviews series serves as a publication vehicle for reviews that focus on crucial contemporary and vital aspects of protein structure, function, evolution and genetics. Volumes are published online first, prior to publication in a printed book. Chapters are selected according to their importance to the understanding of biological systems, relevance to the unravelling of issues associated with health and disease, or impact on scientific or technological advances and developments. Volume 21 presents eight review chapters authored by experts in the related fields. The first chapter covers the enzyme squalene monooxygenase and lipid levels and its relevance in health and disease. Chapter two presents a systematic analysis of the structural and functional aspects of heteromeric solute carriers. The third chapter provides a review of the role of CI- in type IV collagen assembly, function, and disease, including future directions for studies. This is followed by a summary in chapter four about the recent progress on defining the roles of the Slit-Robo signaling in bone metabolism and the possible roles of the interaction between Robo and neural epidermal growth factor-like proteins. Chapter five discusses recent data about the evolutionary aspects on structural differences between humans and the nematode in relation to previous knowledge of core proteins and GAG-attachment sites in Chn and CS proteoglycans of C.elegans and humans. The sixth chapter summarizes the immunochemical character of the IGHV1-69-derived RFs and the recognition mechanism of the IGHV1-69-derived RFs. Chapter seven covers regulated alternative translocation and its role as an emerging mechanism to regulate transmembrane proteins. Finally, chapter eight reviews current progress on IL-36 protein and biology and novel investigative tools. This volume is intended for research scientists, clinicians, physicians and graduate students in the fields of biochemistry, cell biology, molecular biology, immunology and genetics.

The aim of the Protein Reviews is to serve as a publication vehicle for review articles that focus on crucial current vigorous aspects of protein structure, function, evolution and genetics. The volumes will appear online before they are published in a printed book. Articles are selected according to their importance to the understanding of biological systems, their relevance to the unravelling of issues associated with health and disease or their impact on scientific or technological advances and developments. The chapters in volume 18 are authored by experts in the field. They deal with aspects of structure and/or biological activity of selected proteins. The chapters review current research of the following topics: the Mechanism of channel gating and regulation of the activity of calcium-activated chloride channel ANO1, Structure and function of the two-component cytotoxins of Staphylococcus aureus, Membrane Fusion and Infection involving the influenza virus hemagglutinin, The impact of arrhythmogenic mutations through the structural determination of the L-type voltage-gated calcium channel, Discussion of some open questions pertaining to histone post-translational modifications and nucleosome organization in transcriptional regulation, Regulation of the extracellular SERPINA5 (protein C inhibitor) penetration through cellular membranes, Coding of Class I and II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, Nephrin phosphorylation in diabetes and chronic kidney injury, The structure-forming juncture in oxidative protein folding and the events in the ER, The polyspecificity of anti-lipid antibodies and its relevance to the development of autoimmunity. This volume is intended for research scientists, clinicians, physicians and graduate students in the fields of biochemistry, cell biology, molecular biology, immunology and genetics.

This book focuses on the development of stapled peptides, a novel molecular modality used to regulate aberrant intracellular protein-protein interactions (PPIs). The author designs and presents a novel helical peptide stabilization methodology by constructing a chiral cross-linker moiety, namely "chiral center induced peptide helicity (CIH)". The book demonstrates that a precisely positioned carbon chiral center on tether can decisively determine the secondary structure of a peptide, and that the R-configured peptide is helical, while the S-configured peptide is non-helical. Further, it reports that helicity-enhanced R isomer peptides displayed significantly enhanced cell permeability and target binding affinity, as well as tumor inhibition efficiency, in comparison to S isomer peptides. The book will not only advance readers' understanding of the basic principle of stapled peptides, but also accelerate the clinical transformation of stapled peptide drugs.

This work presents a snapshot of the state of the art of modern biomolecular crystallography, from crystallisation through structure determination and even interactive presentation on the web. Methods driving the latest automated structure determination pipelines are explained, as well as how to deal with problems such as crystal pathologies that still demand expert analysis. These methods are illustrated through their application to problems of great biological interest, such as the molecular machinery underlying the complement pathway, the mechanism of action of monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and the structure of the eukaryotic ribosome. Complementary approaches, such as neutron diffraction, small angle X-ray scattering, coherent diffraction and computational modelling, are also explored.

This comprehensive, edited book explores carotenoids and their important functional roles in yeast, bacteria and plants and a profound exposition on the structures of carotenoid molecules, focusing in the first of three parts on the biosynthesis of carotenoids. The regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis in photosynthesis as well as in plant, fruits, storage roots and algae is central to the second part, and discoveries about the function of carotenoids in human health feature in the third and final part. Many helpful illustrations, explanations, overviews and examples help to bring readers up to date on relevant themes including carotenogenic genes, carotenoids in fruits and metabolic engineering. The book explores where carotenoids are synthesized in nature, including in carrots and algae. Contributing expert authors examine enzyme functions and plant models, and analyze the structure of carotenoid molecules. The function of carotenoids in photosynthesis and in photosynthetic organs as well as during fruit ripening are then explored. A whole chapter is dedicated to the latest research on apocarotenoids and further chapters cover interesting and novel themes on plastid development and the epigenetic regulation that affects carotenoid synthesis in plants. The metabolic engineering of carotenoids that has been done in fruits, plants, and seeds is another area that readers can explore, along with evidences on the function of carotenoids in human nutrition, as antioxidants, as in the control of lipid metabolism and in the absorption of carotenoids. This is a highly informative and wide-ranging work which will update researchers in the field, as well as supporting students of plant physiology and biotechnology, as supplementary reading.

Basics of proteins and proteomics techniques In-depth understanding of mass-spectrometry and quantitative proteomics An overview of interactomics and its application for translational research. Advancement in the field of proteomics and challenges in clinical applications.

This book reviews the recent advances in the development of proteomics-based biomarkers for the non-invasive diagnosis of altitude sickness and explores the potential of antioxidant therapy for this sickness. The first chapters introduce the associated pathophysiology and provide mechanistic insights into the enhanced generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), which leads to an increase in oxidative damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA. The book then highlights the current problems relating to the diagnosis and treatment of altitude sickness and summarizes novel approaches for identifying potential biomarkers and therapeutics. Lastly, it explores the therapeutic efficacy of antioxidant agents.

Volume 95 of "Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology "focuses on advances in proteomic techniques and their application in biomedicine and pharmacology. This volume describes in detail the applications of these techniques in studying a number of diseases and specific protein modifications and profiles, including phosphoproteomics, glycoproteomics, and more.

Published continuously since 1944, the "Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology" series is the essential resource for protein chemists. Each volume brings forth new information about protocols and analysis of proteins. Each thematically organized volume is guest edited by leading experts in a broad range of protein-related topics.
Describes advances in application of powerful techniques in translational research (biomedicine and pharmacology)Chapters are written by authorities in their fieldTargeted to a wide audience of researchers, specialists, and studentsThe information provided in the volume is well supported by a number of high quality illustrations, figures, and tables

The dynamic field of flavin and flavoprotein biochemistry has seen rapid advancement in recent years. This comprehensive two volume set provides an overview of all aspects of contemporary research in this important class of enzymes. Topics treated include flavoproteins involved in energy generation, signal transduction and electron transfer (including respiration); oxygen activation by flavoproteins; the biology and biochemistry of complex flavoproteins; flavin and flavoprotein photochemistry/photophysics as well as biotechnological applications of flavoproteins. Recent developments in this field include new structures (including those of large membrane-integral electron transfer complexes containing FMN or FAD), elucidation of the role of flavoproteins in cell signalling pathways (including both phototaxis and the circadian cycle) and important new insights into the reaction mechanisms of flavin-containing enzymes. This volume focusing on complex flavoproteins and physical methods is an essential reference for all researchers in biochemistry, chemistry, photochemistry and photophysics working on flavoenzymes.

The Latest Developments on the Role of Dynamics in Protein Functions Computational Approaches to Protein Dynamics: From Quantum to Coarse-Grained Methods presents modern biomolecular computational techniques that address protein flexibility/dynamics at all levels of theory. An international contingent of leading researchers in chemistry, physics, and biology show how these advanced methods provide insights into dynamic aspects of biochemical processes. A particular focus is on intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs), which lack a well-defined three-dimensional structure and function as dynamic ensembles. The book covers a wide spectrum of dynamics, from electronic structure-based to coarse-grained techniques via multiscaling at different levels. After an introduction to dynamics and historical overview of basic methodologies, the book addresses the following issues: Is there a quantitative relationship between enzymatic catalysis and protein dynamics? Which are the functionally relevant motions of proteins? How can structural properties and partner recognition mechanisms of IDPs be simulated? How can we speed up molecular dynamics? How can we describe conformational ensembles by the synergistic effort of computations and experiments? While dynamics is now considered essential for interpreting protein action, it is not yet an integral component in establishing structure-function relationships of proteins. Helping to reshape this classical view in biochemistry, this groundbreaking book explores advances in computational methodology and contributes to the new, ensemble way of studying proteins.

Identification of desirable genotypes with traits of interest is discernible for making genetic improvement of crop plants. In this direction, screening of a large number of germplasm for desirable traits and transfer of identified traits into agronomic backgrounds through recombination breeding is the common breeding approach. Although visual screening is easier for qualitative traits, its use is not much effective for quantitative traits and also for those, which are difficult to score visually. Therefore, it is imperative to phenotype the germplasm accessions and breeding materials precisely using high throughput phenomics tools for challenging and complex traits under natural, controlled and harsh environmental conditions. Realizing the importance of phenotyping data towards identification and utilization of a germplasm as donors, global scientific community has exerted increased focus on advancing phenomics in crop plants leading to development of a number of techniques and methodologies for screening of agronomic, physiological, and biochemical traits. These technologies have now become much advanced and entered the era of digital science. This book provides exhaustive information on various aspects related to phenotyping of crop plants and offers a most comprehensive reference on the developments made in traditional and high throughput phenotyping of agricultural crops.

The complexity and heterogeneity of biological systems has posed an immense challenge in recent years. An increasingly important tool for obtaining molecular and atomic scale information on a range of large biological molecules and cellular components is solid-state NMR. This technique can address fascinating problems in structural biology, including the arrangement of supramolecular complexes and fibril formation in relation to molecular folding, misfolding and aggregation. Advances in Biological Solid-State NMR brings the reader up to date with chapters from international leaders of this growing field, covering the most recent developments in the methodology and applications of solid-state NMR to studies of membrane interactions and molecular motions. A much needed discussion of membrane systems is detailed alongside important developments in in situ analysis. Topics include applications to biological membranes, membrane active peptides, membrane proteins, protein assemblies and in-cell NMR. This exposition of an invaluable technique will interest those working in a range of related spectroscopic and biological fields. A basic introduction invites those interested to familiarise themselves with the basic mathematical and conceptual foundations of solid-state NMR. A thorough and comprehensive discussion of this promising technique follows, which is essential reading for those working or studying at postgraduate level in this exciting field.

The series Topics in Heterocyclic Chemistry presents critical reviews on present and future trends in the research of heterocyclic compounds. Overall the scope is to cover topics dealing with all areas within heterocyclic chemistry, both experimental and theoretical, of interest to the general heterocyclic chemistry community. The series consists of topic related volumes edited by renowned editors with contributions of experts in the field. All chapters from Topics in Heterocyclic Chemistry are published Online First with an individual DOI. In references, Topics in Heterocyclic Chemistry is abbreviated as Top Heterocycl Chem and cited as a journal.

"Have you tried peptides? Small proteins, the best in the land! Won't you try peptides? Keep all your body processes in hand! For labor and lactation oxytocin you must buy! Enkephalin always gives a good runner's high! So won't you try peptides? Small proteins, the best in the land!" The above words [1], penned by Gary Gisselman to open Peptide Angst: La Triviata, the opera which made its world premiere on July 1, 1999, also serve as a fitting charge to the th 16 American Peptide Symposium. This latest edition of a premier biennial series was held under the auspices of the American Peptide Society, June 26-July 1, 1999, at the Minneapolis Convention Center, Minneapolis,Minnesota, with the undersigned serving as Co-Chairs. The fortunate coincidence of the calendar allowed us to set as the theme "Peptides for the New Millennium", and in our judgment, the approximately 1200 participants [2] who converged in the Twin Cities from academic and industrial institutions in 36 countries were treated to an exciting and stimulating conference that left most everyone with an enthusiastic vision for the future of our field. The present Proceedings volume should serve as a handy reference source and succinct snapshot of peptide science at essentially its century mark - the clock having started with the initial contributions of Emil Fischer and Th. Curtius.

This highly illustrated book provides an up-to-date description of the structure and function of the translation system including ribosomes, tRNAs, translation factors, antibiotics and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases.

Research on translation is undergoing rapid changes and is receiving significant attention as evidenced by the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009. The structural research by crystallography and cryo-EM forms part of an interactive framework that involves biochemistry and molecular computation. The book provides a comprehensive overview of translation in light of the structural results. It is a valuable resource for scientists in this and related fields, as well as for students taking courses with a focus on translation.

There is no other book in this field currently except the previous edition of this book. The authors have for a long time worked in the field of structure and function of the translation system.

This book review series presents current trends in modern biotechnology. The aim is to cover all aspects of this interdisciplinary technology where knowledge, methods and expertise are required from chemistry, biochemistry, microbiology, genetics, chemical engineering and computer science. Volumes are organized topically and provide a comprehensive discussion of developments in the respective field over the past 3-5 years. The series also discusses new discoveries and applications. Special volumes are dedicated to selected topics which focus on new biotechnological products and new processes for their synthesis and purification. In general, special volumes are edited by well-known guest editors. The series editor and publisher will however always be pleased to receive suggestions and supplementary information. Manuscripts are accepted in English.

This book presents a new approach to the Protein Folding Problem. It starts with a clear description of what the protein folding problem involves. Then, it suggests non-conventional answers to some of the questions posed. In particular, it emphasizes the importance of hydrophilic interactions and hydrophilic forces, rather than the hydrophobic effects, for the stability of the native structure of proteins, as well for the speed of the folding process.

This book presents a new approach to the Protein Folding Problem. It starts with a clear description of what the protein folding problem involves. Then, it suggests non-conventional answers to some of the questions posed. In particular, it emphasizes the importance of hydrophilic interactions and hydrophilic forces, rather than the hydrophobic effects, for the stability of the native structure of proteins, as well for the speed of the folding process.

In this book, the author describes the development of the experimental diffraction setup and structural analysis of non-crystalline particles from material science and biology. Recent advances in X-ray free electron laser (XFEL)-coherent X-ray diffraction imaging (CXDI) experiments allow for the structural analysis of non-crystalline particles to a resolution of 7 nm, and to a resolution of 20 nm for biological materials. Now XFEL-CXDI marks the dawn of a new era in structural analys of non-crystalline particles with dimensions larger than 100 nm, which was quite impossible in the 20th century. To conduct CXDI experiments in both synchrotron and XFEL facilities, the author has developed apparatuses, named KOTOBUKI-1 and TAKASAGO-6 for cryogenic diffraction experiments on frozen-hydrated non-crystalline particles at around 66 K. At the synchrotron facility, cryogenic diffraction experiments dramatically reduce radiation damage of specimen particles and allow tomography CXDI experiments. In addition, in XFEL experiments, non-crystalline particles scattered on thin support membranes and flash-cooled can be used to efficiently increase the rate of XFEL pulses. The rate, which depends on the number density of scattered particles and the size of X-ray beams, is currently 20-90%, probably the world record in XFEL-CXDI experiments. The experiment setups and results are introduced in this book. The author has also developed software suitable for efficiently processing of diffraction patterns and retrieving electron density maps of specimen particles based on the diffraction theory used in CXDI.

The rapid advances in recombinant DNA technology and the increasing availability of peptides and proteins with therapeutic potential are a challenge for pharmaceutical scientists who have to formulate these compounds as drug products.

Pharmaceutical Formulation Development of Peptides and Proteins, Second Edition discusses the development of therapeutic peptides and proteins, from the production of active compounds via basic pre-formulation and formulation to the registration of the final product.

Providing integrated solutions, this book discusses:

• The synthesis of peptides and the biotechnological production of proteins through recombinant DNA technology
• The physicochemical characteristics and stability of peptides and proteins
• The formulation of proteins as suspensions, solutions, and (mostly freeze-dried) solids
• The opportunities and challenges of non-parenteral delivery of peptides and proteins
• Risk factors, specifically the development of an unwanted immune response
• A simulation approach to describe the fate of peptides and proteins upon administration to a biological system
• The documentation required to register a protein-based drug

Scientists in the pharmaceutical industry and academia as well as postgraduate students in pharmaceutical science will find this a valuable resource.

Structural Glycobiology covers the experimental, theoretical, and alternative technologies used in the study of the structural basis for the diverse biological roles of carbohydrates. The book overviews the application of specialized technologies to the study of carbohydrates in biology, reviews relevant and current research in the field, and is illustrated throughout by specific examples of how research investigations have yielded key structural and associated biological data on carbohydrates and glycolipids. In particular, the book focuses on:

• X-ray crystallography and small-angle scattering, NMR, and cryo-electron microscopy techniques
• Theoretical (modeling-based) approaches, such as molecular mechanics, molecular dynamics, free energy calculations, and carbohydrate docking
• Alternative techniques for yielding structural information on carbohydrates from complex biological samples
• Carbohydrates in medicine, specifically in areas that have been directly impacted by our understanding of the structural role of carbohydrates in immune recognition: cancer, organ transplantation, and infection