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Books > Science & Mathematics > Science: general issues > Scientific equipment & techniques, laboratory equipment
For many years, evidence suggested that all solid materials either
possessed a periodic crystal structure as proposed by the Braggs or
they were amorphous glasses with no long-range order. In the 1970s,
Roger Penrose hypothesized structures (Penrose tilings) with
long-range order which were not periodic. The existence of a solid
phase, known as a quasicrystal, that possessed the structure of a
three dimensional Penrose tiling, was demonstrated experimentally
in 1984 by Dan Shechtman and colleagues. Shechtman received the
2011 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his discovery. The discovery and
description of quasicrystalline materials provided the first
concrete evidence that traditional crystals could be viewed as a
subset of a more general category of ordered materials. This book
introduces the diversity of structures that are now known to exist
in solids through a consideration of quasicrystals (Part I) and the
various structures of elemental carbon (Part II) and through an
analysis of their relationship to conventional crystal structures.
Both quasicrystals and the various allotropes of carbon are
excellent examples of how our understanding of the microstructure
of solids has progressed over the years beyond the concepts of
traditional crystallography.
Replication, the independent confirmation of experimental results
and conclusions, is regarded as the "gold standard" in science.
This book examines the question of successful or failed
replications and demonstrates that that question is not always easy
to answer. It presents clear examples of successful replications,
the discoveries of the Higgs boson and of gravity waves. Failed
replications include early experiments on the Fifth Force, a
proposed modification of Newton's Law of universal gravitation, and
the measurements of "G," the constant in that law. Other case
studies illustrate some of the difficulties and complexities in
deciding whether a replication is successful or failed. It also
discusses how that question has been answered. These studies
include the "discovery" of the pentaquark in the early 2000s and
the continuing search for neutrinoless double beta decay. It argues
that although successful replication is the goal of scientific
experimentation, it is not always easily achieved.
For many years, evidence suggested that all solid materials either
possessed a periodic crystal structure as proposed by the Braggs or
they were amorphous glasses with no long-range order. In the 1970s,
Roger Penrose hypothesized structures (Penrose tilings) with
long-range order which were not periodic. The existence of a solid
phase, known as a quasicrystal, that possessed the structure of a
three dimensional Penrose tiling, was demonstrated experimentally
in 1984 by Dan Shechtman and colleagues. Shechtman received the
2011 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his discovery. The discovery and
description of quasicrystalline materials provided the first
concrete evidence that traditional crystals could be viewed as a
subset of a more general category of ordered materials. This book
introduces the diversity of structures that are now known to exist
in solids through a consideration of quasicrystals (Part I) and the
various structures of elemental carbon (Part II) and through an
analysis of their relationship to conventional crystal structures.
Both quasicrystals and the various allotropes of carbon are
excellent examples of how our understanding of the microstructure
of solids has progressed over the years beyond the concepts of
traditional crystallography.
Computer Techniques for Image Processing in Electron Microscopy,
Volume 214 in the Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics series,
presents the latest advances in the field, with this new volume
covering Image Formation Theory, The Discrete Fourier Transform,
Analytic Images, The Image and Diffraction Plane Problem:
Uniqueness, The Image and Diffraction Plane Problem: Numerical
Methods, The Image and Diffraction Plane Problem: Computational
Trials, Alternative Data for the Phase Determination, The Hardware
of Digital Image Handling, Basic Software or Digital Image
Handling, Improc, and much more.
Author of the best-selling book "The Elements" Theodore Gray
demonstrates essential scientific principles through thrilling
daredevil experiments.
"What a magnificent book. It's gorgeous, playful, and draws you
in." Adam Savage, cohost of "Mythbusters"
"Theodore Gray has attained a level of near superhuman geekery
that the rest of us can only mutely admire." Cecil Adams, ""The"
"Straight Dope""
"Gray's encyclopedic knowledge and contagious enthusiasm transport
us to deep intellectual realms while never sacrificing a sense of
wonder and, above all, fun." Oliver Sacks, author of "Awakenings,"
"Musicophilia," and "Uncle Tungsten: Memories of a Chemical
Boyhood"
In "Mad Science," Theodore Gray launches a toy rocket using the
energy released from an Oreo cookie, ignites a phosphorus sun by
suspending half a gram of white phosphorus in a globe filled with
pure oxygen and creates a homemade hot tub by adding 500 pounds of
quicklime to water. These are just a few of the 54 experiments
included in this astonishing book that demonstrates essential
scientific principles in ways you were likely never exposed to in
school.
Every experiment in "Mad Science" is accompanied by full-color
photographs that provide a front-row seat to rarely seen chemical
reactions and glorious subatomic activity. To further enhance the
hands-on experience, Gray includes step-by-step instructions for
nearly every experiment. Following all of the safety guidelines,
readers can even re-create some of the experiments in the book.
"Mad Science" is the perfect book for anyone fascinated by all
things chemical, electrical, or explosive, and who loves a
vicarious thrill.
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Statistics is a key characteristic that assists a wide variety of
professions including business, government, and factual sciences.
Companies need data calculation to make informed decisions that
help maintain their relevance. Design of experiments (DOE) is a set
of active techniques that provides a more efficient approach for
industries to test their processes and form effective conclusions.
Experimental design can be implemented into multiple professions,
and it is a necessity to promote applicable research on this
up-and-coming method. Design of Experiments for Chemical,
Pharmaceutical, Food, and Industrial Applications is a pivotal
reference source that seeks to increase the use of design of
experiments to optimize and improve analytical methods and
productive processes in order to use less resources and time. While
highlighting topics such as multivariate methods, factorial
experiments, and pharmaceutical research, this publication is
ideally designed for industrial designers, research scientists,
chemical engineers, managers, academicians, and students seeking
current research on advanced and multivariate statistics.
This book focuses on the use of novel electron microscopy
techniques to further our understanding of the physics behind
electron-light interactions. It introduces and discusses the
methodologies for advancing the field of electron microscopy
towards a better control of electron dynamics with significantly
improved temporal resolutions, and explores the burgeoning field of
nanooptics - the physics of light-matter interaction at the
nanoscale - whose practical applications transcend numerous fields
such as energy conversion, control of chemical reactions, optically
induced phase transitions, quantum cryptography, and data
processing. In addition to describing analytical and numerical
techniques for exploring the theoretical basis of electron-light
interactions, the book showcases a number of relevant case studies,
such as optical modes in gold tapers probed by electron beams and
investigations of optical excitations in the topological insulator
Bi2Se3. The experiments featured provide an impetus to develop more
relevant theoretical models, benchmark current approximations, and
even more characterization tools based on coherent electron-light
interactions.
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