In volume XVI of The Collected Letters of Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, 25 letters of Van Leeuwenhoek have been included, all of them written from July 1707 to June 1712. The letters were written to six distinct addressees. The larger part was addressed to the Royal Society in London in general (sixteen letters); and to three of its fellows in particular: John Chamberlayne (280, and 281), who translated the letters of Van Leeuwenhoek for the Royal Society, Hans Sloane (297), and James Petiver (287). Five letters were addressed to Anthonie Heinsius, Grand Pensionary of Holland, who was interested in Van Leeuwenhoek's work until his death in 1720. The correspondence collected in this volume shows the lasting interest evinced by the Royal Society in Van Leeuwenhoek's work. This would change in later years. None of the letters printed here were published in Leeuwenhoek's own time, either in Dutch or in Latin. Fifteen letters to the Royal Society were more or less completely published in an English translation in the Society's Philosophical Transactions. This was also done with two letters to Chamberlayne (280, and 281), and the letter to Petiver (287). The letters to Heinsius, Sloane, and Letter 285 have not been published earlier. Of all letters published here the Dutch texts are now for the first time available in a printed edition. Every volume in the series contains the texts in the original Dutch and an English translation. The great range of subjects studied by Van Leeuwenhoek is reflected in these letters: instruments to measure water; pulmonary diseases; experiments relating to the solution of gold and silver; salt crystals and grains of sand; botanical work, such as duckweed and germination of orange pips; descriptions on protozoa; blood; spermatozoa; and health and hygiene, for example and harmfulness of tea and coffee and the benefits of cleaning teeth.

Choice Recommended Title, March 2020 Optical microscopy is used in a vast range of applications ranging from materials engineering to in vivo observations and clinical diagnosis, and thanks to the latest advances in technology, there has been a rapid growth in the number of methods available. This book is aimed at providing users with a practical guide to help them select, and then use, the most suitable method for their application. It explores the principles behind the different forms of optical microscopy, without the use of complex maths, to provide an understanding to help the reader utilise a specific method and then interpret the results. Detailed physics is provided in boxed sections, which can be bypassed by the non-specialist. It is an invaluable tool for use within research groups and laboratories in the life and physical sciences, acting as a first source for practical information to guide less experienced users (or those new to a particular methodology) on the range of techniques available. Features: The first book to cover all current optical microscopy methods for practical applications Written to be understood by a non-optical expert with inserts to provide the physical science background Brings together conventional widefield and confocal microscopy, with advanced non-linear and super resolution methods, in one book To learn more about the author please visit here.

For students, DIY hobbyists, and science buffs, who can no longer get real chemistry sets, this one-of-a-kind guide explains how to set up and use a home chemistry lab, with step-by-step instructions for conducting experiments in basic chemistry - not just to make pretty colors and stinky smells, but to learn how to do real lab work: purify alcohol by distillation; produce hydrogen and oxygen gas by electrolysis; smelt metallic copper from copper ore you make yourself; analyze the makeup of seawater, bone, and other common substances; synthesize oil of wintergreen from aspirin and rayon fiber from paper; perform forensics tests for fingerprints, blood, drugs, and poisons; and much more.From the 1930s through the 1970s, chemistry sets were among the most popular Christmas gifts, selling in the millions. But two decades ago, real chemistry sets began to disappear as manufacturers and retailers became concerned about liability. "The Illustrated Guide to Home Chemistry Experiments" steps up to the plate with lessons on how to equip your home chemistry lab, master laboratory skills, and work safely in your lab.The bulk of this book consists of 17 hands-on chapters that include multiple laboratory sessions on the following topics: Separating Mixtures; Solubility and Solutions; Colligative Properties of Solutions; Introduction to Chemical Reactions and Stoichiometry; Reduction-Oxidation (Redox) Reactions; Acid-Base Chemistry; Chemical Kinetics; Chemical Equilibrium and Le Chatelier's Principle; Gas Chemistry; Thermochemistry and Calorimetry; Electrochemistry; Photochemistry; Colloids and Suspensions; Qualitative Analysis; Quantitative Analysis; Synthesis of Useful Compounds; and Forensic Chemistry. With plenty of full-color illustrations and photos, Illustrated Guide to Home Chemistry Experiments offers introductory level sessions suitable for a middle school or first-year high school chemistry laboratory course, and more advanced sessions suitable for students who intend to take the College Board Advanced Placement (AP) Chemistry exam. A student who completes all of the laboratories in this book will have done the equivalent of two full years of high school chemistry lab work or a first-year college general chemistry laboratory course. This hands-on introduction to real chemistry - using real equipment, real chemicals, and real quantitative experiments - is ideal for the many thousands of young people and adults who want to experience the magic of chemistry.

Data Fitting in the Chemical Sciences Peter Gans, School of Chemistry, The University of Leeds, Leeds, UK Data fitting is a technique of central importance in modern experimental science. It is the means by which data is tested against a model of the experimental system, be it a theoretical or empirical model. In this book an all-round approach is adopted in which the first stage of data-fitting is seen as data collection, the second is numerical processing and the third a critical evaluation of the 'goodness' of fit in both statistical and common sense terms. Each stage is considered in detail: the sources and nature of experimental errors; the theory of least-squares fitting; probability theory; hypothesis testing, and the application of scientific criteria. The theory is complemented by three chapters on a wide range of applications. The emphasis of this book is on methodology: why certain procedures are preferred rather than how any one procedure is implemented. The author aims to assist people in extracting from their data its full information content, i.e. to use their data, not abuse it.

Innovations in crystallographic instrumentation and the rapid development of methods of diffraction measurement have led to a vast improvement in our ability to determine crystal and molecular structure. This up-to-date resource will allow the reader to harness the potential of X-ray diffraction instruments. Different sources of X-radiation used in crystallography are introduced, including synchrotron radiation, as well as a systematic review of detectors for X-rays and basic instruments for single crystal and powder diffractometry. The principles of the diffraction experiment are discussed and related to their practical application with a comparative description of different scan procedures. Diffraction data collection and processing are also reviewed and methods for error correction are described. This book will provide a useful guide for researchers and students starting in this area of science, as well as skilled crystallographers.

In addition to the issues constituting the basis of microbial biotechnology, such as microorganisms culturing or their use in industry and environmental protection, the book includes modern analytical techniques known as "omics", as well as digital techniques used to record adverse changes in the environment those resulting from the harmful activity of bacteria and fungi. A color atlas (Chapter 8) with photos of the fungi discussed in each chapter was also included. The book was prepared with the use of many years of scientific and didactic experience of the authors who conduct classes in various fields and specializations of natural sciences. This resulted in the interdisciplinary nature of the publication. It will be useful not only for PhD students and students of biotechnology and microbiology, but also environmental protection, ecological biotechnology, urban revitalization, as well as all those interested in applying the latest achievements of these areas of science in practice.

Practical approaches to ensure that analytical methods and instruments meet GMP standards and requirements

Complementing the authors' first book, Analytical Method Validation and Instrument Performance Verification, this new volume provides coverage of more advanced topics, focusing on additional and supplemental methods, instruments, and electronic systems that are used in pharmaceutical, biopharmaceutical, and clinical testing. Readers will gain new and valuable insights that enable them to avoid common pitfalls in order to seamlessly conduct analytical method validation as well as instrument operation qualification and performance verification.

Part 1, Method Validation, begins with an overview of the book's risk-based approach to phase appropriate validation and instrument qualification; it then focuses on the strategies and requirements for early phase drug development, including validation of specific techniques and functions such as process analytical technology, cleaning validation, and validation of laboratory information management systems

Part 2, Instrument Performance Verification, explores the underlying principles and techniques for verifying instrument performance--coverage includes analytical instruments that are increasingly important to the pharmaceutical industry, such as NIR spectrometers and particle size analyzers--and offers readers a variety of alternative approaches for the successful verification of instrument performance based on the needs of their labs

At the end of each chapter, the authors examine important practical problems and share their solutions. All the methods covered in this book follow Good Analytical Practices (GAP) to ensure that reliable data are generated in compliance with current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP).

Analysts, scientists, engineers, technologists, and technical managers should turn to this book to ensure that analytical methods and instruments are accurate and meet GMP standards and requirements.

In der Lebensmittelhygiene spielt bisher die EinschAtzung krankhafter VerAnderungen in der KArpermuskulatur von Fischen im Vergleich zum mikrobiellen Verderb und der Kontamination mit pathogenen Erregern und Umweltchemikalien eine relativ untergeordnete Rolle. In diesem Buch werden die Fischarten der Welt aufgelistet, deren KArpermuskulatur pathologisch verAndert sein kann. Ganz A1/4berwiegend sind dafA1/4r Parasiten die Ursache. Eine Reihe dieser Parasiten kann beim Menschen nach dem Verzehr zu Erkrankungen fA1/4hren. Die Lebensmittelunternehmer und die Mitarbeiter der Kontroll- und HygienebehArden mA1/4ssen das Erscheinungsbild im Filet kennen, um es von Ahnlichen Abweichungen differenzialdiagnostisch unterscheiden zu kAnnen. Nach den hierbei relevanten Fragen des Lebensmittelrechts, der Verkehrsauffassung, der Anatomie und Physiologie und der allgemeinen Pathologie der Fischmuskulatur widmet sich das Buch schwerpunktmAAig den parasitAren Ursachen der MuskelverAnderungen. Diese sind A1/4berwiegend nach der Systematik der beteiligten Parasitenkategorien geordnet. AusfA1/4hrungen zu den Untersuchungsmethoden, deren Effizienz sowie zu MaAnahmen der Vermeidung eines Gesundheitsrisikos schlieAen das Buch ab. Ein zweisprachiges Glossar, sowie zusAtzliche Register A1/4ber Fischarten, Parasiten und deren wirbellose Zwischenwirte erleichtern die Handhabung.

There are few books available that provide a good introduction to the methods and techniques for ecological research. This book will be invaluable to lecturers teaching field courses and students undertaking project work in ecology.

Each chapter will focus on an ecological technique. It will have an introductory section that describes the ecological principles and theory. This will then be followed by example applications. These will focus on three most common habitats where teachers take students for fieldwork; the seashore, ponds and lakes, fields and woodland.
Gives specific worked examples from the main ecosystems used for undergraduate study - seashore, lakes/ponds, field and woodland.
Only introductory text specifically focused on field techniques.
Great 'how-to' guide that will show student exactly how to carry out each method.
Only text to emphasise the principles behind the techniques - taking a methods based approach rather than a taxonomic approach (eg chapters split into population measures, biodiversity measures, species richness measures rather than methods for invertebrates, methods for mammals, methods for birds etc).
Greater emphasis on the equipment involved - how to make it, where to buy it.
Good references to further reading and advanced techniques.

Author of the best-selling book "The Elements" Theodore Gray demonstrates essential scientific principles through thrilling daredevil experiments.
"What a magnificent book. It's gorgeous, playful, and draws you in." Adam Savage, cohost of "Mythbusters"
"Theodore Gray has attained a level of near superhuman geekery that the rest of us can only mutely admire." Cecil Adams, ""The" "Straight Dope""
"Gray's encyclopedic knowledge and contagious enthusiasm transport us to deep intellectual realms while never sacrificing a sense of wonder and, above all, fun." Oliver Sacks, author of "Awakenings," "Musicophilia," and "Uncle Tungsten: Memories of a Chemical Boyhood"
In "Mad Science," Theodore Gray launches a toy rocket using the energy released from an Oreo cookie, ignites a phosphorus sun by suspending half a gram of white phosphorus in a globe filled with pure oxygen and creates a homemade hot tub by adding 500 pounds of quicklime to water. These are just a few of the 54 experiments included in this astonishing book that demonstrates essential scientific principles in ways you were likely never exposed to in school.
Every experiment in "Mad Science" is accompanied by full-color photographs that provide a front-row seat to rarely seen chemical reactions and glorious subatomic activity. To further enhance the hands-on experience, Gray includes step-by-step instructions for nearly every experiment. Following all of the safety guidelines, readers can even re-create some of the experiments in the book.
"Mad Science" is the perfect book for anyone fascinated by all things chemical, electrical, or explosive, and who loves a vicarious thrill.

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This book offers a beginner's guide to using light microscopes. It begins with a brief introduction to the physics of optics, which will give the reader a basic grasp of the behaviors of light. In turn, each part of the microscope is explained using clear and simple English, together withdetailed photographs and diagrams. The reader will learn the function, care and correct use of each part. A troubleshooting section also helps resolve some of the most common issues encountered in light microscopy. Most people have a general idea of how to use a microscope, but many never get the full benefit, because they receive no training. With easy-to-follow steps and detailed images, this guide will help everyone achieve the best results, and be confident using their microscope. This book is intended for anyone using a light microscope, such as university students, people in lab environments, hobbyists, educators who teach science to young children, and anyone with a general interest in these valuable tools.

Develop and manage chemical information systems
This text provides a comprehensive overview of analyzing chemical problems using computer-aided methods for both newcomers and advanced computer scientists and chemists. In addition to practical how-to information and step-by-step descriptions, this resource includes case studies from Merck & Co., Inc., to further aid your understanding.
This guide covers a wide range of cheminformatics topics, including:
* Software development principles
* Object-oriented approach
* Building and buying
* Agile and Iterative Development Process
* UML Modeling
* Deployment and Software Architecture
* Presentation, Business, and Data Persistence Layer
* Producing an entity dictionary
* Chemistry Intelligence API
* Plug and play--integrating with third-party tools
Written by a former lead architect on the design of said systems at Merck & Co., Inc., this text not only lays out information, but also shares the author's experiences and advice on cheminformatics.

DIATOM MICROSCOPY The main goal of the book is to demonstrate the wide variety of microscopy methods being used to investigate natural and altered diatom structures. This book on Diatom Microscopy gives an introduction to the wide panoply of microscopy methods being used to investigate diatom structure and biology, marking considerable advances in recent technology including optical, fluorescence, confocal and electron microscopy, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and spectroscopy as applied to diatoms. Each chapter includes a tutorial on a microscopy technique and reviews its applications in diatom nanotechnology and diatom research. The number of diatomists, diatom research, and their publications are increasing rapidly. Although many books have dealt with various aspects of diatom biotechnology, nanotechnology, and morphology, to our knowledge, no volume exists that summarizes advanced microscopic approaches to diatoms. Audience The intended audience is academic and industry researchers as well as graduate students working on diatoms and diatom nanotechnology, including biosensors, biomedical engineering, solar panels, batteries, drug delivery, insect control, and biofuels.

"I want to get at the blown glass of the early cloud chambers and the oozing noodles of wet nuclear emulsion; to the resounding crack of a high-voltage spark arcing across a high-tension chamber and leaving the lab stinking of ozone; to the silent, darkened room, with row after row of scanners sliding trackballs across projected bubble-chamber images. Pictures and pulses--I want to know where they came from, how pictures and counts got to be the bottom-line data of physics." (from the preface)
"Image and Logic" is the most detailed engagement to date with the impact of modern technology on what it means to "do" physics and to be a physicist. At the beginning of this century, physics was usually done by a lone researcher who put together experimental apparatus on a benchtop. Now experiments frequently are larger than a city block, and experimental physicists live very different lives: programming computers, working with industry, coordinating vast teams of scientists and engineers, and playing politics.
Peter L. Galison probes the material culture of experimental microphysics to reveal how the ever-increasing scale and complexity of apparatus have distanced physicists from the very science that drew them into experimenting, and have fragmented microphysics into different technical traditions much as apparatus have fragmented atoms to get at the fundamental building blocks of matter. At the same time, the necessity for teamwork in operating multimillion-dollar machines has created dynamic "trading zones," where instrument makers, theorists, and experimentalists meet, share knowledge, and coordinate the extraordinarily diverse pieces of the culture of modern microphysics: work, machines, evidence, and argument.

Micro-organisms play a major role in the geochemistry of the planet, forming the basic stage in the food chain, and thus sustaining the existence of higher evolutionary life. The continuing interaction between these living organisms and the environment, combined with their exploitation by man are shaping the material world today. Over the last few years our understanding has increased considerably due to the development of new technology and the emergence of new paradigms which have enabled the microbiologist to view the microbial world, and its significance to life, with new eyes. Combining the basics of science with the most up-to-date new material, and incorporating high quality photographs and graphics, this book is valuable as both a textbook and reference guide for students and professionals.

This updated edition provides an introduction to computational physics in order to perform physics experiments on the computer. Computers can be used for a wide variety of scientific tasks, from the simple manipulation of data to simulations of real-world events. This book is designed to provide the reader with a grounding in scientific programming. It contains many examples and exercises developed in the context of physics problems. The new edition now uses C++ as the primary language. The book covers topics such as interpolation, integration, and the numerical solutions to both ordinary and partial differential equations. It discusses simple ideas, such as linear interpolation and root finding through bisection, to more advanced concepts in order to solve complex differential equations. It also contains a chapter on high performance computing which provides an introduction to parallel programming. Features Includes some advanced material as well as the customary introductory topics Uses a comprehensive C++ library and several C++ sample programs ready to use and build into a library of scientific programs Features problem-solving aspects to show how problems are approached and to demonstrate the methods of constructing models and solutions

A good working knowledge of statistical principles is needed for both the design and analysis of biological experiments and the subsequent handling of the large amounts of data generated if worthwhile, reliable conclusions are to be reached.

Practical Statistics for Experimental Biologists, Second Edition provides biologists with a user-friendly, non-technical introduction to the basics of statistics. The book has been thoroughly revised and updated to incorporate:

• Worked examples and printouts from MINITAB
• Relevant case studies and applications
• Further Notes section for background explanations

Review of the First Edition

"...strongly recommended as the current first choice both for students and established research workers." Society for General Microbiology Quarterly

"...the book is refreshingly free from jargon, is well illustrated and is to be recommended." Trends in Biochemical Sciences

"It is written in an easy style, and can be thoroughly recommended..." Trends in Pharmacological Sciences

This manual covers the latest laboratory techniques, state-of-the-art instrumentation, laboratory safety, and quality assurance and quality control requirements. In addition to complete coverage of laboratory techniques, it also provides an introduction to the inorganic nonmetallic constituents in environmental samples, their chemistry, and their control by regulations and standards.
Environmental Sampling and Analysis Laboratory Manual is perfect for college and graduate students learning laboratory practices, as well as consultants and regulators who make evaluations and quality control decisions. Anyone performing laboratory procedures in an environmental lab will appreciate this unique and valuable text.

This text provides the veterinary practitioner with an explanation of the meaning of laboratory results (biochemical, haematological and urinary) in the diagnosis of disorders in small animals. It enables veterinary surgeons in small animal practice to interpret the results of those laboratory tests that are commonly performed in order to arrive at a diagnosis or prognosis. Research has shown that this is one skill in which many veterinarians believe themselves to be deficient and would welcolm guidance; this volume explains the possible meanings of the values that could be obtained. The book covers the areas of haematology, plasma/serum biochemistry and urinalysis. Advice is given on the influence of drugs, sample collection and handling, how to check the accuracy of results, how to assess the reliability of a laboratory and the additional tests that would be indicated to confirm a diagnosis together with normal reference ranges and conversion ranges.

The design and analysis of experiments is typically taught as part of a second level course in statistics. Many different types and levels of students will require this information in order to progress with their studies and research. This text is thus offered as an introduction to this wide ranging and important subject. It has the advantage of explaining in an accessible way the basic principles behind good experimental thinking, planning and action. The authors have used their experience in teaching related courses to separate out what seem to be the essential basic contents for everyone, and to combine with these some of the most useful additional topics in biological, industrial, medical, and environmental experimentation.

A popular book in its first edition, The Food Chemistry Laboratory: A Manual for Experimental Foods, Dietetics, and Food Scientists, Second Edition continues to provide students with practical knowledge of the fundamentals of designing, executing, and reporting the results of a research project. Presenting experiments that can be completed, in many cases, without requiring extensive student laboratory facilities, the authors include new exercises in the areas of physical properties, lipids, proteins, and gelatin. Also new in this edition are a brief introduction to each laboratory exercise and a listing of materials needed, approximate time needed for completion, and possible complications and/or pitfalls.

Tested and refined for over 20 years, and performed by thousands of students, experiments are presented within 12 planned laboratory sessions. This flexible format allows you to create your own laboratory sessions by choosing the number and order of sessions and experiments to be performed. In addition to the well-tested experiments, The Food Chemistry Laboratory, Second Edition provides students with information on accessing food chemistry literature, research proposal preparation, preparing oral and written technical reports, and an evaluation score sheet. Guidelines for preparing laboratory notebooks are also included and a handy appendix allows rapid access to directions for setting up a difference testing experiment.

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is an amazing technique that allies a versatile methodology (that allows measurement of samples in liquid, vacuum or air) to imaging with unprecedented resolution. But it goes one step further than conventional microscopic techniques; it allows us to make measurements of magnetic, electrical or mechanical properties of the widest possible range of samples, with nanometre resolution. This book will demystify AFM for the reader, making it easy to understand, and to use. It is written by authors who together have more than 30 years experience in the design, construction, and use of AFMs and will explain why the microscopes are made the way they are, how they should be used, what data they can produce, and what can be done with the data. Illustrative examples from the physical sciences, materials science, life sciences, nanotechnology and industry demonstrate the different capabilities of the technique.

This text is a compilation of practical information on the analysis of mineral type materials and products by the fused, cast bead method. It discusses the necessary equipment and its use; the processes involved in loss of ignition and decomposition by fusion and their chemistry. The book is also concerned with spectrometric parameters and the analytical procedures for a wide range of materials which, together with tables in the appendices, aim to allow easy reference to the parameters to be adopted to follow a defined procedure for most types of sample. The overall aim of the work is to help towards standardizing procedures, equipment and software, which should help to reduce costs and make for a better inter-laboratory comparison of results.

A revealing and provocative look at the current state of global science We take the advance of science as given. But how does science really work? Is it truly as healthy as we tend to think? How does the system itself shape what scientists do? The Secret Life of Science takes a clear-eyed and provocative look at the current state of global science, shedding light on a cutthroat and tightly tensioned enterprise that even scientists themselves often don't fully understand. The Secret Life of Science is a dispatch from the front lines of modern science. It paints a startling picture of a complex scientific ecosystem that has become the most competitive free-market environment on the planet. It reveals how big this ecosystem really is, what motivates its participants, and who reaps the rewards. Are there too few scientists in the world or too many? Are some fields expanding at the expense of others? What science is shared or published, and who determines what the public gets to hear about? What is the future of science? Answering these and other questions, this controversial book explains why globalization is not necessarily good for science, nor is the continued growth in the number of scientists. It portrays a scientific community engaged in a race for limited resources that determines whether careers are lost or won, whose research visions become the mainstream, and whose vested interests end up in control. The Secret Life of Science explains why this hypercompetitive environment is stifling the diversity of research and the resiliency of science itself, and why new ideas are needed to ensure that the scientific enterprise remains healthy and vibrant.