The fundamental principles of the scientific method are essential for enhancing perspective, increasing productivity, and stimulating innovation. These principles include deductive and inductive logic, probability, parsimony and hypothesis testing, as well as science's presuppositions, limitations, ethics and bold claims of rationality and truth. The examples and case studies drawn upon in this book span the physical, biological and social sciences; include applications in agriculture, engineering and medicine; and also explore science's interrelationships with disciplines in the humanities such as philosophy and law. Informed by position papers on science from the American Association for the Advancement of Science, National Academy of Sciences and National Science Foundation, this book aligns with a distinctively mainstream vision of science. It is an ideal resource for anyone undertaking a systematic study of scientific method for the first time, from undergraduates to professionals in both the sciences and the humanities.

This book was first published in 2006. The standard model brings together two theories of particle physics in order to describe the interactions of subatomic particles, except those due to gravity. This book uses the standard model as a vehicle for introducing quantum field theory. In doing this the book also introduces much of the phenomenology on which this model is based. The book uses a modern approach, emphasizing effective field theory techniques, and contains brief discussions of some of the main proposals for going beyond the standard model, such as seesaw neutrino masses, supersymmetry, and grand unification. Requiring only a minimum of background material, this book is ideal for graduate students in theoretical and experimental particle physics. It concentrates on getting students to the level of being able to use this theory by doing real calculations with the minimum of formal development, and contains several problems.

This immensely practical guide to PIV provides a condensed, yet exhaustive guide to most of the information needed for experiments employing the technique. This second edition has updated chapters on the principles and extra information on microscopic, high-speed and three component measurements as well as a description of advanced evaluation techniques. What's more, the huge increase in the range of possible applications has been taken into account as the chapter describing these applications of the PIV technique has been expanded.

Successful transmission electron microscopy in all of its manifestations depends on the quality of the specimens examined. Biological specimen preparation protocols have usually been more rigorous and time consuming than those in the physical sciences. For this reason, there has been a wealth of scienti c literature detailing speci c preparation steps and numerous excellent books on the preparation of b- logical thin specimens. This does not mean to imply that physical science specimen preparation is trivial. For the most part, most physical science thin specimen pre- ration protocols can be executed in a matter of a few hours using straightforward steps. Over the years, there has been a steady stream of papers written on various aspects of preparing thin specimens from bulk materials. However, aside from s- eral seminal textbooks and a series of book compilations produced by the Material Research Society in the 1990s, no recent comprehensive books on thin specimen preparation have appeared until this present work, rst in French and now in English. Everyone knows that the data needed to solve a problem quickly are more imp- tant than ever. A modern TEM laboratory with supporting SEMs, light microscopes, analytical spectrometers, computers, and specimen preparation equipment is an investment of several million US dollars. Fifty years ago, electropolishing, chemical polishing, and replication methods were the principal specimen preparation me- ods.

Purification of Laboratory Chemicals: Part One, Physical Techniques, Chemical Techniques, Organic Chemicals, Ninth Edition describes contemporary methods for the purification of chemical compounds. The work includes tabulated methods taken from literature for purifying thousands of individual commercially available chemical substances. To help in applying this information, the more common processes currently used for purification in chemical laboratories and new methods are discussed. For dealing with substances not separately listed, another chapter is included, setting out the usual methods for purifying specific classes of compounds. Laboratory workers, whether carrying out research or routine work, will invariably need to consult this book. Apart from the procedures described, the large amount of physical data about listed chemicals is essential. This fully updated, revised and expanded new edition includes the purification of many new substances that have been available commercially since 2017, along with previously available substances which have found new applications.

Best-selling author Theodore Gray is back with all-new, spectacular experiments that demonstrate basic principles of chemistry and physics in thrilling, and memorable ways.

For nearly a decade, Theodore Gray has been demonstrating basic principles of chemistry and physics through exciting, sometimes daredevil experiments that he executes, photographs, and writes about for his monthly Popular Science column "Gray Matter."

Theo Gray's Mad Science: Experiments You Can Do at Home, But Probably Shouldn't, published by Black Dog in 2009, collected Gray's Popular Science columns, along with hundreds of photographs, many of which were not published with the original columns.

Now comes the second volume of mad-scientist experiments, which includes more dramatic, enlightening, and sometimes daring demonstrations in which Gray dips his hand into molten lead to demonstrate the Leidenfrost effect; crushes a tomato between two small magnets to demonstrate the power of neodymium-iron-boron magnets; and creates trinkets out of solid mercury to demonstrate how the state of matter depends very much on the temperature at which it exists.

Other experiments include:

A foil boat floating on an invisible sea

DIY X-ray photos

A bacon lance that cuts steel

Charging a smart phone with apples and pennies

And dozens more

"Modeling Nanoscale Imaging in Electron Microscopy" presents the recent advances that have been made using mathematical methods to resolve problems in microscopy. With improvements in hardware-based aberration software significantly expanding the nanoscale imaging capabilities of scanning transmission electron microscopes (STEM), these mathematical models can replace some labor intensive procedures used to operate and maintain STEMs. This book, the first in its field since 1998, will also cover such relevant concepts as superresolution techniques, special denoising methods, application of mathematical/statistical learning theory, and compressed sensing.

In addition to the traditional cytogenetics still used as the basic methodology for everyday clinical diagnosis, new molecular cytogenetic techniques provide a useful basis for routine diagnosis. Flourescence in situ hybridization (FISH) has become a standard technique, and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), spectral karyotyping (SKY), and multi-color FISH have shown their potential for diagnostic purposes. Following a section on tissue culture, chromosome staining and basic information about karyotyping, nomenclature and quality standards, protocols of relevance for comprehensive cytogenetic diagnostics are presented.

Passive acoustic monitoring is increasingly used by the scientific community to study, survey and census marine mammals, especially cetaceans, many of which are easier to hear than to see. PAM is also used to support efforts to mitigate potential negative effects of human activities such as ship traffic, military and civilian sonar and offshore exploration. Walter Zimmer provides an integrated approach to PAM, combining physical principles, discussion of technical tools and application-oriented concepts of operations. Additionally, relevant information and tools necessary to assess existing and future PAM systems are presented, with Matlab code used to generate figures and results so readers can reproduce data and modify code to analyse the impact of changes. This allows the principles to be studied whilst discovering potential difficulties and side effects. Aimed at graduate students and researchers, the book provides all information and tools necessary to gain a comprehensive understanding of this interdisciplinary subject.

For students, DIY hobbyists, and science buffs, who can no longer get real chemistry sets, this one-of-a-kind guide explains how to set up and use a home chemistry lab, with step-by-step instructions for conducting experiments in basic chemistry - not just to make pretty colors and stinky smells, but to learn how to do real lab work: purify alcohol by distillation; produce hydrogen and oxygen gas by electrolysis; smelt metallic copper from copper ore you make yourself; analyze the makeup of seawater, bone, and other common substances; synthesize oil of wintergreen from aspirin and rayon fiber from paper; perform forensics tests for fingerprints, blood, drugs, and poisons; and much more.From the 1930s through the 1970s, chemistry sets were among the most popular Christmas gifts, selling in the millions. But two decades ago, real chemistry sets began to disappear as manufacturers and retailers became concerned about liability. "The Illustrated Guide to Home Chemistry Experiments" steps up to the plate with lessons on how to equip your home chemistry lab, master laboratory skills, and work safely in your lab.The bulk of this book consists of 17 hands-on chapters that include multiple laboratory sessions on the following topics: Separating Mixtures; Solubility and Solutions; Colligative Properties of Solutions; Introduction to Chemical Reactions and Stoichiometry; Reduction-Oxidation (Redox) Reactions; Acid-Base Chemistry; Chemical Kinetics; Chemical Equilibrium and Le Chatelier's Principle; Gas Chemistry; Thermochemistry and Calorimetry; Electrochemistry; Photochemistry; Colloids and Suspensions; Qualitative Analysis; Quantitative Analysis; Synthesis of Useful Compounds; and Forensic Chemistry. With plenty of full-color illustrations and photos, Illustrated Guide to Home Chemistry Experiments offers introductory level sessions suitable for a middle school or first-year high school chemistry laboratory course, and more advanced sessions suitable for students who intend to take the College Board Advanced Placement (AP) Chemistry exam. A student who completes all of the laboratories in this book will have done the equivalent of two full years of high school chemistry lab work or a first-year college general chemistry laboratory course. This hands-on introduction to real chemistry - using real equipment, real chemicals, and real quantitative experiments - is ideal for the many thousands of young people and adults who want to experience the magic of chemistry.

This volume contains the proceedings of the Eighth Conference on Vacuum Microbalance Techniques held at Wakefield, Massachusetts on June 12 and 13, 1969. The tenth anniversary of the first confer ence will be registered as this volume passes through the typeset ting and proofreading stages. The eight volumes that have spawned from this continuing series of conferences now contain a total of 125 papers. Thus, these volumes serve as a major repository of the world's literature on vacuum microbalance techniques. The Ninth and Tenth Conferences will be held in West Germany in June 1970 and in Texas in 1971. Each of the eight meetings has served as a forum where new developments in this rapidly advancing field can be presented and discussed constructively within a conference atmosphere of cordial informality. The interaction of the participants at the conferences has led to the first treatise on ultra mlcrogravtmetry;' edited by S. P. Wolsky and E. J. Zdanuk, with most of the fourteen chapters written by steady contributors to the volumes on Vacuum Micro balance Techniques. The number of research investigations and published works in which a vacuum microbalance is utilized con tinues to expandr apldly. f This is a direct result of several types of automatic recording balances that are now available commercial ly. 3 The Eighth Conference was held to bring together again re search scientists and engineers who exploit the measurement of mass as a means of studying physical and chemical phenomena.

Earlier efforts in the field of thermal analysis were concerned with the demonstration of the applicability of techniques to a broad spectrum of materials and to establish the relationship of such techniques with other more accepted methods. While such efforts will and should continue, the Third International Conference was unique in that the first standards were disclosed for differential thermal analysis. This was the culmination of the international, cooperative effort of the ICTA's Standardization Committee. The standards currently are available from the United State's National Bureau of Standards. Thus, thermal analysis can be considered to have attained its majority. Reali zation of full maturity can be expected in the near future. Inclusion of plenary lectures in these volumes represents a significant departure from previous Conferences. This change is the result of the ICTA's recognition of its educational responsibilities. In the Foreword of the Proceedings of the Second International Confer ence, Professor L. Berg expressed the hope that thermal methods of analysis would find wider application in science and technology. The citation above, together with the papers presented, indicate the fulfillment of this hope. Xerox Corporation C. B. Murphy Rochester, N.Y., U.S.A. President, ICTA 1968-1971 X Ill PREFACE For the past two decades thermoanalytical methods have reached a stage of considerable importance, which is particularly due to the developments in the area of instrumentation."

X-ray microscopy fills a gap between optical and electron microscopy. Using soft x-rays, a resolution higher than with visible light can be obtained. In comparison to electron microscopy, thick, wet, unstained specimens can be examined. This is especially advantageous for biological applications. The intense synchrotron radiation of electron storage rings and the de- velopment of optical elements for soft x-rays render x-ray microscopy feasi- ble for basic research. Wider applications will be possible in the future with the development of laboratory x-ray sources and microscopes. In 1979 a conference on x-ray microscopy was organized by the New York Academy of Sciences and in 1981 a symposium on high resolution soft x-ray optics was held at Brookhaven. The present volume contains the contributions to the sympos i um "X-Ray Microscopy", organ i zed by the Akademie der Wi ssen- schaften in Gottingen in September 1983. In their capacity as conference chairmen, the editors would like to thank the Akademie der Wissenschaften, especially Prof. H.G. Wagner, Secretary of the Academy, and Mr. J. Pfahlert for organizing the symposium. We are in- debted to the Stiftung Volkswagenwerk for financial support. The symposium was held at the Max-Planck-Institut fUr Stromungsforschung. We are grateful for their hospitality and assistance during the symposium. Thanks are due to all authors and to the Springer Verlag for their combined efforts. We thank Dipl.-Phys. P. Guttmann, Dr. B. Niemann and Mrs. A. Marienhagen for their assistance during the final preparation of the manuscripts.

Medical Applications of Microcomputers deals with microcomputer applications in a wide area of clinical medicine. Recent developments are discussed in several clinical specialties including medicine, surgery, urology, anaesthesia and oncology. Topics include the storage of analysis of clinical audit data, the display of processing of data from direct physiological measurements and computers in control of therapy. The authors draw on their practical experience and knowledge of specific areas to which they have applied modern microcomputer techniques and give detailed descriptions of the means by which the problems that may be encountered may be overcome. Those wishing to implement their own computer systems will find this book a useful further source of ideas and techniques which add to those described in the earlier volume "Microcomputers in Medicine" by the same editors.

This volume is based on papers presented at the International Symposium on X-Ray Microscopy held at Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton NY, August 31-September 4, 1987. Previous recent symposia on the sub ject were held in New York in 1979, Gottingen in 1983 and Taipei in 1986. Developments in x-ray microscopy continue at a rapid pace, with im portant advances in all major areas: x-ray sources, optics and components, and microscopes and imaging systems. Taken as a whole, the work pre sented here emphasizes three major directions: (a) improvements in the capability and image-quality of x-ray microscopy, expressed principally in systems attached to large, high-brightness x-ray sources; (b) greater access to x-ray microscopy, expressed chiefly in systems employing small, often pulsed, x-ray sources; and (c) increased rate of exploration of applications of x-ray microscopy. The number of papers presented at the symposium has roughly dou bled compared with that of its predecessors. While we are delighted at this growth as a manifestation of vitality and rapid growth of the field, we did have to ask the authors to limit the length of their papers and to submit them in camera-ready form. We thank the authors for their con tributions and for their efforts in adhering to the guidelines on manuscript preparation.

This book describes the developmental history of the vacuum system of the transmission electron microscope (TEM) at the Japan Electron Optics Laboratory (JEOL) from its inception to its use in today's high-technology microscopes. The author and his colleagues were engaged in developing vacuum technology for electron microscopes (JEM series) at JEOL for many years. This volume presents a summary and explanation of their work and the technology that makes possible a clean ultrahigh vacuum. The typical users of the TEM are top-level researchers working at the frontiers of new materials or with new biological specimens. They often use the TEM under extremely severe conditions, with problems sometimes occurring in the vacuum system of the microscopes. JEOL engineers then must work as quickly as possible to improve the vacuum evacuation system so as to prevent the recurrence of such problems. Among the wealth of explanatory material in this book are examples of users' reports of problems in the vacuum system of the JEM, such as the occurrence of a micro-discharge and the back-streaming of the diffusion pump (DP) oil vapor. This work is a valuable resource for researchers who use the transmission electron microscope and for engineers and scientists interested in its technology.

The growth of interest and research activity in X -ray microscopy is reflected in the increasing size and scope of a related series of international conferences, the latest of which (XRM90) was held at King's College London (3-7 September 1990) with over 130 delegates. Previous conferences in Gottingen and Brookhaven resulted in books in the Springer Series in Optical Sciences, and this volume, the proceedings of XRM90, maintains this tradition. Because of the large number of papers their lengths were strictly limited and, while most papers can be directly identified with conference presentations, in a few cases those on similar topics by the same authors have been combined into a longer paper to allow better use of the space. The book is divided into six parts, with Parts IT-VI covering the major areas of interest at the conference. In Part 1 are two overviews; Ron Burge presented the opening paper of the conference, while the closing, summary, contrlbution by Janos Kirz is included here as a comprehensive introduction to the remainder of the book. Part IT covers developments in X -ray sources and optics. The high average brightnesses of synchrotron radiation sources have made many applications pos sible, while the more convenient, laboratory-based, plasma sources offer much promise for the future. Several contributions report significant advances in X-ray optics, which must clearly continue fully to exploit the latest sources.

A typical optical system is composed of three basic components: a source, a detector, and a medium in which the optical energy propagates. Many textbooks cover sources and detectors, but very few cover propagation in a comprehensive way, incorporating the latest progress in theory and experiment concerning the propagating medium. This book will fulfill that need. It is the first comprehensive and self-contained book on this topic. It will be a useful reference book for researchers, and a textbook for courses like Laser Light Propagation, Solid State Optics, and Optical Propagation in the Atmosphere.

One of the most universal functions of any scientific or engineer ing laboratory is the gathering of data to provide answers to immediate questions or information to be filed for future refer ence. Such data gathering may be achieved in various ways, depending on the nature and quantity of the information. The most prevalent of such data gathering methods is undoubtedly analog recording. Electrical analog recorders are available in a variety of sizes, speeds, sensitivities, and prices. They are suitable for recording any signal which is in, or can be converted to, electrical form. These recorders are found in every modern laboratory. Without them the importance of many functional relations would be missed altogether. How could one adequately diagnose a heart ailment without a cardiographic recorder, or obtain infrared or magnetic resonance spectra on any practicable basis without a strip-chart recorder? True, various curves that are now traced automatically with a recorder can be plotted manually from point-by-point measure ments. This procedure, however, is not only time-consuming, but may cause valid bits of information to be overlooked entirely, simply because the points were taken too far apart. Another factor favoring the use of recorders is the ability to pinpoint faulty operation of the data-gathering system. Artifacts that might not be observable at all in point-by-point observations 1 The Laboratory Recorder 2 will often be readily identifiable on a recording. Asymmetry of a peaked curve, for example, is only dearly evident in a recording.

The standard protocols for the purification of all known cytoskeleton proteins are presented in this manual. Proteins are listed alphabetically and each protocol follows a common format. Thus, the manual provides a quick and easy reference to all relevant procedures for cytoskeleton protein purification.
The isolation procedure for each protein is shown in a clear flowchart, while the source of the protein, equipment and material needed, a list of suppliers, standard references, accession No. of sequences as well as further relevant facts and practical tips are given on a separate page.

Scientists' views on what makes an experiment successful have developed dramatically throughout history. Different criteria for proper experimentation were privileged at different times, entirely new criteria for securing experimental results emerged, and the meaning of commitment to experimentation altered. In About Method, Schickore captures this complex trajectory of change from 1660 to the twentieth century through the history of snake venom research. As experiments with poisonous snakes and venom were both challenging and controversial, the experimenters produced very detailed accounts of their investigations, which go back three hundred years-making venom research uniquely suited for such a long-term study. By analyzing key episodes in the transformation of venom research, Schickore is able to draw out the factors that have shaped methods discourse in science. About Method shows that methodological advancement throughout history has not been simply a steady progression toward better, more sophisticated and improved methodologies of experimentation. Rather, it was a progression in awareness of the obstacles and limitations that scientists face in developing strategies to probe the myriad unknown complexities of nature. The first long-term history of this development and of snake venom research, About Method offers a major contribution to integrated history and philosophy of science.