Dealing with the intermolecular Diels-Alder reaction, this book focuses on one of the reactants, the diene. The first chapter deals with the fundamental principles of the reaction. The remaining five chapters describe the salient features of the different classes of dienes and report a great deal of tabulated data and literary references. In the tables, the dienes and dienophiles are ordered in such a way that the reader can easily find the dienophile and the cycloaddition reactions which are of interest to him or her. The book should be a valuable tool for students and for academic and industrial researchers working in the field of organic synthesis.

Bestselling author Theodore Gray has spent more than a decade dreaming up, executing, photographing, and writing about extreme scientific experiments, which he then published between 2009 and 2014 in his monthly Popular Science column "Gray Matter." Previously published in book form by Black Dog in two separate volumes (Mad Science and Mad Science 2), these experiments, plus 5 more all-new ones, will now be combined in one complete book. Packaged in a smaller, chunkier format Completely Mad Science is 432 pages of dazzling chemical demonstrations, illustrated in spectacular full-color photographs. Some of the completely mad experiments in the book include: Casting a model fish out of mercury (demonstrating how this element behaves very differently depending upon temperature); the famous Flaming Bacon Lance that can cut through steel (demonstrating the amount of energy contained in fatty foods like bacon); creating nylon thread out of pure liquid by combining molecules of hexamethylenediamine and sebacoyl chloride; making homemade ice cream using a fire extinguisher and a pillow case; powering your iPhone using 150 pennies and an apple, and many, many more. It's the ultimate collection for Gray's millions of fans.

Specifically intended for lab-based biomedical researchers, this practical guide shows how to design experiments that are reproducible, with low bias, high precision, and widely applicable results. With specific examples from research using both cell cultures and model organisms, it explores key ideas in experimental design, assesses common designs, and shows how to plan a successful experiment. It demonstrates how to control biological and technical factors that can introduce bias or add noise, and covers rarely discussed topics such as graphical data exploration, choosing outcome variables, data quality control checks, and data pre-processing. It also shows how to use R for analysis, and is designed for those with no prior experience. An accompanying website (https://stanlazic.github.io/EDLB.html) includes all R code, data sets, and the labstats R package. This is an ideal guide for anyone conducting lab-based biological research, from students to principle investigators working in either academia or industry.

Team leaders should be full of ideas for new research projects and inspire a research group to achieve great results. This practical guide for team leaders, and those who aspire to become team leader, offers a unique approach to help readers develop research and become a more independent and productive investigator. Readers can learn how to recruit and develop talented team members, how to negotiate contracts and manage projects, and how to create wider visibility and publicity for their science. From human resources and project finances, legal affairs and knowledge transfer to public engagement and media performance, the book provides guidance to enhance skills and combine them with those of support staff on the road to success. With numerous valuable tips, real-life stories and practical exercises, this must-read guide provides everything needed to take responsibility for leading research teams. This title is available as Open Access via Cambridge Core.

This book provides useful information for bioanalytical / analytical scientists, analysts, quality assurance managers, and all personnel in bioanalytical laboratories through all aspects of bioanalytical technical and regulatory perspectives within bioanalytical operations and processes. Readers learn how to develop and implement strategies for routine, non-routine, and standard bioanalytical methods and on the entire equipment hardware and software qualification process. The book also gives guidelines on qualification of certified standards and in-house reference material as well as on people qualification. Finally, it guides readers through stressless internal and third party laboratory audits and inspections. It takes account to most national and international regulations and quality and accreditation standards, along with corresponding interpretation and inspection guides. The author elaborates on highly comprehensive content, making it easy not only to learn the subject but also to quickly implement the recommendations.

Microbes create medicines, filter waste water, and clean pollution. They give cheese funky flavors, wines complex aromas, and bread a nutty crumb. Life at the Edge of Sight is a stunning visual exploration of the inhabitants of an invisible world, from the pioneering findings of a seventeenth-century visionary to magnificent close-ups of the inner workings and cooperative communities of Earth's most prolific organisms. Using cutting-edge imaging technologies, Scott Chimileski and Roberto Kolter lead readers through breakthroughs and unresolved questions scientists hope microbes will answer soon. They explain how microbial studies have clarified the origins of life on Earth, guided thinking about possible life on other planets, unlocked evolutionary mechanisms, and helped explain the functioning of complex ecosystems. Microbes have been harnessed to increase crop yields and promote human health. But equally impressive, Life at the Edge of Sight opens a beautiful new frontier for readers to explore through words and images. We learn that there is more microbial biodiversity on a single frond of duckweed floating in a Delft canal than the diversity of plants and animals that biologists find in tropical rainforests. Colonies with millions of microbes can produce an array of pigments that put an artist's palette to shame. The microbial world is ancient and ever-changing, buried in fossils and driven by cellular reactions operating in quadrillionths of a second. All other organisms have evolved within this universe of microbes, yielding intricate beneficial symbioses. With two experts as guides, the invisible microbial world awaits in plain sight.

Prudent Practices in the Laboratory-the book that has served for decades as the standard for chemical laboratory safety practice-now features updates and new topics. This revised edition has an expanded chapter on chemical management and delves into new areas, such as nanotechnology, laboratory security, and emergency planning. Developed by experts from academia and industry, with specialties in such areas as chemical sciences, pollution prevention, and laboratory safety, Prudent Practices in the Laboratory provides guidance on planning procedures for the handling, storage, and disposal of chemicals. The book offers prudent practices designed to promote safety and includes practical information on assessing hazards, managing chemicals, disposing of wastes, and more. Prudent Practices in the Laboratory will continue to serve as the leading source of chemical safety guidelines for people working with laboratory chemicals: research chemists, technicians, safety officers, educators, and students. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 The Culture of Laboratory Safety 2 Environmental Health and Safety Management System 3 Emergency Planning 4 Evaluating Hazards and Assessing Risks in the Laboratory 5 Management of Chemicals 6 Working with Chemicals 7 Working with Laboratory Equipment 8 Management of Waste 9 Laboratory Facilities 10 Laboratory Security 11 Safety Laws and Standards Pertinent to Laboratories Bibliography APPENDIXES Appendix A: OSHA Laboratory Standard Appendix B: Statement of Task Appendix C: Committee Member Biographies Index

Praise for the "First Edition"

"If you . . . want an up-to-date, definitive reference written by authors who have contributed much to this field, then this book is an essential addition to your library."
--"Journal of the American Statistical Association"

Fully updated to reflect the major progress in the use of statistically designed experiments for product and process improvement, "Experiments," Second Edition introduces some of the newest discoveries--and sheds further light on existing ones--on the design and analysis of experiments and their applications in system optimization, robustness, and treatment comparison. Maintaining the same easy-to-follow style as the previous edition while also including modern updates, this book continues to present a new and integrated system of experimental design and analysis that can be applied across various fields of research including engineering, medicine, and the physical sciences.

The authors modernize accepted methodologies while refining many cutting-edge topics including robust parameter design, reliability improvement, analysis of non-normal data, analysis of experiments with complex aliasing, multilevel designs, minimum aberration designs, and orthogonal arrays. Along with a new chapter that focuses on regression analysis, the Second Edition features expanded and new coverage of additional topics, including:

Expected mean squares and sample size determination

One-way and two-way ANOVA with random effects

Split-plot designs

ANOVA treatment of factorial effects

Response surface modeling for related factors

Drawing on examples from their combined years of working with industrial clients, the authors present many cutting-edge topics in a single, easily accessible source. Extensive case studies, including goals, data, and experimental designs, are also included, and the book's data sets can be found on a related FTP site, along with additional supplemental material. Chapter summaries provide a succinct outline of discussed methods, and extensive appendices direct readers to resources for further study.

"Experiments," Second Edition is an excellent book for design of experiments courses at the upper-undergraduate and graduate levels. It is also a valuable resource for practicing engineers and statisticians.

Scanning electr on microscopy (SEM) and x-ray microanalysis can produce magnified images and in situ chemical information from virtually any type of specimen. The two instruments generally operate in a high vacuum and a very dry environment in order to produce the high energy beam of electrons needed for imaging and analysis. With a few notable exceptions, most specimens destined for study in the SEM are poor conductors and composed of beam sensitive light elements containing variable amounts of water. In the SEM, the imaging system depends on the specimen being sufficiently electrically conductive to ensure that the bulk of the incoming electrons go to ground. The formation of the image depends on collecting the different signals that are scattered as a consequence of the high energy beam interacting with the sample. Backscattered electrons and secondary electrons are generated within the primary beam-sample interactive volume and are the two principal signals used to form images. The backscattered electron coefficient ( ? ) increases with increasing atomic number of the specimen, whereas the secondary electron coefficient ( ? ) is relatively insensitive to atomic number. This fundamental diff- ence in the two signals can have an important effect on the way samples may need to be prepared. The analytical system depends on collecting the x-ray photons that are generated within the sample as a consequence of interaction with the same high energy beam of primary electrons used to produce images.

Medical researchers including doctors, nurses, medical students and allied health professionals are required to undertake a period of research as part of their career pathway. This book covers the main areas, allowing anyone to set up and complete research projects and this information can easily be translated to clinical projects. Written by international authors to provide a flavor from many institutions, the booka (TM)s appeal is cross-sectional, both at hospital and primary care levels worldwide.

Section A, the most important area in the book, covers the hardest step - setting up research (i.e. initial paperwork and funding projects). Section B is technical, covering modern laboratory techniques for laboratory-based research. Section C tackles data collation and analysis and the presentation of the results (oral and written).

The book is directed at all doctors, medical students, and individuals in related specialities, either in research or considering research (e.g. MD, PhD, MSc and Intercalated BSc).

This book aims to provide an introduction to the major techniques of chemoinformatics. It is the first text written specifically for this field. The first part of the book deals with the representation of 2D and 3D molecular structures, the calculation of molecular descriptors and the construction of mathematical models. The second part describes other important topics including molecular similarity and diversity, the analysis of large data sets, virtual screening, and library design. Simple illustrative examples are used throughout to illustrate key concepts, supplemented with case studies from the literature.

How deep we can see inside Nature's smallest secrets? Will it be possible some day in the near future to investigate living structures at atomic level? This area of study is very interdisciplinary, since it applies the principles and the techniques of biology, physics, chemistry, mathematics, and engineering to elucidate the structures of biological macromolecules, of supramolecular structures, organelles, and cells. This book offers updated information on how much information we are able to obtain in the exploration of the inner details of biological specimens in their native structure and composition. The book deals with the implementation of laser beam and stage scanning systems incorporating confocal optics or multiphoton microscopy; the advent of new electro-optical detectors with great sensitivity, linearity, and dynamic range; the possibility of 2D fast image enhancement, reconstruction, restoration, analysis and 3D display, and the application of luminescence techniques (FLIMT, FRET combined with the use of quantum dots), which gives the possibility to investigate the chemical and molecular spatio-temporal organization of life processes; Electron Microscopy and Scanning Force Microscopy (SFM), are also presented, which has opened completely new perspectives for analyzing the surface topography of biological matter in its aqueous environment at a resolution comparable to that achieved by EM.

A comprehensive, self-contained primer on validated numerics This textbook provides a comprehensive introduction to the theory and practice of validated numerics, an emerging new field that combines the strengths of scientific computing and pure mathematics. In numerous fields ranging from pharmaceutics and engineering to weather prediction and robotics, fast and precise computations are essential. Based on the theory of set-valued analysis, a new suite of numerical methods is developed, producing efficient and reliable solvers for numerous problems in nonlinear analysis. Validated numerics yields rigorous computations that can find all possible solutions to a problem while taking into account all possible sources of error-fast, and with guaranteed accuracy. Validated Numerics offers a self-contained primer on the subject, guiding readers from the basics to more advanced concepts and techniques. This book is an essential resource for those entering this fast-developing field, and it is also the ideal textbook for graduate students and advanced undergraduates needing an accessible introduction to the subject. Validated Numerics features many examples, exercises, and computer labs using MATLAB/C++, as well as detailed appendixes and an extensive bibliography for further reading. Provides a comprehensive, self-contained introduction to validated numerics Requires no advanced mathematics or programming skills Features many examples, exercises, and computer labs Includes code snippets that illustrate implementation Suitable as a textbook for graduate students and advanced undergraduates

Forensic and Clinical Applications of Solid Phase Extraction presents a compendium of methods and supporting data that allows the scientist to perform procedures using solid phase extraction to isolate the compounds of interest in the field of clinical and forensic toxicology. The more experienced researchers may vary the presented methods to achieve specific extractions. The methods presented have been used for hundreds of different compounds, thus the technique offers comprehensive technology to the researcher. The book teaches the required fundamentals. The methodologies make use of the latest developments in copolymeric bonded phases. By presenting organized and easy to use methodologies, this volume will encourage a wider acceptance of the technology and help many researchers to solve their individual separation problems. This volume will be of interest to clinical chemists, toxicologists, medical examiners, criminologists, hospital technicians, pharmaceutical and environmental chemists and medical school technicians.

This update to Peter R. Mouton's pioneering work provides bioscientists with the concepts needed in order to apply the principles and practices of unbiased stereology to research involving biological tissues.

Mouton starts with a brief explanation of the history and theory of the process before defining the terms, concepts, and tools of unbiased stereological procedures. He compares and contrasts the procedures with less-exacting approaches to quantitative analysis of biological structure using specific examples from biomedical literature. The book incorporates existing best practices with new methodologies, such as the Rare Event Protocol, while simplifying the dense, often difficult literature on the subject to show the utility and importance of unbiased stereology. This clear, insightful guide goes a step further than other books on this subject by demonstrating not only how to use unbiased stereology but also how to interpret and present the results.

Written by the official U.S. representative to the International Society for Stereology, this is the most complete, up-to-date resource on the science of unbiased stereology. Those new to bioscience research as well as experienced practitioners will find that Mouton's explanations are the perfect companion for stereology courses and workshops.

Research in carbon nanotubes has reached a horizon that is impacting a variety of fields, such as nanoelectronics, flat panel display, composite materials, sensors, nanodevices, and novel instrumentation. The unique structures of the nanotubes result in numerous superior physical and chemical properties, such as the strongest mechan ical strength, the highest thermal conductivity, room-temperature ballistic quantum conductance, electromechanical coupling, and super surface functionality. Several books are available that introduce the synthesis, physical and chemical properties, and applications of carbon nanotubes. Among the various analytical techniques, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) has played a key role in the discovery and characterization of carbon nanotubes. It may be claimed that carbon nanotubes might not have been discovered without using HRTEM. There is a great need for a book that addresses the theory, techniques, and applications of electron microscopy and associated techniques for nanotube research. The objective of this book is to fill this gap. The potential of HRTEM is now well accepted in wide-ranging communities such as materials science, physics, chemistry, and electrical engineering. TEM is a powerful technique that is indispensable for characterizing nanomaterials and is a tool that each major research institute must have in order to advance its research in nanotechnology."

Drugs of Abuse: Neurological Reviews and Protocols is intended to provide insightful reviews of key current topics and, particularly, state-- the-art methods for examining drug actions in their various neuroanato- cal, neurochemical, neurophysiological, neuropharmacological, and molecular perspectives. The book should prove particularly useful to n- comers (graduate students and technicians) in this field, as well as to those established scientists (neuroscientists, biochemists, and molecular biologists) intending to pursue new careers or directions in the study of drugs. The book's protocols cover a wide variety of coherent methods for gathering inf- mation on quantitative changes in proteins and mRNAs at both tissue and cel- lar levels. Inducible gene expression in striatal neurons has been a hot topic over the last decade. Alterations in gene expression for a wide range of proteins in the striatum have been investigated in response to drug administration. Altered expression of given mRNAs and their product proteins constitutes essential molecular steps in the development of neuroplasticity related to long-term addictive properties of drugs of abuse. With the multiple labeling methods that are also described in the book, gene expression can be detected in a chemically identified cell phenotype; the expression of multiple genes of interest can be detected in a single cell simultaneously. Hundreds or thousands of gene expr- sion products can today be detected in one experimental setup using the pow- ful systematic cDNA macroarray or microarray screening technology. Moreover, protocols useful in analyzing the functional roles of genes and proteins (e. g.

This book concentrates upon a form of scanning electron microscopy in which electrons are focused onto the surface of a solid sample and Auger electrons are emitted into an energy analyzer in which their kinetic energy is established.

Following an introductory chapter setting the scene on the topic, chapters 2 and 3 are concerned respectively with the theory of the Auger process and the instrumentation needed in Auger microscope. Chapters 4 and 5 discuss the limits to the spatial resolution of the microscopy and the methods used to separate the chemical information in an Auger image from potentially confusing effects (referred to as "imaging artefacts") due to other properties of the sample, the experimental geometry employed or the methods used for collecting or displaying the data. Chapter 6 presents the software tools useful to interpret the information in an Auger image. Chapter 7 discussed methods that can convert the intensities of the pixels in a set of images using different Auger peaks from the same area of a sample into a set of maps revealing the atomic concentrations at each point in the surface - image quantification. Chapters 8 and 9 describe some of the most important applications of Auger microscopy in the fields of metallurgy and of semiconductor device characterization.

The material in the book is intended as a guide to the subject of Auger electron microscopy and so it is hoped that it will be of interest to researchers in this field as well as to others who wish to discover what can be achieved with this technique and what are its limitations. In addition, it will be useful to analysts working with SAMs who are hard pressed to measure many samples and havelittle time to work on other aspects of the behaviour of their instrument or the problems that they may, perhaps unwittingly encounter.

VOLUME 25

Reviews in Computational Chemistry

Kenny B. Lipkowitz and Thomas R. Cundari

This Volume, Like Those Prior To It, Features Pedagogically Driven Reviews By Experts In Various Fields Of Computational Chemistry. Volume 25 Contains: Eight Chapters Covering The Glass Transition In Polymer Melts, Atomistic Modeling Of Friction, The Computation Of Free Volume, Structural Order And Entropy Of Liquids And Glasses, The Reactivity Of Materials At Extreme Conditions, Magnetic Properties Of Transition Metal Clusters, Multiconfigurational Quantum Methods For The Treatment Of Heavy Metals, Recursive Solutions To Large Eigenvalue Problems, And The Development And Uses Of Artificial Intelligence In Chemistry.

From Reviews of the Series

"Reviews in Computational Chemistry remains the most valuable reference to methods and techniques in computational chemistry."
--JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR GRAPHICS AND MODELLING

"One cannot generally do better than to try to find an appropriate article in the highly successful Reviews in Computational Chemistry. The basic philosophy of the editors seems to be to help the authors produce chapters that are complete, accurate, clear, and accessible to experimentalists (in particular) and other nonspecialists (in general)."
--JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY

Since the first recognition of outbreaks of cerebrospinal or spotted fever at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries, the menace of the meningococcus has been high on the list of public health prio- ties. Few if any pathogens surpass the meningococcus in the rapidity and sev- ity with which it devastates previously healthy individuals. The challenge of understanding the biology of this fascinating microbe is immense, but few will doubt that successful control of meningococcal meningitis and septicemia will only transpire through the application of a body of extraordinary detailed inf- mation, including key minutiae of its molecular biology. In the first of two companion volumes, Meningococcal Vaccines, the team of experts gathered by Andy Pollard and Martin Maiden converge to p- vide an impressive accumulation of molecular tools with which to lay bare the secrets of the meningococcus. The results of this ambitious and welcome v- ume represent an exciting and much needed resource for all of us in the field.

The first book on the topic, with each chapter written by pioneers in the field, this essential resource details the fundamental theory, applications, and future developments of liquid cell electron microscopy. This book describes the techniques that have been developed to image liquids in both transmission and scanning electron microscopes, including general strategies for examining liquids, closed and open cell electron microscopy, experimental design, resolution, and electron beam effects. A wealth of practical guidance is provided, and applications are described in areas such as electrochemistry, corrosion and batteries, nanocrystal growth, biomineralization, biomaterials and biological processes, beam-induced processing, and fluid physics. The book also looks ahead to the future development of the technique, discussing technical advances that will enable higher resolution, analytical microscopy, and even holography of liquid samples. This is essential reading for researchers and practitioners alike.

Hands-on experimentalists describe the cutting-edge microscopical methods needed for the effective study of plant cell biology today. These powerful techniques, all described in great detail to ensure successful experimental results, range from light microscope cytochemistry, autoradiography, and immunocytochemistry, to recent developments in fluorescence, confocal, and dark-field microscopies. Important advances in both conventional and scanning electron microscopies are also fully developed, together with such state-of-the-art ancillary techniques as high-resolution autoradiography, immunoelectron microscopy, X-ray microanalysis, and electron systems imaging. Easy-to-use and up-to-date, Methods in Plant Electron Microscopy and Cytochemistry offers today's plant scientists a first class collection of readily reproducible light and electron microscopical methods that will prove the new standard for all working in the field.