The compound optical microscope, in its various modern forms, is probably the most familiar of all laboratory instruments and the electron microscope, once an exotic rarity, has now become a standard tool in biological and materials research. Both instruments are often used effectively with little knowledge of the relevant theory, or even of how a particular type of microscope functions. Eventually however, proper use, interpretation of images and choices of specific applications demand an understanding of fundamental principles. This book describes the principles of operation of each type of microscope currently available and of use to biomedical and materials scientists. It explains the mechanisms of image formation, contrast and its enhancement, accounts for ultimate limits on the size of observable details (resolving power and resolution) and finally provides an account of Fourier optical theory. Principles behind the photographic methods used in microscopy are also described and there is some discussion of image processing methods. The book will appeal to graduate students and researchers in the biomedical sciences, and it will be helpful to students taking a course involving the principles of microscopy.

A unique introduction to the design, analysis, and presentation of scientific projects, this is an essential textbook for undergraduate majors in science and mathematics. The textbook gives an overview of the main methods used in scientific research, including hypothesis testing, the measurement of functional relationships, and observational research. It describes important features of experimental design, such as the control of errors, instrument calibration, data analysis, laboratory safety, and the treatment of human subjects. Important concepts in statistics are discussed, focusing on standard error, the meaning of p values, and use of elementary statistical tests. The textbook introduces some of the main ideas in mathematical modeling, including order-of-magnitude analysis, function fitting, Fourier transforms, recursion relations, and difference approximations to differential equations. It also provides guidelines on accessing scientific literature, and preparing scientific papers and presentations. An extensive instructor's manual containing sample lessons and student papers is available at www.cambridge.org/Marder.

Flow cytometry is now well established in research laboratories and is gaining increasing use in clinical medicine and pathology. The technique enables multiple simultaneous light scatter and fluorescence measurements to be made at the individual cell level at very rapid rates and results in very large quantities of data being collected. Data, however, is just a series of numbers which have to be converted to information which, in turn, must be shown to have meaning. This is the most important single aspect of flow cytometry but it has received relatively little attention. One of the frequently voiced advantages of the technology is that it produces 'good statistics' because large numbers of cells have been analysed. However, it is not very often that confidence limits are placed on results, hence the reader has little or no feel for the inherent variability in the information produced. This book covers very basic number handling techniques, regression analysis, probability functions, statistical tests and methods of analysing dynamic processes. All those who use flow cytometry in their research will find this book an invaluable guide to interpreting the data produced by flow cytometers.

A complete examination of the uses of the atomic force microscope in biology and medicine

This cutting-edge text, written by a team of leading experts, is the first detailed examination of the latest, most powerful scanning probe microscope, the atomic force microscope (AFM). Using the AFM, in combination with conventional tools and techniques, readers gain a profound understanding of the cell, subcellular organelles, and biomolecular structure and function.
The text begins with three chapters describing the molecular machinery and mechanism of cell secretion and membrane fusion in cells, using approaches that combine AFM, electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, photon correlation spectroscopy, molecular biology, biochemistry, and electrophysiology. The discovery of a new cellular structure the "porosome" or fusion pore--the cells secretory machinery, the molecular mechanism of membrane fusion in cells, and the expulsion of intravesicular contents during cell secretion are outlined in the first three chapters. The book also covers:
* Identification of the "porosome" in the growth hormone secreting cell of the pituitary gland
* Probing the structural and physical properties of microbial cell surfaces
* Scanning probe microscopic characterization of the higher plant cell wall and its components
* Case studies of nano drug delivery systems using engineered dendrimers
* AFM techniques for studying living cells
* Investigating the intermolecular forces of leukocyte adhesion molecules
* Protein-protein interactions
* Micromechanical properties of lipid bilayers and vesicles
The text concludes with four chapters that examine new and emerging approaches in the use of force microscopy in biology and medicine.
This text is ideal for advanced undergraduate and graduate students and researchers in cell and molecular biology, genetics, genomics, physiology, neuroscience, biophysics, and biochemistry. Not only does it provide the theory, but also practical considerations such as the selection of the right tools and approach.

In 1987, Barry Lynes wrote the classic book on Rife history called The Cancer Cure That Worked. Rife's World of Electromedicine is the sequel, published in 2009. What is the difference between the two books? The Cancer Cure That Worked was primarily a biographical account of Royal Raymond Rife's life and work, including detailed, dated records of the events which occurred, and in-depth accounts from the people involved. Rife's World of Electromedicine, on the other hand, is a bird's eye view, short summary of the same time period and events. Instead of a detailed biography, Rife's World is an expository piece that includes brief, targeted chapters addressing each aspect of Rife's era, utilizing piercing, specific, and direct quotes and excerpts from historical documents including magazine and newspaper articles, court transcripts, Rife's own statements, and the eye-witness accounts of those who were present during Rife's lifelong achievements. Written as a short story, Rife's World is affordably priced so that everyone can read about Royal Raymond Rife. The book is a perfect gift for someone who wants to find out more about Rife but doesn't have time to read a longer book. Additionally, the new book explains what 20] years of additional research and document retrieval by a dedicated grass roots group have discovered and unearthed. Some of the previously missing, key factors in the suppressed and censored cure for cancer were lost or even locked away in physicians' closets for decades in order to prevent censors from destroying overwhelming evidence. Now, this evidence is printed for the first time in Rife's World.

This book is designed to supply research workers in biochemistry and related fields with factual information about the compounds, reagents, and techniques they use most frequently in the laboratory. The material has been selected by practising biochemists and, in this third edition, a wide range of data is clearly displayed in an easily accessible form. Much has been deleted from earlier editions to be replaced by new material of current importance to biochemistry and molecular biology. Functional grouping of compounds has been emphasized to enable users of this book to see what compounds are available as well as find data on specific examples. Now available in paperback, this book provides a clear presentation of the type of information frequently needed in experimental work and is an invaluable laboratory companion for workers in any aspect of biochemistry. `Highly recommended as a standard reference source in biochemical research.' Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry

The first book to chronicle how innovation in laboratory designs for botanical research energized the emergence of physiological plant ecology as a vibrant subdiscipline   Laboratory innovation since the mid-twentieth century has powered advances in the study of plant adaptation, evolution, and ecosystem function. The phytotron, an integrated complex of controlled-environment greenhouse and laboratory spaces, invented by Frits W. Went in the 1950s, set off a worldwide laboratory movement and transformed the plant sciences. Sharon Kingsland explores this revolution through a comparative study of work in the United States, France, Australia, Israel, the USSR, and Hungary.   These advances in botanical research energized physiological plant ecology. Case studies explore the development of phytotron spinoffs such as mobile laboratories, rhizotrons, and ecotrons. Scientific problems include the significance of plant emissions of volatile organic compounds, symbiosis between plants and soil fungi, and the discovery of new pathways for photosynthesis as an adaptation to hot, dry climates. The advancement of knowledge through synthesis is a running theme: linking disciplines, combining laboratory and field research, and moving across ecological scales from leaf to ecosystem. The book also charts the history of modern scientific responses to the emerging crisis of food insecurity in the era of global warming.

This market-leading manual for the first-year physics laboratory course offers a wide range of class-tested experiments designed specifically for use in small to mid-size lab programs. A series of integrated experiments emphasizes the use of computerized instrumentation and includes a set of "computer-assisted experiments" that allow you to gain experience with modern equipment. By analyzing data through two different methods, learners gain a greater understanding of the concepts behind the experiments. The Eighth Edition is updated with four new economical labs and thirty new Pre-Lab Demonstrations, designed to capture interest prior to the lab and requiring only widely available materials and items.

Spark scientific curiosity from a young age with this six-level course through an enquiry-based approach and active learning. Collins International Primary Science fully meets the requirements of the Cambridge Primary Science Curriculum Framework from 2020 and has been carefully developed for a range of international contexts. The course is organised into four main strands: Biology, Chemistry, Physics and Earth and Space and the skills detailed under the 'Thinking and Working Scientifically' strand are introduced and taught in the context of those areas. For each Workbook at Stages 1 to 6, we offer: A write-in Workbook linked to the Student's Book New language development activities help build science vocabulary Earth and Space content covers the new curriculum framework Thinking and Working Scientifically deepens and enhances the delivery of Science skills Actively learn through practical activities that don't require specialist equipment or labs Scaffolding allows students of varying abilities to work with common content and meet learning objectives Supports Cambridge Global Perspectives (TM) with activities that develop and practise key skills Provides learner support as part of a set of resources for the Cambridge Primary Science curriculum framework (0097) from 2020 This series is endorsed by Cambridge Assessment International Education to support the new curriculum framework 0097 from 2020.

Textbook of "in vivo" Imaging in Vertebrates.

Editors.

Vasilis Ntziachristos

Department of Radiology, Harvard University HMS/MGH, Charlestown, USA

Anne Leroy-Willig

U2R2M, CNRS and Universite Paris-Sud, Orsay, France

Bertrand Tavitian

Unite d'Imagerie de l'Expression des Genes, INSERM, Orsay, Franc

This book describes the new imaging techniques being developed to monitor physiological, cellular and subcellular function within living animals. This exciting field of imaging science brings together physics, chemistry, engineering, biology and medicine to yield powerful and versatile imaging approaches. By combining advanced non-invasive imaging technologies with new mechanisms for visualizing biochemical events and protein and gene function, non-invasive vertebrate imaging enables the in vivo study of biology and offers rapid routes from basic discovery to drug development and clinical application. Combined with the availability of an increasing number of animal models of human disease, and the ability to perform longitudinal studies of disease evolution and of the long-term effects of therapeutic procedures, this new technology offers the next generation of tools for biomedical research.

Well illustrated, largely in colour, the book reviews the most common and technologically advanced methods for vertebrate imaging, presented in a clear, comprehensive format. The basic principles are described, followed by several examples of the use of imaging in the study of living multicellular organisms, concentrating on small animal models of human diseases. The book illustrates:

- The types of information that can be obtained with modern in vivo imaging;

-The substitution of imaging methods for more destructive histological techniques;

- The advantages conferred by in vivo imaging in building a more accurate picture of the response of tissues to stimuli over time while significantly reducing the number of animals required for such studies.

Part 1 describes current techniques in in vivo imaging, providing specialists and laboratory scientists from all disciplines with clear and helpful information regarding the tools available for their specific research field. Part 2 looks in more detail at imaging organ development and function, covering the brain, heart, lung and others. Part 3 describes the use of imaging to monitor various new types of therapy, following the reaction in an individual organism over time, e.g. after gene or cell therapy.

Most chapters are written by teams of physicists and biologists, giving a balanced coherent description of each technique and its potential applications.

The book is aimed at a broad audience conducting research in areas such as biochemistry, physiology, developmental biology, oncology and pharmacology. While written primarily for those already engaged in imaging studies, it will also be of interest to scientists from other disciplines looking for an entry point into the field of in vivo imaging in small animals.

This successful text provides students majoring in biochemistry, chemistry, biology, and related fields with a modern and complete experience in experimental biochemistry. Its unique two-part organization offers flexibility to accommodate various requirements of the course, and allows students to reference detailed theory sections for clarification during labs. Part I, Theory and Experimental Techniques, provides in-depth theoretical discussion organized around important techniques. A valuable reference for instructors and students, it's particularly useful to instructors who prefer to use their own customized experiments. Part II, Experiments, offers optimum flexibility through 15 tested experiments designed to accommodate the capabilities of laboratories and students at most four-year schools. Alternate methods are suggested and labs may be divided into manageable hour segments.

A General History of Horology describes instruments used for the finding and measurement of time from Antiquity to the 21st century. In geographical scope it ranges from East Asia to the Americas. The instruments described are set in their technical and social contexts, and there is also discussion of the literature, the historiography and the collecting of the subject. The book features the use of case studies to represent larger topics that cannot be completely covered in a single book. The international body of authors have endeavoured to offer a fully world-wide survey accessible to students, historians, collectors, and the general reader, based on a firm understanding of the technical basis of the subject. At the same time as the work offers a synthesis of current knowledge of the subject, it also incorporates the results of some fundamental, new and original research.

Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and its Application presents a unified view of the rapidly growing field of STM, and its many derivatives. A thorough discussion of the various principles provides the background to tunneling phenomena and leads to the many novel scanning-probe techniques, such as AFM, MFM, BEEM, PSTM, etc. After having examined the available instrumentation and the methods for tip and surface preparations, the monograph provides detailed accounts of STM application to metal and semiconductor surfaces, adsorbates and surface chemistry, biology, and nanofabrication. It examines limitations of the present-day investigations and provides hints about possible further trends. This second edition includes important new developments in the field.

Starting from first principles, this book introduces the closely related phenomena of Bose condensation and Cooper pairing, in which a very large number of single particles or pairs of particles are forced to behave in exactly the same way, and explores their consequences in condensed matter systems. Eschewing advanced formal methods, the author uses simple concepts and arguments to account for the various qualitatively new phenomena which occur in Bose-condensed and Cooper-paired systems, including but not limited to the spectacular macroscopic phenomena of superconductivity and superfluidity. The physical systems discussed include liquid 4-He, the BEC alkali gases, 'classical' superconductors, superfluid 3-He, 'exotic' superconductors and the recently stabilized Fermi alkali gases. The book should be accessible to beginning graduate students in physics or advanced undergraduates.

The Oxford Handbook of the History of Physics brings together cutting-edge writing by more than twenty leading authorities on the history of physics from the seventeenth century to the present day. By presenting a wide diversity of studies in a single volume, it provides authoritative introductions to scholarly contributions that have tended to be dispersed in journals and books not easily accessible to the general reader. While the core thread remains the theories and experimental practices of physics, the Handbook contains chapters on other dimensions that have their place in any rounded history. These include the role of lecturing and textbooks in the communication of knowledge, the contribution of instrument-makers and instrument-making companies in providing for the needs of both research and lecture demonstrations, and the growing importance of the many interfaces between academic physics, industry, and the military.

Automated instrumentation produces reams of data that need to be interpreted within a relatively short period of time. Statistics is a major tool in this important endeavor to conquer - and understand - numbers. In this important work, various techniques, perspectives, and applications are brought together so that readers can learn the basic concepts, recognize trends and connections, and clearly observe how the various equations are linked to decision making. There is in-depth coverage of elementary and moderately advanced statistics, numerical simulation and optimization, some programming, real-life industrial examples, and applications in the analytical lab under GMP. Statistical Methods in Analytical Chemistry also comes with a 3.5 floppy disk with 32 BASIC programs and over 30 sample data files. This book was written for those who already have some firsthand experience with numbers - be it in an analytical or other type of laboratory. The common ground covered in this book is the act of calibrating measuring equipment, collecting, and interpreting data. The examples were taken from a chemical/pharmaceutical environment, but only serve as convenient vehicles for the discussion of when to use which test, and how to make sense out of the results. While practical use of statistics is the major concern, it is put into perspective, and the reader is urged to use plausibility checks. Statistical Methods in Analytical Chemistry integrates PC computing power, testing programs, sample data files, algorithms instead of statistical tables, and analytical know-how in the context of a GMP/GLP-conscious industrial setting.

Soaring Gothic cathedrals, violent crusades, the Black Death: these are the dramatic forces that shaped the medieval era. But the so-called Dark Ages also gave us the first universities, eyeglasses, and mechanical clocks. As medieval thinkers sought to understand the world around them, from the passing of the seasons to the stars in the sky, they came to develop a vibrant scientific culture. In The Light Ages, Cambridge science historian Seb Falk takes us on a tour of medieval science through the eyes of one fourteenth-century monk, John of Westwyk. Born in a rural manor, educated in England's grandest monastery, and then exiled to a clifftop priory, Westwyk was an intrepid crusader, inventor, and astrologer. From multiplying Roman numerals to navigating by the stars, curing disease, and telling time with an ancient astrolabe, we learn emerging science alongside Westwyk and travel with him through the length and breadth of England and beyond its shores. On our way, we encounter a remarkable cast of characters: the clock-building English abbot with leprosy, the French craftsman-turned-spy, and the Persian polymath who founded the world's most advanced observatory. The Light Ages offers a gripping story of the struggles and successes of an ordinary man in a precarious world and conjures a vivid picture of medieval life as we have never seen it before. An enlightening history that argues that these times weren't so dark after all, The Light Ages shows how medieval ideas continue to color how we see the world today.

Demography is everywhere in our lives: from birth to death. Indeed, the universal currencies of survival, development, reproduction, and recruitment shape the performance of all species, from microbes to humans. The number of techniques for demographic data acquisition and analyses across the entire tree of life (microbes, fungi, plants, and animals) has drastically increased in recent decades. These developments have been partially facilitated by the advent of technologies such as GIS and drones, as well as analytical methods including Bayesian statistics and high-throughput molecular analyses. However, despite the universality of demography and the significant research potential that could emerge from unifying: (i) questions across taxa, (ii) data collection protocols, and (iii) analytical tools, demographic methods to date have remained taxonomically siloed and methodologically disintegrated. This is the first book to attempt a truly unified approach to demography and population ecology in order to address a wide range of questions in ecology, evolution, and conservation biology across the entire spectrum of life. This novel book provides the reader with the fundamentals of data collection, model construction, analyses, and interpretation across a wide repertoire of demographic techniques and protocols. It introduces the novice demographer to a broad range of demographic methods, including abundance-based models, life tables, matrix population models, integral projection models, integrated population models, individual based models, and more. Through the careful integration of data collection methods, analytical approaches, and applications, clearly guided throughout with fully reproducible R scripts, the book provides an up-to-date and authoritative overview of the most popular and effective demographic tools. Demographic Methods across the Tree of Life is aimed at graduate students and professional researchers in the fields of demography, ecology, animal behaviour, genetics, evolutionary biology, mathematical biology, and wildlife management.

The global loss of biodiversity is occurring at an unprecedented pace. Despite the considerable effort devoted to conservation science and management, we still lack even the most basic data on the distribution and density of the majority of plant and animal species, which in turn hampers our efforts to study changes over time. In addition, we often lack behavioural data from the very animals most influenced by environmental changes; this is largely due to the financial and logistical limitations associated with gathering scientific data on species that are cryptic, widely distributed, range over large areas, or negatively influenced by human presence. To overcome these limitations, conservationists are increasingly employing technology to facilitate such data collection. Innovative solutions have been driven by dramatic advances in the conservation-technology interface. The use of camera traps, acoustic sensors, satellite data, drones, and computer algorithms to analyse the large datasets collected are all becoming increasingly widespread. Although specialist books are available on some of these individual technologies, this is the first comprehensive text to describe the breadth of available technology for conservation and to evaluate its varied applications, bringing together a team of international experts using a diverse range of approaches. Conservation Technology is suitable for graduate level students, professional researchers, practitioners and field managers in the fields of ecology and conservation biology.

The global loss of biodiversity is occurring at an unprecedented pace. Despite the considerable effort devoted to conservation science and management, we still lack even the most basic data on the distribution and density of the majority of plant and animal species, which in turn hampers our efforts to study changes over time. In addition, we often lack behavioural data from the very animals most influenced by environmental changes; this is largely due to the financial and logistical limitations associated with gathering scientific data on species that are cryptic, widely distributed, range over large areas, or negatively influenced by human presence. To overcome these limitations, conservationists are increasingly employing technology to facilitate such data collection. Innovative solutions have been driven by dramatic advances in the conservation-technology interface. The use of camera traps, acoustic sensors, satellite data, drones, and computer algorithms to analyse the large datasets collected are all becoming increasingly widespread. Although specialist books are available on some of these individual technologies, this is the first comprehensive text to describe the breadth of available technology for conservation and to evaluate its varied applications, bringing together a team of international experts using a diverse range of approaches. Conservation Technology is suitable for graduate level students, professional researchers, practitioners and field managers in the fields of ecology and conservation biology.

Volume 26 Reviews In Computational Chemistry

Kenny B. Lipkowitz and Thomas R. Cundari Donald B. Boyd, Editor Emeritus

This book series contains pedagogically driven reviews of computational methods for the novice molecular modeler as well as for the expert computational scientist. Topics covered in this volume include computational methods needed to compute interactions accurately, quantum mechanical methods used for computing weakly bound clusters, computing excited state properties with time-dependent density functional theory, and methods for computing quantum phase transitions. Also covered are real-space and multi-grid methods, hybrid methods for atomic level simulations spanning multiple time scales and multiple length scales, techniques used for extending time scales in atomic level simulations, and strategies for simulating ionic liquids.

From Reviews Of The Series

"Reviews in Computational Chemistry remains the most valuable reference to methods and techniques in computational chemistry."
--Journal Of Molecular Graphics And Modelling

"One cannot generally do better than to try to find an appropriate article in the highly successful Reviews in Computational Chemistry. The basic philosophy of the editors seems to be to help the authors produce chapters that are complete, accurate, clear, and accessible to experimentalists (in particular) and other nonspecialists (in general)."
--Journal Of The American Chemical Society

The temperature on earth varies over a wide range whereas man can only work comfortably in a quite narrow temperature range that has to be artificially maintained. In addition, many industries have extensive requirements for temperature control. Thus control engineers are called upon very frequently to design temperature control loops. A general knowledge of control engineering is of course useful in designing temperature control loops.However, temperature control has some special features: (i) asymmetries caused by the usually differing mechanisms of heating and cooling (ii) complex nonlinear heat-transfer effects (iii) highly application-dependent measurement problems. The intention of this book is to treat the theory and practice of temperature measurement and control, and important related topics such as energy management and air pollution, at a level suitable for engineering and science undergraduate and postgraduate students, and in a manner designed to make the book valuable to practising engineers. There are no specific prerequisites for the book although a knowledge of elementary control theory could be useful. The philosophy of the book is a compromise between fundamentals and practical guidelines. It is the author's firm belief that it is highly desirable to obtain a good insight into theoretical fundamentals (deeper than can be justified on grounds of immediate utility) before embarking on practical applications. The aim has been to produce a practically oriented text within a firm theoretical outline. The first half of the book is an application oriented survey of temperature measurement techniques and devices. The second half is concerned mainly with temperature control in both simple and complex situations. There are chapters on heat sources, commercially available controllers, temperature control in buildings and energy conservation. The book ends with an appendix that rapidly surveys the underpinning thermodynamic theory.

The scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) was invented by Binnig and Rohrer and received a Nobel Prize of Physics in 1986. Together with the atomic force microscope (AFM), it provides non-destructive atomic and subatomic resolution on surfaces. Especially, in recent years, internal details of atomic and molecular wavefunctions are observed and mapped with negligible disturbance. Since the publication of its first edition, this book has been the standard reference book and a graduate-level textbook educating several generations of nano-scientists. In Aug. 1992, the co-inventor of STM, Nobelist Heinrich Rohrer recommended: "The Introduction to Scanning tunnelling Microscopy by C.J. Chen provides a good introduction to the field for newcomers and it also contains valuable material and hints for the experts". For the second edition, a 2017 book review published in the Journal of Applied Crystallography said "Introduction to Scanning tunnelling Microscopy is an excellent book that can serve as a standard introduction for everyone that starts working with scanning probe microscopes, and a useful reference book for those more advanced in the field". The third edition is a thoroughly updated and improved version of the recognized "Bible" of the field. Additions to the third edition include: theory, method, results, and interpretations of the non-destructive observation and mapping of atomic and molecular wavefunctions; elementary theory and new verifications of equivalence of chemical bond interaction and tunnelling; scanning tunnelling spectroscopy of high Tc superconductors; imaging of self-assembled organic molecules on the solid-liquid interfaces. Some key derivations are rewritten using mathematics at an undergraduate level to make it pedagogically sound.