Die Forschung und Anwendungsentwicklung in dem Bereich chemischer und biochemischer Sensoren ist weiterhin in einem schnellen Wachstum begriffen. Die Erfahrungen des letzten Jahrzehnts haben jedoch gezeigt, dass die erfolgreiche Entwicklung solcher Sensoren, die auch den harten Routinebedingungen in den vielfaltigen Anwendungsgebieten widerstehen, nur dann moglich ist, wenn Chemiker und Ingenieure kooperieren. Daher ist es das Ziel dieses Lehrbuches, sowohl Chemikern als auch Ingenieuren, Lebensmittel- und Biotechnologenin einer streng systematischen aber sehr praxisorientierten Darstellung die Technologie und die Anwendung chemischer Sensoren nahezubringen.

Der interdisziplinare Ansatz uberbruckt die unterschiedlichen Denkweisen in Chemie, Physik und Ingenieurwissenschaften erfolgreich."

Die Computer zur Steuerung analytischer Systeme sollen einer Validierung unterzogen werden, unabhangig davon, ob es sich z.B. um Laboratorien in den Bereichen Umwelt, Lebensmittel, klinische Chemie, Pharmakologie oder Toxikologie, chemische oder pharmazeutische Qualitatssicherungslaboratorien oder LIMS-Installationen handelt. Der Autor fuhrt mit diesem unverzichtbaren Ratgeber den Praktiker durch den gesamten komplexen Validierungsprozess fur computergesteuerte Analysensysteme. Er liefert den roten Faden, die logischen Grunduberlegungen und die Methodologie, um Validierung effizient durchzufuhren. Das Buch ist eine Pflichtlekture fur Labormanager, Analytiker, Validierungs- und Auditingteams, Qualitatssicherungsbeauftragte und Informationsmanager."

Das Buch enthalt die Beitrage zu einem interdisziplinaren Symposium zur oekonomischen Analyse des Zivilrechts, das die Herausgeber mit Unterstutzung der Stiftung Volkswagenwerk im Marz 1988 veranstaltet haben und an dem in diesem Forschungsbereich ausgewiesene OEkonomen und Juristen aus dem In- und Ausland teilgenommen haben. Die Beitrage befassen sich - jeweils aus juristischer und aus oekonomischer Sicht - mit Grundsatzfragen der oekonomischen Analyse des Zivilrechts sowie mit konkreten Problemen des Deliktrechts, des Vertragsrechts und des Sachenrechts; hier wird im einzelnen die Leistungsfahigkeit der oekonomischen Analyse fur Rechtsanwendung und Rechtsfortbildung untersucht. Ausserdem wird in dem Buch der Frage nachgegangen, inwieweit das Prinzip der Allokationseffizienz mit anderen Rechtsprinzipien kollidiert und durch diese begrenzt wird.

An advanced course of classical electrodynamics with application to the generation of high-power coherent radiation in the microwave to optical-wave regions. Specifically, it provides readers with the basics of advanced electromagnetic theory and relativistic electrodynamics, guiding them step by step through the theory of free-electron lasers. The theoretical treatment throughout this book is fully developed by means of the usual three-dimensional vector calculus.

Nanoscale Probes of the Solid--Liquid Interface deals with the use of the scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) and related instrumentation to examine the phenomena occurring at the interface between solid and liquid. Scanning probe microscopy (the collective term for such instruments as the STM, the atomic force microscope and related instrumentation) allows detailed, real space atomic or lattice scale insight into surface structures, information which is ideally correlated with surface reactivity. The use of SPM methods is not restricted to ultrahigh vacuum: the STM and AFM have been used on samples immersed in solution or in ambient air, thus permitting a study of environmental effects on surfaces. At the solid--liquid interface the reactivity derives precisely from the presence of the solution and, in many cases, the application of an external potential. Topics covered in the present volume include: the advantages of studying the solid--liquid interface and the obtaining of additional information from probe measurements; interrelationships between probe tip, the interface and the tunnelling process; STM measurements on semiconductor surfaces; the scanning electrochemical microscope, AFM and the solid--liquid interface; surface X-ray scattering; cluster formation on graphite electrodes; Cu deposition on Au surfaces; macroscopic events following Cu deposition; deposition of small metallic clusters on carbon; overpotential deposition of metals; underpotential deposition; STM on nanoscale ceramic superlattices; reconstruction events on Au(ijk) surfaces; Au surface reconstructions; friction force measurements on graphite steps under potential control; and the biocompatibility of materials.

Questo libro, che nasce dall esperienza didattica accumulata dall autore nell insegnamento dei metodi sperimentali, si propone di fornire un introduzione al calcolo delle probabilita e alla teoria degli errori facendo uso di uno stile di presentazione volutamente informale e traendo spunto da concrete applicazioni sperimentali, spesso attraverso esempi di notevole importanza storica. Cosi, per esempio, argomenti quali il moto browniano, la diffusione di luce, il decadimento radioattivo, la fisiologia della visione, le statistiche quantistiche e di fotorivelazione, vengono utilizzati per delucidare concetti chiave dell analisi statistica e probabilistica.

Small scale features and processes occurring at nanometer and femtosecond scales have a profound impact on what happens at a larger scale and over an extensive period of time. The primary objective of this volume is to reflect the state-of-the-art in multiscale mathematics, modeling, and simulations and to address the following barriers: What is the information that needs to be transferred from one model or scale to another and what physical principles must be satisfied during the transfer of information? What are the optimal ways to achieve such transfer of information? How can variability of physical parameters at multiple scales be quantified and how can it be accounted for to ensure design robustness? The multiscale approaches in space and time presented in this volume are grouped into two main categories: information-passing and concurrent. In the concurrent approaches various scales are simultaneously resolved, whereas in the information-passing methods the fine scale is modeled and its gross response is infused into the continuum scale. The issue of reliability of multiscale modeling and simulation tools which focus on a hierarchy of multiscale models and an a posteriori model of error estimation including uncertainty quantification, is discussed in several chapters. Component software that can be effectively combined to address a wide range of multiscale simulations is also described. Applications range from advanced materials to nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS), biological systems, and nanoporous catalysts where physical phenomena operates across 12 orders of magnitude in time scales and 10 orders of magnitude in spatial scales. This volume is a valuable reference book for scientists, engineers and graduate students practicing in traditional engineering and science disciplines as well as in emerging fields of nanotechnology, biotechnology, microelectronics and energy.

Ambient intelligence (AI) refers to a developing technology that will increasingly make our everyday environment sensitive and responsive to our presence. The AI vision requires technology invisibly embedded in our everyday surroundings, present whenever we need it that will lead to the seamless integration of lighting, sounds, vision, domestic appliances, and personal healthcare products to enhance our living experience. Written for the non-specialist seeking an authoritative but accessible overview of this interdisciplinary field, True Visions explains how the devices making up the AI world will operate collectively using information and intelligence hidden in the wireless network connecting them. Expert contributions address key AI components such as smart materials and textiles, system architecture, mobile computing, broadband communication, and underlying issues of human-environment interactions. It seeks to unify the perspectives of scientists from diverse backgrounds ranging from the physics of materials to the aesthetics of industrial design as it describes the emergence of ambient intelligence, one of todaya (TM)s most compelling areas of innovation.

La (TM)introduzione delle lauree triennali ha in molti casi costretto i docenti a ridurre drasticamente il numero di ore di insegnamento e quindi la (TM)estensione dei programmi dei corsi di Fisica.

In questo volumetto l'autore si A] proposto di esporre sinteticamente ma con il massimo rigore possibile il corso di Fisica Generale I evitando le dimostrazioni delle leggi fisiche, ma dando la prioritA alle applicazioni di tali leggi e allo svolgimento di esercizi che in genere viene trascurato in molti corsi.

Ha cercato pertanto di presentare i fenomeni fisici sottolineando, dove possibile, la loro presenza nella vita quotidiana e le loro piA semplici e immediate applicazioni, consentendo in tal modo agli studenti di vedere la Fisica non piA come una interminabile serie di formule ma come un nuovo modo di interpretare e di capire i fenomeni naturali inanimati (del resto non dobbiamo dimenticare che il termine greco da cui deriva il suo nome A] fisis, fisis, ovvero natura).

Il contenuto A] completo, comprendendo anche capitoli quali la meccanica relativa, i fluidi, la termodinamica dei ciclia ] Al termine di ogni capitolo viene riportato un formulario che riassume sinteticamente le leggi piA importanti esposte nel capitolo, premessa questa indispensabile per permettere allo studente la risoluzione di problemi che segue. Il CD allegato al volume, presenta una raccolta di problemi molto piA ricca.

Why psychology is in peril as a scientific discipline--and how to save it Psychological science has made extraordinary discoveries about the human mind, but can we trust everything its practitioners are telling us? In recent years, it has become increasingly apparent that a lot of research in psychology is based on weak evidence, questionable practices, and sometimes even fraud. The Seven Deadly Sins of Psychology diagnoses the ills besetting the discipline today and proposes sensible, practical solutions to ensure that it remains a legitimate and reliable science in the years ahead. In this unflinchingly candid manifesto, Chris Chambers draws on his own experiences as a working scientist to reveal a dark side to psychology that few of us ever see. Using the seven deadly sins as a metaphor, he shows how practitioners are vulnerable to powerful biases that undercut the scientific method, how they routinely torture data until it produces outcomes that can be published in prestigious journals, and how studies are much less reliable than advertised. He reveals how a culture of secrecy denies the public and other researchers access to the results of psychology experiments, how fraudulent academics can operate with impunity, and how an obsession with bean counting creates perverse incentives for academics. Left unchecked, these problems threaten the very future of psychology as a science--but help is here. Outlining a core set of best practices that can be applied across the sciences, Chambers demonstrates how all these sins can be corrected by embracing open science, an emerging philosophy that seeks to make research and its outcomes as transparent as possible.

Dieses Buch fuhrt Ihnen die grundlegenden Algorithmen zur Analyse und Weiterverarbeitung von Bildern vor Augen ("Ad Oculos"). Es geht dabei fur jeden Algorithmus in vier Schritten vor: Uberblick, Experimente, Realisierung, Theorie. Der Uberblick beschreibt die Algorithmen mithilfe vieler Beispiele, die Sie grosstenteils mit Papier, Bleistift und den Grundrechenarten nachvollziehen konnen. Fur die Durchfuhrung der Experimente steht Ihnen im Internet die Studenten-Version der Software Ad Oculos zur Verfugung. Sie finden dort auch den fur die Realisierung verwendeten C-Code. Dabei handelt es sich um kurze, auf Lesbarkeit hin optimierte Unterprogramme. Aufgaben mit ausfuhrlichen Losungen erganzen das Buch. "

Authored by two highly respected experts in this specialist area, The Fundamentals of Radiation Thermometers is an essential resource for anyone intending to measure the temperature of an object using the radiated energy from that object. This readable, user-friendly book gives important background knowledge for anyone working in the field of non-contact thermometry. The book begins with an accessible account of how temperature scales are set up and defined, and explores the historic development of temperature scales and Planck's radiation law. Through explaining the reliability of both emissivity values and extrapolation to different wavelengths and temperatures, the book provides a foundation for understanding when a valid measurement with realistic uncertainties has been made, or if an inappropriate emissivity value has been used with consequent unknown errors. The book also presents the hardware of radiation thermometers, allowing the reader to specify an appropriate design for a particular measurement problem. It explores multi-wavelength radiation thermometry and its associated pitfalls, and a final chapter suggests strategies to minimise the uncertainties from unreliable emissivity data.

This hands-on guide is primarily intended to be used in undergraduate laboratories in the physical sciences and engineering. It assumes no prior knowledge of statistics. It introduces the necessary concepts where needed, with key points illustrated with worked examples and graphic illustrations. In contrast to traditional mathematical treatments it uses a combination of spreadsheet and calculus-based approaches, suitable as a quick and easy on-the-spot reference. The emphasis throughout is on practical strategies to be adopted in the laboratory.
Error analysis is introduced at a level accessible to school leavers, and carried through to research level. Error calculation and propagation is presented though a series of rules-of-thumb, look-up tables and approaches amenable to computer analysis. The general approach uses the chi-square statistic extensively. Particular attention is given to hypothesis testing and extraction of parameters and their uncertainties by fitting mathematical models to experimental data. Routines implemented by most contemporary data analysis packages are analysed and explained. The book finishes with a discussion of advanced fitting strategies and an introduction to Bayesian analysis.

Die Psychoakustik beschaftigt sich mit den Zusammenhangen zwischen psychologischen Prozessen (Wahrnehmung, Empfindung) und akustischen Parametern und hat Methoden zur empfindungsproportionalen Larmbewertung entwickelt. In OEsterreich sieht eine Reihe von Gesetzen fur den Schutz der Anrainer vor Larm keine Schallpegelgrenzwerte vor, sondern die viel weiter reichende Verpflichtung zur Vermeidung unzumutbarer oder gesundheitsgefahrdender Larmimmissionen. In der Praxis werden jedoch mangels entsprechender Regelwerke noch immer Beurteilungsgroessen verwendet, welche nicht immer empfindungsproportionale Kennwerte liefern. Das Taschenbuch der angewandten Psychoakustik beinhaltet eine umfassende, interdisziplinare Darstellung der psychoakustischen Grundlagen fur die Anwendung im Behoerdenverfahren. Ausgehend von den rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen in OEsterreich und Deutschland fur die Verwendung psychoakustischer Methoden wird ein Basiswissen uber die physiologischen und psychologischen Wirkungen von Larm vermittelt. Ein ausfuhrlicher technischer Abschnitt, in dem die Methoden der Psychoakustik dargestellt werden bildet den Hauptteil des Werkes. Ein Glossar sowie Beispiele, welche anhand realer Falle und Situationen die Verwendung psychoakustischer Methoden bei der Larmbeurteilung in der Praxis zeigen, erganzen den Band. Die Psychoakustik beschaftigt sich mit den Zusammenhangen zwischen psychologischen Prozessen und akustischen Parametern und hat Methoden zur empfindungsproportionalen Larmbewertung entwickelt. Eine Reihe von Gesetzen fur den Anrainerschutz sieht keine Schallpegelgrenzwerte vor, sondern die weiter reichendere Verpflichtung zur Vermeidung unzumutbarer oder gesundheitsgefahrdender Larmimmissionen. In der Praxis werden jedoch noch immer Beurteilungsgroessen verwendet, welche nicht immer empfindungsproportionale Kennwerte liefern. Umfassend und interdisziplinar werden hier die psychoakustischen Grundlagen fur die Anwendung im Behoerdenverfahren dargestellt. Neben den rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen in OEsterreich und Deutschland, wird ein Basiswissen uber die physiologischen und psychologischen Wirkungen von Larm vermittelt. Der technische Abschnitt, in dem die Methoden der Psychoakustik dargestellt werden, bildet den Hauptteil des Werkes, das durch ein Glossar sowie eine Reihe von Beispielen, welche anhand realer Falle und Situationen die Verwendung psychoakustischer Methoden bei der Larmbeurteilung in der Praxis zeigen, erganzt wird.