A timely and comprehensive survey, Excimer Laser Technology reports on the current status and range of the underlying technology, applications and devices of this commonly used laser source, as well as the future of new technologies, such as F2 laser technology.

This book compares and offers a comprehensive overview of nine analytical techniques important in material science and many other branches of science. All these methods are already well adapted to applications in diverse fields such as medical, environmental studies, archaeology, and materials science. This clearly presented reference describes and compares the principles of the methods and the various source and detector types.

This book summarizes the experience of many years of teamwork with my group, the beam diagnostics group of GSI. For a long time the group was also responsible for operating the machines and application programming. In my opinion, this connection was very e?cient: ?rst, because a beam diagnostic system has to place powerful tools at the operators' disposal; second, because data evaluation and presentation of results for machine operation demand application programs which can be handled not only by skilled experts. On the other hand, accelerator developments and improvements as well as commissioning of new machines by specialists require more complex measu- ments than those for routine machine operation. A modern beam diagnostic system, including the software tools, has to cover these demands, too. Therefore, this book should motivate physicists, constructors, electronic engineers, and computer experts to work together during the design and daily use of a beam diagnostic system. This book aims to give them ideas and tools for their work. I would not have been able to write this book without a good education in physics and many discussions with competent leaders, mentors, and c- leagues. After working about 40 years in teams on accelerators, there are so many people I have to thank that it is impossible to mention them all by name here.

Nuclear and radioactive agents are considerable concerns especially after the early 1990s and more attention has been focused on the radiation detection technologies. This book comprises the selected presentations of NATO Advanced Training Course held 26-30 May 2008 in Mugla, Turkey. The contributions represent a wide range of documents related to control, monitoring and measurement methods of nuclear / radioactive isotopes and agents for both fundamental and applied works dealing with their use for different purposes. This book presents environmental data from many locations of different countries and also contains the contributions in the detection/monitoring programs of some authors from CIS countries.

The basic goal of this book is to deal with recent developments and applications of environmental monitoring and measurement techniques of environmental radionuclides and nuclear agents as well as the auxiliary techniques. The many recent examples contributed by authors will be useful in monitoring/ measurement studies of radioactive/nuclear agents in the present environment, and can help, not only in carrying out outdoor and laboratory experiments, but also in protection of possible sources of radionuclides and nuclear agents. Especially the contributions of experts and specialists involved in this book assured the highest level of knowledge in the field of techniques for the detection of radioactive and nuclear agents.

Since their discovery by Becquerel and RAntgen, ionising radiation and detectors for ionising radiation have played an ever more important role in medical diagnostics and therapy. The use of scintillating materials in the detection of ionising radiation for medical imaging is the main topic of this book intended for an audience of physicists and engineers. The book will be useful both to new researchers entering the field and to experts interested to learn about the latest developments.

It starts with an overview of the state of the art in using radiation detectors for medical imaging, followed by an in depth discussion of all aspects of the use of scintillating materials for this application. Possibilities to improve the performance of existing scintillating materials and completely new ideas on how to use scintillating materials are discussed in detail. The first 4 chapters contain a general overview of the applications of radiation detectors in medicine and present a closer look at the 3 most important subfields, X-ray imaging, gamma ray imaging and PET. One chapter is devoted to semiconductor detectors, a promising new area, and two chapters are devoted to recent technical advances in PET. The remaining 5 chapters deal with scintillating materials and their use in medical imaging.

"Neutrinos and Explosive Events in the Universe" brought together experts from diverse disciplines to offer a detailed view of the exciting new work in this part of High Energy Astrophysics. Sponsored by NATO as an Advanced Study Institute, and coordinated under the auspices of the International School of Cosmic Ray Astrophysics (14th biennial course), the ASI featured a full program of lectures and discussion in the ambiance of the Ettore Majorana Centre in Erice, Italy, including visits to the local Dirac and Chalonge museum collections as well as a view of the cultural heritage of southern Sicily. Enri- ment presentations on results from the Spitzer Infrared Space Telescope and the Origin of Complexity complemented the program. This course was the best attended in the almost 30 year history of the School with 121 participants from 22 countries. The program provided a rich ex- rience, both introductory and advanced, to fascinating areas of observational Astrophysics Neutrino Astronomy, High Energy Gamma Ray Astronomy, P- ticle Astrophysics and the objects most likely responsible for the signals - plosions and related phenomena, ranging from Supernovae to Black Holes to the Big Bang. Contained in this NATO Science Series volume is a summative formulation of the physics and astrophysics of this newly emerging research area that already has been, and will continue to be, an important contributor to understanding our high energy universe.

Over the last decades, technological progress has brought about a multitude of standardization problems. For instance, compatibility standards ensure the interoperability of goods, which is of decisive importance when users face positive externalities in consumption. Consumers' expectations are key to the problem of whether a new technology will prevail as de-facto standard or not. Early adopters must be confident that the network good will be successful. Thus, it may be worthwhile for firms to influence consumers' expectations. Consisting of three models on various aspects of standardization and expectations, this book aims at deepening our understanding of how standards and expectations interact. The models are applied to problems such as "Inter-Technology vs. Intra-Technology Competition" and "Standardization of Nascent Technologies."

This book systematically summarizes the accuracy, precision, and repeatability levels of field-based tests applied in soccer. It considers such details as the effectiveness of tests for different age categories and sexes. In this book, the readers will be able to check all the field-based tests conceived for fitness assessment in soccer through a large systematic review made to the literature. In addition a brief characterization of each test and presentation of the concurrent validity and repeatability levels for each test will be provided. Finally, the book contains a general discussion of the implications of the tests for different methodological approaches to training. It will be use to sports scientists and practitioners.

A discussion of recently developed experimental methods for noise research in nanoscale electronic devices, conducted by specialists in transport and stochastic phenomena in nanoscale physics. The approach described is to create methods for experimental observations of noise sources, their localization and their frequency spectrum, voltage-current and thermal dependences. Our current knowledge of measurement methods for mesoscopic devices is summarized to identify directions for future research, related to downscaling effects. The directions for future research into fluctuation phenomena in quantum dot and quantum wire devices are specified. Nanoscale electronic devices will be the basic components for electronics of the 21st century. From this point of view the signal-to-noise ratio is a very important parameter for the device application. Since the noise is also a quality and reliability indicator, experimental methods will have a wide application in the future.

It is now widely recognized that measurement data should be properly analyzed to include an assessment of their associated uncertainty. Since this parameter allows for a meaningful comparison of the measurement results and for an evaluation of their reliability, its expression is important not only in the specialized field of scientific metrology, but also in industry, trade, and commerce. General rules for evaluating and expressing the uncertainty are given in the internationally accepted ISO Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement, generally known as the GUM.
Evaluating the Measurement Uncertainty details the theoretical framework on which the GUM is based and provides additional material on more advanced topics such as least-squares adjustment and Bayesian statistics. The book does not require previous knowledge other than elementary calculus and can be read as a complement to the GUM or as a stand-alone reference source. It stresses fundamental principles and illustrates their applications through numerous examples taken from many different fields of metrology. The book includes practical guidance as well as theoretical aspects, resulting in an invaluable resource for metrologists, engineers, physicists, and graduate students involved with measurements in academia and industry.

This Open Access book discusses an extension to low-coherence interferometry by dispersion-encoding. The approach is theoretically designed and implemented for applications such as surface profilometry, polymeric cross-linking estimation and the determination of thin-film layer thicknesses. During a characterization, it was shown that an axial measurement range of 79.91 m with an axial resolution of 0.1 nm is achievable. Simultaneously, profiles of up to 1.5 mm in length were obtained in a scan-free manner. This marked a significant improvement in relation to the state-of-the-art in terms of dynamic range. Also, the axial and lateral measurement range were decoupled partially while functional parameters such as surface roughness were estimated. The characterization of the degree of polymeric cross-linking was performed as a function of the refractive index. It was acquired in a spatially-resolved manner with a resolution of 3.36 x 10-5. This was achieved by the development of a novel mathematical analysis approach.

Die Forschung und Anwendungsentwicklung in dem Bereich chemischer und biochemischer Sensoren ist weiterhin in einem schnellen Wachstum begriffen. Die Erfahrungen des letzten Jahrzehnts haben jedoch gezeigt, dass die erfolgreiche Entwicklung solcher Sensoren, die auch den harten Routinebedingungen in den vielf ltigen Anwendungsgebieten widerstehen, nur dann m glich ist, wenn Chemiker und Ingenieure kooperieren. Daher ist es das Ziel dieses Lehrbuches, sowohl Chemikern als auch Ingenieuren, Lebensmittel- und Biotechnologen in einer streng systematischen aber sehr praxisorientierten Darstellung die Technologie und die Anwendung chemischer Sensoren nahezubringen.

Der interdisziplin re Ansatz berbr ckt die unterschiedlichen Denkweisen in Chemie, Physik und Ingenieurwissenschaften erfolgreich.

This volume provides a brief but important summary of the essential tests that need to be performed on all new compounds--whether they are new drugs, pesticides or food additives--before they can be registered for use in the United Kingdom. These basic tests for mutagenicity, originally drawn up by the United Kingdom Environmental Mutagen Society in 1983 have now been fully revised under the auspices of expert working groups from academia and industry and in collaboration with the UK Department of Health. This volume therefore provides the latest official guidelines and recommendations for all scientists involved in the testing and registration of new compounds not only in the UK, but in wider international context. The four main test procedures for measuring mutagenicity described in this volume are bacterial mutation assays, metaphase chromosome aberration assays in vitro, gene mutation assays in cultured mammalian cells, and in vivo cytogenetics assays. Each of these tests is fully explained and described in practical and procedural detail, with additional information on the presentation and data processing of results.

Characterization enables a microscopic understanding of the fundamental properties of materials (Science) to predict their macroscopic behaviour (Engineering). With this focus, Principles of Materials Characterization and Metrology presents a comprehensive discussion of the principles of materials characterization and metrology. Characterization techniques are introduced through elementary concepts of bonding, electronic structure of molecules and solids, and the arrangement of atoms in crystals. Then, the range of electrons, photons, ions, neutrons and scanning probes, used in characterization, including their generation and related beam-solid interactions that determine or limit their use, is presented. This is followed by ion-scattering methods, optics, optical diffraction, microscopy, and ellipsometry. Generalization of Fraunhofer diffraction to scattering by a three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in crystals leads to X-ray, electron, and neutron diffraction methods, both from surfaces and the bulk. Discussion of transmission and analytical electron microscopy, including recent developments, is followed by chapters on scanning electron microscopy and scanning probe microscopies. The book concludes with elaborate tables to provide a convenient and easily accessible way of summarizing the key points, features, and inter-relatedness of the different spectroscopy, diffraction, and imaging techniques presented throughout. Principles of Materials Characterization and Metrology uniquely combines a discussion of the physical principles and practical application of these characterization techniques to explain and illustrate the fundamental properties of a wide range of materials in a tool-based approach. Based on forty years of teaching and research, this book incorporates worked examples, to test the reader's knowledge with extensive questions and exercises.

This book includes a collection of standards-specific case studies. The case studies offer an opportunity to combine the teaching preferences of educators with the goals of the SEC (Standards Education Committee); providing students with real-world insight into the technical, political, and economic arenas of engineering. * Encourages students to think critically about standards development and technology solutions * Reinforces the usage of standards as an impetus for innovation * Will help understand the dynamics and impacts of standards A curriculum guide is available to instructors who have adopted the book for a course. To obtain the guide, please send a request to: [email protected].

Pore Structure of Cement-Based Materials provides a thorough treatment of the experimental techniques used to characterize the pore structure of materials. The text presents the principles and practical applications of the techniques used, organized in an easy-to-follow and uncomplicated manner, providing the theoretical background, the way to analyze experimental data, and the factors affecting the results. The book is the single comprehensive source of the techniques most commonly used for pore structure analysis, covering simple techniques like mercury intrusion porosimetry and water absorption, to the more sophisticated small-angle scattering and nuclear magnetic resonance. The book is an essential reference text for researchers, users, and students in materials science, applied physics, and civil engineering, who seek a deep understanding of the principles and limitations of the techniques used for pore structure analysis of cement-based materials.

A revelatory and vibrant story of measurement which will make you look at the world around you anew. 'A wildly ambitious book by a formidably talented young writer.' ROBERT MACFARLANE 'Vivid, epic, and full of curiosities. This is a book to delight and fascinate.' TIM HARFORD, bestselling author of How to Make the World Add Up 'Beyond Measure offers, with much intellectual flair and style, a bracing new history: how the once innocent urge to quantification took over our lives, our sense of ourselves and the world.' PANKAJ MISHRA 'The exact value of this book is hard to quantify. Weighty, precise and satisfyingly obsessive, it's also an absolute pleasure to read.' SIMON GARFIELD, bestselling author of The Timekeepers We measure rainfall and radiation, the depths of space and the emptiness of atoms, calories and steps, happiness and pain. But how did measurement become ubiquitous in modern life? When did humanity first take up scales and rulers, and why does this practice hold authority over so many aspects of our lives? Written with vim and dazzling intelligence, James Vincent provides a fresh and original perspective on human history as he tracks our long search for dependable truths in a chaotic universe. Full of mavericks and visionaries, adventure and the unexpected, Beyond Measure shows that measurement has not only made the world we live in, it has made us too. 'An epic story about humankind's relationship with the physical world. Vincent is an erudite and perceptive guide, who with energy and skill weaves history, science and reportage into an enthralling tale.' ALEX BELLOS 'Telling the story of metrology is not easy [but] Vincent is equal to the task . . . this book is extremely good.' THE TIMES 'This quirky history is inch-perfect.' FINANCIAL TIMES 'Gripping.' NEW SCIENTIST 'Worth its weight in gold . . . Enlightening.' OBSERVER 'Fascinating . . . an erudite and elegant read.' MAIL ON SUNDAY

This book investigates the fabrication of different types of flexible sensors and their subsequent implementation for energy-harvesting applications. A range of techniques, including 3D printing, soft lithography, laser ablation, micro-contract printing, screen-printing, inkjet printing and others have been used to form the flexible sensors with varied characteristics. These sensors have been used for biomedical, environmental and healthcare applications on the basis of their performances. The quality of these flexible sensors has depended on certain types of nanomaterials that have been used to synthesize the conductive parts of the prototypes. These nanomaterials have been based on different sizes and shapes, whose quality varied on the basis of certain factors like crystallinity, shapes and sizes. One of the primary utilization of these nanotechnology-based flexible sensors has been the harvesting of energy where nano-generators and nano-harvesters have been formed to generate and store energy, respectively, on small and moderate magnitudes. Mechanical and thermal energies have been harvested on the basis of the piezoelectric, pyroelectric and triboelectric effects created by the formed prototypes. The work highlights the amalgamation of these sectors to spotlight the essence of these types of sensors and their intended application.

The purpose of this book is to present methods for developing, evaluating and maintaining rater-mediated assessment systems. Rater-mediated assessments involve ratings that are assigned by raters to persons responding to constructed-response items (e.g., written essays and teacher portfolios) and other types of performance assessments. This book addresses the following topics: (1) introduction to the principles of invariant measurement, (2) application of the principles of invariant measurement to rater-mediated assessments, (3) description of the lens model for rater judgments, (4) integration of principles of invariant measurement with the lens model of cognitive processes of raters, (5) illustration of substantive and psychometric issues related to rater-mediated assessments in terms of validity, reliability, and fairness, and (6) discussion of theoretical and practical issues related to rater-mediated assessment systems. Invariant measurement is fast becoming the dominant paradigm for assessment systems around the world, and this book provides an invaluable resource for graduate students, measurement practitioners, substantive theorists in the human sciences, and other individuals interested in invariant measurement when judgments are obtained with rating scales.

Why psychology is in peril as a scientific discipline-and how to save it Psychological science has made extraordinary discoveries about the human mind, but can we trust everything its practitioners are telling us? In recent years, it has become increasingly apparent that a lot of research in psychology is based on weak evidence, questionable practices, and sometimes even fraud. The Seven Deadly Sins of Psychology diagnoses the ills besetting the discipline today and proposes sensible, practical solutions to ensure that it remains a legitimate and reliable science in the years ahead. In this unflinchingly candid manifesto, Chris Chambers shows how practitioners are vulnerable to powerful biases that undercut the scientific method, how they routinely torture data until it produces outcomes that can be published in prestigious journals, and how studies are much less reliable than advertised. Left unchecked, these and other problems threaten the very future of psychology as a science-but help is here.