It is for the first time that the subject of quantities and their respective units is dealt this much in detail, a glimpse of units of measurements of base quantities of length, time, mass and volume is given for ancient India, three and four dimensional systems of measurement units are critically examined, establishment of the fact that only four base units are needed to describe a system of units, the basics to arrive at the unit of a derived quantity are explained, basic, derived and dimensionless quantities including quantity calculus are introduced, life history of scientists concerned with measurements units are presented to be inspiring to working metrologists and students. The International System of Units including, Metre Convention Treaty and its various organs including International National of Weights and Measure are described. The realisation of base units is given in detail. Classes of derived units within the SI, units permitted for time to come, units outside SI but used in special fields of measurements are described. Methods to express large numbers are explained in detail. Multiples and sub-multiples prefixes and their proper use are also given. The latest trends to redefine the base Kilogram, Ampere, Kelvin and Mole on existing base units of mass, electric current, temperature and amount of substance, in terms of a single parameter or fundamental constants are briefly described.

It is apparent from the history of science, that few-body problems have an interdis ciplinary character. Newton, after solving the two-body problem so brilliantly, tried his hand at the Sun-Earth-Moon system. Here he failed in two respects: neither was he able to compute the motion of the moon accurately, nor did he understand the reason for that. It took a long time to understand the fundamental importance of Newton's failure, and only Poincare realised what was the fundamental difficulty in Newtons programme. Nowadays, the term deterministic chaos is associated with this problem. The deep insights of Poincare were neglected by the founding fathers of Quantum Physics. Thus history was repeated by Bohr and his students. After quantising the hydrogen atom, they soon found that the textbook case of a three-body problem in atomic physics, the 3He-atom, did not yield to the Bohr-Sommerfeld quantisation methods. Only these days do people realise what precisely were the difficulties connected to this semi classical way of treating quantum systems. Our field, as we know it today, began in principle in the early 1950's, when Watson sketched the outlines of three-body scattering theory. Mathematical rigour was achieved by Faddeev and thereafter, at the beginning of the 1960's, the quantum three-body prob lem, at least as far as short-range forces were concerned, w&s tamed. In the years that followed, through the work of others, who first applied Faddeev's methods, but later added new techniques, the three-and four-body problems became fully housebroken."

This book willbcof value to anyone who wishes to consider the use of SQUID-based magnetic sensing for anyone of a number of practical applications. The focus here is to examine in detail how SQUID technology is used and how. the results of the measurements obtained can be interpreted to provide useful information in a variety of real-world applications. The concentration is on those areas that have received the most attention, namely bioma etism and nondestructive evaluation, but. the topics chosen include as well, geophysics, underwater ordnance detection, accelerometry and a few somewhat more exotic applications. To provide a reasonable perspective. an attempt has been made to consider competing technologies for most applications, and in some cases to consider how SQUID-based technology may be integrated with other technologies to provide an optimum total-system configuration. It is also the intention of the editor, that this book will be of major value to those scientists and engineers who will be required to build both the essential components and complete cryogenic SQUID systems which will be utilized in the various applications presented. Thus, there is a comprehensive review of the principles of SQUID operation, and a detailed exposition on the fabrication of high-temperature-superconducting (HTS) SQUIDs. Although the market is currently dominated by low-temperature superconducting (L TS) SQUIDs, it is reasonably certain that in the near future HTS SQUIDs will take over in most situations."

The International Conference Mesons and Light Nuclei, organized by the Institute of Nuclear Physics (INP), Rez, was held during July 2 - 7, 1995 in small north Bohemian town Straz pod Ralskem. It was the sixth in a series of meetings which took place previously at Liblice 74 and 81, Bechyne 85 and 88, and Prague 91. The conferences gained already their firm position among intermediate energy nuclear physics activities. International nuclear physics community strongly supported our intention to continue the series. This year's venue for the conference was the accommodation and social area of the DIAMO company at Straz. The goal of the meeting was to summarize the present situation and the future perspectives concerning the experimental investigations and theoreti cal descriptions of light nuclei and their interactions with electromagnetic and hadronic probes, mainly at intermediate energies. The scientific program of the conference included the following areas of research: nuclear physics with pions and antiprotons, T)-meson physics, baryonic systems with strangeness, relativis tic few-body dynamics, and electroweak nuclear interaction. Representatives from many international groups working within different experimental facili ties and with different theoretical methods were invited and asked to present their latest results and future research programs. The Straz conference, attended by 102 physicist from institutions in 22 countries, was sponsored by the Austrian Ministry for Science and Research, Czech Ministry for Industry and Trade, and by SKODA PRAHA a.s. Thanks to this sponsorship we could also invite several participants and students at essentially reduced cost."

The 1987 Fontevraud Conference gathered more than 100 physicists for the purpose of discussing the latest developments of research on few-body problems. In addition to participants from most European countries representatives from Brazil, Canada, Israel, Japan, South Africa, and the USA took part in the meeting. In the conference program special emphasis was laid on bringing together the various fields, where few-body problems play an important role. Beyond the traditional areas of nuclear and particle physics, in recent years interest has been focussed especially on atomic and molecular physics. This developent is due to the design of new techniques for solving few-body problems under rather general premises. The proceedings contain all plenary talks and the contributions presented orally at the conference. They cover such topics as: few-quark systems and short-range phenomena, two- and three-body forces in quark as well as nucleonic systems, few-hadron bound states, response of few-body systems to electromagnetic and hadronic probes, form factors, hypernuclei, atomic and molecular few-body systems, hyperspherical method, separable expansions, numerical techniques, etc. It appears that recently, even in one year after the Tokyo-Sendai Conference, much progress has been achieved in research on various few-body systems. The present volume gives a comprehensive summary of the modern state of the art and at the same time a proper account of the most recent results obtained in the different institutions and laboratories.

This volume is an outgrowth of the Second International Workshop on Macroscopic Quantum Coherence and Computing held in Napoli, Italy, in June 2000. This workshop gathered a number of experts from the major Universities and Research Institutions of several countries. The choice of the location, which recognizes the role and the traditions of Naples in this field, guaranteed the participants a stimulating atmosphere. The aim of the workshop has been to report on the recent theoretical and experimental results on the macroscopic quantum coherence of macroscopic systems. Particular attention was devoted to Josephson devices. The correlation with other atomic and molecular systems, exhibiting a macroscopic quantum behaviour, was also discussed. The seminars provided both historical overview and recent theoretical ground on the topic, as well as information on new experimental results relative to the quantum computing area. The first workshop on this topic, held in Napoli in 1998, has been ennobled by important reports on observations of Macroscopic Quantum Coherence in mesoscopic systems. The current workshop proposed, among many stimulating results, the first observations of Macroscopic Quantum Coherence between macroscopically distinct fluxoid states in rf SQUIDs, 20 years after the Leggett's proposal to experimentally test the quantum behavior of macroscopic systems. Reports on observations of quantum behaviour in molecular and magnetic systems, small Josephson devices, quantum dots have also been particularly stimulating in view of the realization of several possible q-bits.

The topics range from single molecule experiments in quantum optics and solid-state physics to analogous investigations in physical chemistry and biophysics.

This book is the result of two decades of research work which started with an accidental observation. One of my students, Dipl. phys. Volkmar Lenz, - ticed that the speckle pattern of laser light scattered by a cuvette containing diluted milk performed a strange motion every time he came near the cuvette with his thumb. After thinkingabout this e?ect we came to the conclusion that this motion can only be caused by scatteringparticles with di?erent velocities, as in the case of the di?raction pattern of an optical grating: A linear motion of the grating does not change the pattern whereas a rotation of the grating does. The observed speckle motion could then be explained qualitatively as produced by the inhomogeneous velocity of the convection within the cuvette which was produced by the heat of the thumb. The theoretical treatment of this e?ect revealed that the velocity gradient of the light scattering medium is responsible for the speckle motion. The idea to use this e?ect for developingmeasurement techniques for velocity gradients arose almost immediately. For that purpose we had to develop not only experimental set-ups to measure the pattern velocity but also the theory which describes the connection between this velocity and the velocity gradient. The result of this work together with the description of a method developed by another group forms the contents of this book. I am indebted to the students who worked in my laboratory and developed the measurement techniques. These were, in temporal order, Dr.

"Physics at KAON," an international meeting jointly organized by the KFA Jillich and TRI UMF, was held in the Physikzentrum Bad Honnef from June 7 through June 9, 1989. This was one of a series of meetings - the first one in Europe - in which plans for the medium energy physics laboratory KAON were presented and some aspects of the physics at this new facility were discussed. The meeting focussed mainly on the topics of hadron spectroscopy, J{ -meson scattering, strangeness in nuclei, and rare decays. Also presented were some of the research programs at SATURNE and COSY which may well lead to KAON physics in the future. These proceed ings include articles which summarize our current experimental and theoretical knowledge in the various areas, as well as papers which describe lines of research feasible with KAON. The large number of participants - limited, in fact, by the capacity of the Physikzentrum - clearly demonstrates the great interest of the European physics community in the research avenues which will be opened by the high-intensity hadron facilities. March 1990 D. Frekers, D.R. Gill, J. Speth Contents Opening remarks By E. Vogt ...................................................... Sl The TRIUMF kaon factory accelerators By M.K. Craddock ................................................ S3 Experimental facilities By P. Kitching ................................................... S9 Polarized internal targets at KAON By C.A. Miller ................................................... S21 Hyperons in the bound state approach to the Skyrme model."

The 9th International Symposium on High Energy Spin Physics was held in Bonn, 6-15 September 1990, with the Physikalisches Institut der Universitat Bonn as the host. The symposium was preceded by a series of four workshops on * polarized electron sources and electron spin polarimeters * Siberian snakes and polarization in circular machines * polarized gas targets * polarized solid targets. 160 participants from 11 countries, among them many young physicists, came together and discussed mainly technological spin problems. The high level of participation indicates that workshops combined with the symposium are attractive not only for people who plan and prepare polarized beams and targets but also for experimentalists and theorists dealing with high energy spin physics. At these workshops many very interesting and important recent results were presented and reviewed. Thus we hope these proceedings will be valuable to many researchers in these fields. The Organizing Committee would like to thank all participants, in particular the speakers and the session chairmen, for their contributions to the workshops and for helping to create a lively and stimulating atmosphere. Special thanks go to the organizers - W. Haeberli, S. Mango, E. Reichert, E. Steffens, W. Thiel, U. Wienands - for their cooperation in preparing and running these workshops. We gratefully acknowledge the enthusiastic help of the members of our institute in preparing and running the conference and the workshops, especially Mrs. D. FaSbender, Mrs. E. Wendorf, Mrs. J. Wetzel, and Dr. U.Idschok.

th This volume contains the written versions of invited lectures presented at the 28 "Internationale Universitatswochen fUr Kernphysik" in Schladming, Austria in March 1989. The generous support of our sponsors, the Austrian Ministry of Science and Research, the Government of Styria, and others, made it again possible to invite expert lecturers. The courses were centered on elementary particle physics to be performed with large accelerators accessible in the immediate future, including some reports on the current situation. Thanks to the efforts of the speakers it was possible to obtain excellent surveys. After the School the lecture notes were revised and partially rewritten in TPC by the authors, whom we thank for their labour. Unfortunately the report on the situation at SLAC by M. Swartz could not be included. Thanks are also due to the publishers for their patience. Graz, Austria H. Latal December 1989 H. Mitter v Contents Phenomenology of and Beyond the Standard Electroweak Model By A. Bartl, H. Pietschmann, and H. Stremnitzer (With 6 Figures) 1 1. The Standard Model (H. Pietschmann) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1. 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1. 2 Defining the Standard Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1. 3 Testing the Standard Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1. 4 Predictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1. 5 Open Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1. 6 Hypotheses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1. 7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2. Beyond the Standard Model: Supersymmetry (A. Bartl) . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2. 1 Supersymmetric Extension of the Standard Model . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2. 2 Production and Decay of Supersymmetric Particles . . . . . . . . . . . 17 3. Beyond the Standard Model: Composite Models (H.

This book is the proceedings of a workshop on problems at the interface between elementary particle and nuclear physics. It deals with experimental and theoretical developments in the investigation of hadrons and nuclei and in the study of their interactions at low and high energies, including nonperturbative quantum chromodynamics, quark confinement, hadron spectroscopy, hadronic interactions, strange particles, hypernuclei, structure functions of nucleons and nuclei, antiproton annihilation on nucleons and nuclei, quark-gluon plasmas and heavy-ion collisions. Plans for new accelerators are evaluated and some related topics in astrophysics, such as supernovae and neutrinos, are discussed.

In this monograph, a statistical description of natural phenomena is used to develop an information processing system capable of modeling non-linear relationships between sensory data. The system, based on self-organized, optimal preservation of empirical information, applies these relationships for prediction and adaptive control.
This monograph is written for students, scientists and engineers in academia and industry who are interested in experimental work related to the adaptive modeling of natural laws, the development of sensory-neural networks, intelligent control, synergetics and informatics. No specific knowledge of advanced mathematics is presupposed. Examples taken from physics, engineering, medicine and economics demonstrate the applicability of such intelligent systems.

Advances in Turbulence VI presents an update on the state of turbulence research with some bias towards research in Europe, since it represents an almost complete collection of the paper presentations at the Sixth European Turbulence Conference, sponsored by EUROMECH, ERCOFTAC and COST, and held at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne, July 2-5, 1996. The problem of transition, together with the structural description of turbulence, and the scaling laws of fully developed turbulence have continued to receive most attention by the research community and much progress has been made since the last European Turbulence Conference in 1994. The volume is thus geared towards specialists in the area of flow turbulence who could not attend the conference, as well as anybody who wishes quickly to assess the most active current research areas and the groups associated with them.

For the last few years astrophysicists and elementary particle physicists have been working jointly on the following fascinating phenomena: 1. The solar neutrino puzzle and the question: What happens to the neutrinos on their way from the sun to the earth? 2. The growing evidence that our universe is filled with about 10 times more matter than is visible and the question: What is dark matter made of? 3. The supernovae explosions and the question: What do neutrinos tell us about such explosions and vice versa? The experimental investigation of these phenomena is difficult and involves unconventional techniques. These are presently under development, and bring together such seemingly disparate disciplines as astrophysics and elementary particle physics on the one hand and superconductivity and solid-state physics on the other. This book contains the proceedings of a workshop held in March 1987 at which the above subjects and their experimental investigation were discussed. The proposed experimental methods are very new. They involve frontier developments in low temperature and solid-state physics. The book should be useful to researchers and students who actively work on these subjects or plan to enter the field. It also offers the non-expert reader with some physics background a good survey of the activities in this field.

Radiography with neutrons can yield important information not obtainable by more traditional methods. In contrast to X-rays as the major tool of visual non-destructive testing, neutrons can be attenuated by light materials like water, hydrocarbons, boron, penetrate through heavy materials like steel, lead, uranium, distinguish between different isotopes of certain elements, supply high quality radiographs of highly radioactive components. These advantages have led to multiple applications of neutron radiography since 1955, both for non-nuclear and nuclear problems of quality assurance. The required neutron beams originate from radioisotopic sources, accelerator targets, or research reactors. Energy "tailoring" which strongly influences the interaction with certain materials adds to the versatility of the method. Since about 1970 norms and standards have been introduced and reviewed both in Europe (Birmingham, September 1973) and the United States (Gaithersburg, February 1975). The first world conference on neutron radiography will take place in December 1981, in San Diego, U.S.A. . In Europe the interested laboratories inside the European Community have entered into systematic collaboration through the Neutron Radiography Working Group (NRWGl. since May 1979. This Handbook has been compiled as one of the common tasks undertaken by the Group. Its principal authors are J.C. Domanus (Ris0 National Laboratory). and R.S. Matfield (Joint Research Centre, Ispra) Major contributions have been received from R. Liesenborgs (SCK/CEN Mol) R. Barbalat (CEN Saclayl.

This book helps dispel the notion that collective phenomena, which have become increasingly important in modern storage rings, are an obscure and inaccessible topic. The book serves as a valuable guide on how to improve synchrotrons and other storage rings. Despite an emphasis on synchrotron light sources, the basic concepts presented here are valid for other facilities as well.

Optics at the Nanometer Scale: Imaging and Storing with Photonic Near Fields deals with the fundamentals of and the latest developments and applications of near-field optical microscopy, giving basic accounts of how and under what circumstances superresolution beyond the half- wavelength Rayleigh limit is achieved. Interferometric and fluorescence techniques are also described, leading to molecular and even atomic resolution using light. The storage of optical information at this level of resolution is also addressed.

This volume represents the proceedings of the Ninth Annual MaxEnt Workshop, held at Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire, on August 14-18, 1989. These annual meetings are devoted to the theory and practice of Bayesian Probability and the Maximum Entropy Formalism. The fields of application exemplified at MaxEnt '89 are as diverse as the foundations of probability theory and atmospheric carbon variations, the 1987 Supernova and fundamental quantum mechanics. Subjects include sea floor drug absorption in man, pressures, neutron scattering, plasma equilibrium, nuclear magnetic resonance, radar and astrophysical image reconstruction, mass spectrometry, generalized parameter estimation, delay estimation, pattern recognition, heave responses in underwater sound and many others. The first ten papers are on probability theory, and are grouped together beginning with the most abstract followed by those on applications. The tenth paper involves both Bayesian and MaxEnt methods and serves as a bridge to the remaining papers which are devoted to Maximum Entropy theory and practice. Once again, an attempt has been made to start with the more theoretical papers and to follow them with more and more practical applications. Papers number 29, 30 and 31, by Kesaven, Seth and Kapur, represent a somewhat different, perhaps even "unorthodox" viewpoint, and are included here even though the editor and, indeed many in the audience at Dartmouth, disagreed with their content. I feel that scientific disagreements are essential in any developing field, and often lead to a deeper understanding.

New developments in laser technology and theoretical modeling has allowed physicists to control chemical reactions using lasers and to attain an understanding of the underlying photochemical reaction mechanism. The book gives an up-to-date presentation of this research area, covering time-resolved spectroscopy and the dynamical behavior of electronically excited states.

This volume includes revised and extended versions of selected papers presented at the Tenth International Symposium on Applications of Laser Techniques to Fluid Mechanics held at the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation in Lisbon, during the period of July 10 to 13, 2000. The papers describe instrumentation developments for Velocity, Scalar and Multi-Phase Flows and results of measurements of Turbulent Flows, and Combustion and Engines. The papers demonstrate the continuing and healthy interest in the development of understanding of new methodologies and implementation in terms of new instrumentation. The prime objective of the Tenth Symposium was to provide a forum for the presentation of the most advanced research on laser techniques for flow measurements, and communicate significant results to fluid mechanics. The application of laser techniques to scientific and engineering fluid flow research was emphasized, but contributions to the theory and practice of laser methods were also considered where they facilitate new improved fluid mechanic research. Attention was placed on laser-Doppler anemometry, particle sizing and other methods for the measurement of velocity and scalars, such as particle image velocimetry and laser induced fluorescence.

Oaxaca, Mexico, was the place chosen by a large international group of scientists to meet and discuss on the recent advances on the understanding of the physical prop- ties of low dimensional systems; one of the most active fields of research in condensed matter in the last years. The International Symposium on the Physics of Low Dim- sions took place in January 16-20, 2000. The group of scientists converging into the historical city of Oaxaca, in the state of the same name, had come from Argentina, Chile, Venezuela, several places in Mexico, Canada, U. S. A. , England, France, Italy, Germany, Russia, and Switzerland. The presentations at the workshop provided sta- of-art reviews of many of the most important problems, currently under study. Equally important to all the participants in the workshop was the fact that we had come to honor a friend, Hans Christoph Siegmann, on his sixty-fifth birthday. This Festschrift recognizes the intellectual leadership of Professor Siegmann in the field and as a sincere homage to his qualities as an exceptional friend, college and mentor. Those who have had the privilege to work closely with Hans Christoph have been deeply impressed by his remarkable analytic mind as well as by his out of range kindness and generosity. Hans Christoph has contributed to the understanding of the difficult and very important problem of the magnetic properties of finite systems: surfaces, thin films, heterostructures.

This book attempts to build a bridge between two sciences: chemistry and electronics. The inside of the black boxes the nuclear chemist uses daily is explained in simple electronic terms. Knowledge of the inside not only satisfies curiosity but helps one "get the most out of the available equipment." Likewise, this book tries to give sufficient understanding for not "over buying," that is to say, for buying the equipment which just serves the purpose, instead of buying the best so at least it will serve the purpose. The first three chapters give a concise understanding of what the area of applied nuclear chemistry is concerned with and what kind of equipment is generally used. Chapter 1 gives a theoretical background, while Chapter 3 deals with the practical implementations. Thus, these chapters provide the background to determine what one can expect from the experiments. The remainder of the book is devoted to the practical instrumentation of the experiments. Each chapter deals with specific types of instruments and devices, discusses briefly the electronics involved, considers the limitations, and investigates how and to what extent they can be circumvented. The advantage of having different contributors, each with his own practical experience, shows clearly in this latter aspect. Detailed practical knowledge and experience can be explained best by the person who has long been con cerned with the subject theoretically and practically."

This book covers the state of the art in the physics of small particles and clusters. It covers a wide range of topics from quantization of free clusters, laser spectroscopy of clusters, fullerenes, clusters on supporting surfaces and much more. The papers can also be found in Zeitschrift fur Physik D.

The Thirteenth European Conference on Few-Body Problems in Phys- ics (European Few-Body Problems XIII) was held at the Elba Internation- al Physics Centre (EIPC) in Marciana Marina, Isola d'Elba, Italy, during September 9-14, 1991. The previous Conferences of the series, promoted by the European Few-Body Physics Research Committee, took place in Budapest (1972), Graz (1973), Tiibingen (1975), Vlieland (1976), Uppsala (1977), Dubna (1979), Sesimbra (1980), Ferrara (1981), Tbilisi (1984), Bala- tonfiired (1985), Fontevraud (1987), and Uzhgorod (1990). The European Few-Body Conferences represent a relevant opportunity for European scientists interested in few-body problems, of summarizing and updating, together with colleagues from countries all over the world, the status of art in this field of research, which ranges from the study of atomic and molecular structure, to nuclear and particle physics. The suc- cess of this series of Conferences, which also represent a bridge between the triennial IUPAP International Conferences on Few-Body Problems in Physics, testifies the relevance reached by few-body physics in various fields and the important theoretical and experimental contributions pro- vided by the European few-body community.