Optical Fiber Sensor Technology, Advanced Applications - Bragg Gratings and Distributed Sensors, builds upon the foundations of the subject in the preceding four volumes of this series, concentrating as they do upon both applications and the technology of advanced optical fiber sensors. Previous volumes have covered the fundamentals of the field, devices and systems and chemical and environmental monitoring. This volume deals with a range of highly topical sensor devices and commercial systems, with considerable emphasis upon one of the most important areas, Bragg gratings in fibers, their fabrication and applications in advanced sensor systems and the principles and use of distributed fiber optic sensors. The volume is well illustrated and referenced, pointing to hundreds of key publications accessible in the open literature. It draws upon a group of authors with an international reputation for their work in the area, carefully edited into a coherent and logical text by the editors, based on their considerable experience in the field. This book series will provide an invaluable source for researchers, engineers and advanced students in the field of optical fibers, optoelectronics and measurement and sensing.

This volume records the proceedings of the Fourteenth International Workshop on Maximum Entropy and Bayesian Methods, held in Cambridge, England from August 1-5, 1994. Throughout applied science, Bayesian inference is giving high quality results augmented with reliabilities in the form of probability values and probabilistic error bars. Maximum Entropy, with its emphasis on optimally selected results, is an important part of this. Across wide areas of spectroscopy and imagery, it is now realistic to generate clear results with quantified reliability. This power is underpinned with a foundation of solid mathematics. The annual Maximum Entropy Workshops have become the principal focus of developments in the field, and which capture the imaginative research that defines the state of the art in the subject. The breadth of application is seen in the thirty-three papers reproduced here, which are classified into subsections on Basics, Applications, Physics and Neural Networks. Audience: This volume will be of interest to graduate students and researchers whose work involves probability theory, neural networks, spectroscopic methods, statistical thermodynamics and image processing.

In these lectures, I have discussed a number of basic concepts that provide the necessary background to the current studies of star formation. A ?rst partwas dedicatedto illustrate the conceptofa protostar, discussing con- tions and propertiesof the collapseof a molecular core. A secondpart deals with circumstellardisks. Disks areimportantnot only to the processofstar formation itself, but also because they are in all probability the site where planets form. The age range of pre-main-sequence stars coincides with the timescales for the formation of very large planetesimals, the building blocks of planets. Studies ofdisk properties in pre-main-sequencestars ofdi?erent age, located in star-forming regions of di?erent properties, may shed light on the characteristics of planet formation processes. ISO observations can provide important (in some cases, unique) inf- mation on the various stages of the star and planet formation. I have illustrated in detail some examples, when, to my knowledge, ISO data had been reduced and analyzed. Many other programs exist, and will certainly contribute to our understanding of star formation in the near future

This book completes the physical foundations and experimental techniques described in volume 1 with an updated review of the accessory equipment indispensable in molecular beam experiments. It extends the subject to cluster beams and beams of hyperthermal and subthermal energies.

Overview of recent achievements, describing the microactuator development of microvalves and liner actuators comprehensively from concept through prototype. Further key aspects included are three-dimensional models for handling complex SMA actuator geometries and coupled simulation routines that take multifunctional properties into account. Mechanical and thermal optimization criteria are introduced for actuator design, allowing an optimum use of the shape memory effect. It is shown that some of the prototypes presented, e.g. SMA microgrippers, already outperform conventional components.

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is now recognized as a crucial tool in materials science. This book, authored by a team of expert Chinese and international authors, covers many aspects of modern electron microscopy, from the architecture of novel electron microscopes, advanced theories and techniques in TEM and sample preparation, to a variety of hands-on examples of TEM applications.

This monograph stems from lectures given during the summer course at the University of La Laguna. It includes the main characterization techniques useful nowadays for ceramics, glasses and glass-ceramics, reviews the new microscopes for characterizing materials, and gives an overview of inorganic materials such as zeolites.

Well written textbook on industrial applications of Statistical Measurement Theory. It deals with the principal issues of measurement theory, is concise and intelligibly written, and to a wide extent self-contained. Difficult theoretical issues are separated from the mainstream presentation. Each topic starts with an informal introduction followed by an example, the rigorous problem formulation, solution method, and a detailed numerical solution. Chapter are concluded with a set of exercises of increasing difficulty, mostly with solutions. Knowledge of calculus and fundamental probability and statistics is assumed.

MTDSC provides a step-change increase in the power of calorimetry to characterize virtually all polymer systems including curing systems, blends and semicrystalline polymers. It enables hidden transitions to be revealed, miscibility to be accurately assessed, and phases and interfaces in complex blends to be quantified. It also enables crystallinity in complex systems to be measured and provides new insights into melting behaviour. All of this is achieved by a simple modification of conventional DSC.

In 1992 a new calorimetric technique was introduced that superimposed a small modulation on top of the conventional linear temperature program typically used in differential scanning calorimetry. This was combined with a method of data analysis that enabled the sample s response to the linear component of the temperature program to be separated from its response to the periodic component. In this way, for the first time, a signal equivalent to that of conventional DSC was obtained simultaneously with a measure of the sample s heat capacity from the modulation. The new information this provided sparked a revolution in scanning calorimetry by enabling new insights to be gained into almost all aspects of polymer characteristics.

This book provides both a basic and advanced treatment of the theory of the technique followed by a detailed exposition of its application to reacting systems, blends and semicrystalline polymers by the leaders in all of these fields. It is an essential text for anybody interested in calorimetry or polymer characterization, especially if they have found that conventional DSC cannot help them with their problems.

Neutron spin echo (NSE) spectroscopy is the highest energy resolution neutron scattering technique available for examining a large area (in time and space) in condensed matter physics. This broad dynamic and spatial range is extensively exploited in the study of a wide range of scientific problems ranging from the dynamics of glasses, polymer melts, complex fluids and microemulsions to the elementary excitations in superfluid 4He and to ferromagnets and spin glasses. This book reviews the current status and future prospects in NSE spectroscopy describing the method, latest instrumentation and also the use of NSE in fundamental, hard- and soft-matter science. It provides first-hand information for researchers working in the fields touched by NSE. In addition, young researchers, PhD students and graduates interested in the method will obtain a comprehensive overview and guidelines to implementing the NSE technique.

This book is a comprehensive survey of most of the theoretical and experimental achievements in the field of quantum estimation of states and operations. Albeit still quite young, this field has already been recognized as a necessary tool for research in quantum optics and quantum information, beyond being a fascinating subject in its own right since it touches upon the conceptual foundations of quantum mechanics. The book consists of twelve extensive lectures that are essentially self-contained and modular, allowing combination of various chapters as a basis for advanced courses and seminars on theoretical or experimental aspects. The last two chapters, for instance, form a self-contained exposition on quantum discrimination problems. The book will benefit graduate students and newcomers to the field as a high-level but accessible textbook, lecturers in search for advanced course material and researchers wishing to consult a modern and authoritative source of reference.

This book presents a complete summary of the author's twenty five years of experience in telescope design. It provides a general introduction to every aspect of telescope design. It also discusses the theory behind telescope design in depth, which makes it a good reference book for professionals. It covers Radio, Infrared, Optical, X-Ray and Gamma-Ray wavelengths. Originally published in Chinese.

This new edition of Nanoindentation includes a dedicated chapter on thin films, new material on dynamic analysis and creep, accounts of recent research, and three new appendices on nonlinear least squares fitting, frequently asked questions, and specifications for a nanoindentation instrument.

Nanoindentation Second Edition is intended for those who are entering the field for the first time and to act as a reference for those already conversant with the technique.

In today's industrial companies, sensory evaluation is widely used in quality inspection of products, in marketing study and in many other fields such as risk evaluation, investment evaluation and safety evaluation. This book collects a number of representative methods on sensory evaluation. The book reports recent research results and provides a state of the art on intelligent techniques-based sensory evaluation in industrial applications. The focus is especially on theoretical/analytical solutions to the problems of real interest in intelligent techniques with applications to engineers and managers of different industrial departments such as production, quality inspection, product design and development and marketing.

This book provides a training course for I and C maintenance engineers in power, process, chemical, and other industries. It summarizes all the scattered literature in this field. The book compiles 30 years of knowledge gained by the author and his staff in testing the I and C systems of nuclear power plants around the world. It focuses on process temperature and pressure sensors and the verification of these sensors' calibration and response time.

During thelastthreedecadesmanynewaswellasextendedclassesoforganic andinorganicmaterials, someofwhichbeingofhybridtype, havebeensynthe sized. Amongthemarethosethecontributorsofthisbookaredealingwith. In parallel to this, new technologies have been developed such as active matrix addressed liquid crystal displays (TFT-LCD), new types of sensors like ther mographic sheets employed in science, industry and medicine, organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), SQUIDs etc. At the same time the techniques for characterizing both the materials and technological products have become very fast and highly precise. For example, today measuring a dielectric spec trum over a broadfrequency rangewith a high density of experimentalpoints per decade requires a few minutes time, sometimes just a few seconds, but before it would have taken weeks or even months. Nowadays one is able to create an enormous amount of data points but there is a real problem how to reach the real message, the truth? Toanswersuchquestions, aftersomeyearsofaverye?cientandsuccessful bilateral co-operation between our two research groups in Darmstadt and in Cracow, in the early 1990s an idea appeared to discuss all such intriguing problems with our colleagues and friends from many countries in the friendly atmosphere of the nice vacation resort of Zakopane in the Tatra Mountains. Therefore our ?rst workshop was organized there in 1993 and repeated at the same place in 1995 and 2000, interchanged with Darmstadt in 1998 and ?nally again in 2002. These kinds of meetings were well received as shown by the participation of the leading scientists in the ?eld of materials science and by graduate students and postdoctoral fellows from all over the world."

Understanding the physical and thermomechanical response of materials subjected to intensive dynamic loading is a challenge of great significance in engineering today. This volume assumes the task of gathering both experimental and diagnostic methods in one place, since not much information has been previously disseminated in the scientific literature.

This volume contains the proceedings of possibly the last conference ever on integral-field spectroscopy. The contributors, noted authorities in the field, focus on the scientific questions that can be answered with integral-field spectroscopy, ranging from solar system studies all the way to high redshift surveys. Overall readers get a state-of-the-science review of astronomical 3D spectroscopy.

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is now recognized as a crucial tool in materials science. This book, authored by a team of expert Chinese and international authors, covers many aspects of modern electron microscopy, from the architecture of novel electron microscopes, advanced theories and techniques in TEM and sample preparation, to a variety of hands-on examples of TEM applications. Volume II illustrates the important role that TEM is playing in the development and characterization of advanced materials, including nanostructures, interfacial structures, defects, and macromolecular complexes.

A practical reference on theory and methods of estimating measurement errors and uncertainty for both scientists and engineers in industry and experimental research. Building on the fundamentals of measurement theory, this book offers a wealth of practial recommendations and procedures. It differs from the majority of books in that it balances coverage of probabilistic methods with detailed information on the characterization, calibration, standardization and limitations of measuring instruments, with specific examples from both electrical and mechanical systems. In addition to a general updating to reflect current research, new material in this edition includes increased coverage of indirect measurements, with a new, simpler, more efficient method for this class of measurements.

Many text books have been written on the subject "Exploration Geophysics." The majority of these texts focus on the theory and the mathematical treatment of the subject matter but lack treatment of practical aspects of geophysical exploration. This text is written in simple English to explain the physical meaning of jargon, or terms used in the industry. It describes how seismic data is acquired in 2-D and 3-D, how they are processed to convert the raw data to seismic vertical and horizontal cross sections, that are geologically meaningful, and how these and other data are interpreted to delineate a prospect. Workshops are included after each chapter and are designed to reinforce learning of the concepts presented.

Key Features:

Written in simple easy to understand language

Heavily illustrated to aid in understanding the text

End of chapter "Key words and workshop"

The text includes several appendices and answers for the selected workshop problems

This will be a required acquisition text for academic libraries. More than ten years after its discovery, still relatively little is known about the top quark, the heaviest known elementary particle. This extensive survey summarizes and reviews top-quark physics based on the precision measurements at the Fermilab Tevatron Collider, as well as examining in detail the sensitivity of these experiments to new physics. Finally, the author provides an overview of top quark physics at the Large Hadron Collider.

a R. Fleischer, T. Hurth, M. L. Mangano Physics Department, CERN, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland In the history of quantum and particle physics, discrete system. In this past decade, the key player has been the B-meson system, and we also witnessed the appearance on symmetries and their violation have played an outstanding + ? role. First, the assumption of the conservation of P (parity), stage of the top quark. Thanks to thee e B factories with C (charge conjugation), CP and CPT (T denotes time rever- their detectors BaBar (SLAC) and Belle (KEK), CP vio- tion is now also rmly seen in B-meson decays, where the sal) helped theorists to restrict theoretical predictions, such 0 "golden" decay B ?J/?K shows CP-violating effects as in Fermi's 1934 seminal paper on weak interactions. In S d at the level of 70%. These effects can be translated into the 1957, the observation of P (and C) violation in weak int- angle? of the "unitarity triangle" (UT), which characterizes actions gave a new impact and led to the conjecture that CP the Kobayashi-Maskawa mechanism of CP violation. S- was still a conserved symmetry. In 1963, one year before + ? eral strategies to determine the other angles of the triangle, the surprising observation of CP violation in K ?? ? L ? and ?, have been proposed and successfully applied to decays, the concept of quark- avour mixing was introduced theB-factory data.

Authored by leading international researchers, this monograph introduces and reviews developed tomograhic methods for discovering 2D and 3D structures of the ionosphere, and discusses the experimental implementation of these methods. The detailed derivations and explanations make this book an excellent starting point for non-specialists.

Microscale Diagnostic Techniques highlights the most innovative and powerful developments in microscale diagnostics. It provides a resource for scientists and researchers interested in learning about the techniques themselves, including their capabilities and limitations. The fields of Micro- and Nanotechnology have emerged over the past decade as a major focus of modern scientific and engineering research and technology. Driven by advances in microfabrication, the investigation, manipulation and engineering of systems characterized by micrometer and, more recently, nanometer scales have become commonplace throughout all technical disciplines. With these developments, an entirely new collection of experimental techniques has been developed to explore and characterize such systems.