This book contains papers presented at the 1st International Conference on Timber Structures, which was held in collaboration with the Technical Centre of Wood Industry in Belgium. It explores the latest developments in wood products and their application as structural components. The focus of the included works is to draw attention to new research and real applications from both researchers and practitioners, and to present new and innovative ideas in this significant field. Rapid advances have recently been made in the development and processing of innovative ecologically friendly wood products. A variation of new structural shapes can now be fabricated and used to construct buildings and bridges that have minimal impact on the environment. Wood is particularly appealing since it is renewable and has no carbon footprint when it is harvested in a sustainable way. Timber structures are ecologically sound and comparatively low cost. The material lends itself to ground-breaking designs and new types of composites offer reliable, robust and safe materials. The content of this book comprises a range of topics: Material properties of wood; Durability aspects, service life modelling; Fire safety of timber structures; Protection against decay; Non-destructive inspection and monitoring; Glued, laminated structures, Xlam and CLT; Timber joints and connections; Vernacular wood and heritage timber structures; Timber housing and eco-architecture; Timber bridges; Large span timber roof structures; Shell structures in timber; Mixed, composite and hybrid structures; Computational analysis and experimental methods; Structural engineering and design; Seismic behaviour of timber structures; Protection of timber; Repaired timber structures; Rapidly assembled and transferable timber structures; Guidelines, codes and regulations; Structural failures; Art and craftsmanship.

This book discusses the application of independent continuous mapping method in predicting and the optimization of the mechanical performance of buckling with displacement, stress and static constrains. Each model is explained by mathematical theories and followed by simulation with frequently-used softwares. With abundant project data, the book is an essential reference for mechanical engineers, structural engineers and industrial designers.

Any practitioner who takes his profession in earnest, such that daily work is not a heavy duty but part of their life, will recognize in this book the rigorousness of the analysis and the comprehensive presentation of the problems. This professional attitude is solely able to make the research and design engineer deal with strength structures and their behaviour. Indeed, the computational means that are nowadays available permit the numerical computation of whatever problem; the pro gram libraries are extremely rich and programs themselves have developed intensively. Howeyer, though computers are available at any moment without restrictions on the frequency with which they are employed, they finally impoYerish the creative compe tency of the civil engineer. Thus, he will calculate increasingly more while devising increasingly less. He will draw less and less on the experience gained in devising and implementing bearing structures because the computational process can be repeated as often as desired over a minimum time-period by means of the available programs. \Ve note that nowadays structures are no longer investigated or economically designed to comply with the requirements of the topic of interest.: Much to the contrary, the solutions are chosen so as to comply with the capabilities of the programs. A bearing structure lives as is prescribed by its initial con structive data."

The dissolution of the communist system led to the creation of new states and the formation of new concepts of citizenship in the post-Soviet states of Central and Eastern Europe. The formation of national identity also occurred in the context of the process of increasing economic and political globalisation, particularly the widening of the European Union to include the central European post-socialist and Baltic States. Internationally, Russia sought to establish a new identity either as a European or as a Eurasian society and had to accommodate the interests of a wider Russian Diaspora in the 'near abroad'. This book addresses how domestic elites (regional, political and economic) influenced the formation of national identities and the ways in which citizenship has been defined. A second component considers the external dimensions: the ways in which foreign elites influenced either directly or indirectly the concept of identity and the interaction with internal elites. The essays consider the role of the European Union in attempting to form a European identity. Moreover, the growing internationalisation of economies (privatisation, monetary harmonisation, dependence on trade) also had effects on the kind of 'national identity' sought by the new nation states as well as the defining by them of 'the other'. The collection focuses on the interrelations between social identity, state and citizenship formation, and the role of elites in defining the content of concepts in different post-communist societies. This book was originally published as a special issue of Europe-Asia Studies.

The testing of unsaturated soils requires greater care and effort than that of saturated soils. Although unsaturated soil mechanics has been embraced by geotechnical engineering, engineering practice has not yet caught up as the characterization of unsaturated soils is difficult and time-consuming, and made harder still by a lack of standards. Laboratory Tests for Unsaturated Soils collates test procedures to cover all laboratory tests for characterising unsaturated soils. It covers the background, theory, test procedures, and interpretation of test results. Each test procedure is broken down into simple stages and described in detail. The pitfalls of each test and the interpretation of the test results are explained. Test data and calculation methods are given, along with many numerical examples to illustrate the methods of interpretation and to offer the presentation of typical results. The book is especially useful for students and researchers who are new to the field and provides a practical handbook for engineering applications.

Virtual worlds are places where humans interact, and as such they can be environments for research and learning. However, they are complex and mutable in ways that more controlled and traditional environments are not. Although computer-mediated, virtual worlds are multifaceted social systems like the offline world, and choosing to study virtual world phenomena demands as much consideration for the participants, the environment and the researcher as offline. By exploring virtual worlds as places of research and learning, the international practitioners in this book demonstrate the power of these worlds to replicate and extend our arenas of research and learning. They focus on process and outcomes and consider questions that arise from engaging in teaching and research in these spaces, including new approaches to research ethics, internationalization, localization, and collaboration in virtual worlds. This book was originally published as a special issue of Learning, Media & Technology.

Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) techniques for the inspection of industrial structural components have to be qualified in respect to the minimum performance to be achieved. The qualification schemes relate to all aspects of the tests: procedure, equipment and personnel and the qualification of inspection should be codified in Standards. Such Standards are of two main types: those that detail the methods and procedures to be used and those that define the results which must be achieved. The European Network for Inspection Qualification (ENIQ) has as its aim the creation of a European collaboration for critical studies, assessment and qualification of inspection procedures for industrial structural components. The final goal is to support international Codes and Standards bodies via technical tools, expertise and demonstrative exercises that can be sponsored and managed at the European level.

Concrete is an integral part of twenty-first century structural engineering and an understanding of how to analyze and design concrete structures is a vital part of your training as a structural engineer. With eurocode legislation increasingly replacing British Standards it 's also important to know how this affects the way you can work with concrete.

Newly revised to Eurocode 2, this second edition retains the original 's emphasis on qualitative understanding of the overall behaviour of concrete structures. Now expanded, with a new chapter dedicated to case studies, worked examples and exercise examples it 's an even more comprehensive guide to conceptual design, analysis and detailed design of concrete structures.
The book provides civil and structural engineering students with complete coverage of the analysis and design of reinforced and prestressed concrete structures. Great emphasis is placed on developing a qualitative understanding of the overall behaviour of structures.

This book provides a State of the Art Report (STAR) produced by RILEM Technical Committee 254-CMS 'Thermal Cracking of Mas-sive Concrete Structures'. Several recent developments related to the old problem of understanding/predicting stresses originated from the evolution of the hydration of concrete are at the origin of the creation this technical committee. Having identified a lack in the organization of up-to-date scientific and technological knowledge about cracking induced by hydration heat effects, this STAR aims to provide both practitioners and scientists with a deep integrated overview of consolidated knowledge, together with recent developments on this subject.

Intended for structural engineers, this third edition text, a source on the use of matrix analysis for structures of all types, has been revised and updated.

Geotechnical instrumentation is used for installation, monitoring and assessment on any sizeable project, particularly in urban areas, and is used for recording, controlled remedial work, and safety.

This unique and up-to-date book deals with the conceptual philosophy behind the use of instruments, and then systematically covers their practical use. It is divided into displacement dominated systems and stress recording systems. The limitations are discussed and the theoretical background for data assessment and presentation are covered in some detail, with some relevant background material in theoretical soil mechanics. Relevant advanced electronic techniques such as laser scanning in surveying and fibre-optics are also included and communication and data recovery systems are discussed.

It is written for senior designers, consulting engineers and major contractors who need a major introduction to the general purpose, availability and analysis of field instruments before details of their own project can be progressed, and serves as a text book to any specialist geotechnical MSc or professional seminar course in which instrumentation forms a major part.

Piled foundations are generally designed using empirical methods, in particular the traditional capacity based approach on which the majority of codes of practice are based. However in recent years the analysis of pile groups and piled rafts has undergone substantial development in the light of new research and the mechanisms for the interactions between piles, soil and rafts or caps have been largely clarified. Paradoxically, with relatively large piled rafts it has been found that a design based on the criterion of serviceability, with the limitation of absolute and/or differential settlement, not only allows a more rational and economical design, but is also simpler and more reliable than one based on the traditional approach.

This book provides an overview of present design practice of piled foundations, under both vertical and horizontal loads, and then a presentation of recent advances in the analysis and design of piled rafts. Altogether it forms a thorough guide to the design and analysis of efficient and effective piled rafts, and it also serves as a useful design handbook for traditional pile foundations.

This books analyzes different approaches to modeling earthquake-induced structural pounding and shows the results of the studies on collisions between buildings and between bridge segments during ground motions. Aspects related to the mitigation of pounding effects as well as the design of structures prone to pounding are also discussed. Earthquake-induced structural pounding between insufficiently separated buildings, and between bridge segments, has been repeatedly observed during ground motions. The reports after earthquakes indicate that it may result in limited local damage in the case of moderate seismic events, or in considerable destruction or even the collapse of colliding structures during severe ground motions. Pounding in buildings is usually caused by the differences in dynamic properties between structures, which make them vibrate out-of-phase under seismic excitation. In contrast, in the case of longer bridge structures, it is more often the seismic wave propagation effect that induces collisions between superstructure segments during earthquakes.

For undergraduate courses in Steel Design. * Both Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) and Allowable Stress Design (ASD) methods of designing steel structures are presented throughout the book. The book is carefully designed so that an instructor can easily teach LRFD or ASD (material exclusively pertaining to ASD is shaded). * This text is presented using an easy-to-read, student-friendly style.

This book is the fifth volume of the proceedings of the 4th GeoShanghai International Conference that was held on May 27 - 30, 2018. This volume, entitled "Tunneling and Underground Construction", covers the recent advances and technologies in tunneling and underground structure engineering. It presents the state-of-the-art planning philosophy, theories, experiments, methodologies and findings in the related areas. The importance of underground space utilization to the development of human society is also addressed. The challenges and future directions of underground engineering are highlighted. The topics include but are not limited to the tunneling and underground construction induced ground deformation, mechanical behaviors of segmental lining systems, tunneling in challenging situations, maintenance tactic and emergency counter-measures. The book may benefit researchers and scientists from the academic fields of tunneling and underground structure engineering as well as practical engineers from the industry. Each of the papers included in this book received at least two positive peer reviews. The editors would like to express their sincerest appreciation to all of the anonymous reviewers all over the world, for their diligent work.

The main advantages of sandwiches as structural components are now well known and well-established. Due to the progress in polymer science and engineering and advances in manufacturing processes, sandwich structures can blend various functional and structural properties and therefore lead to highly innovating systems. The current difficulty to overcome is to provide designers with proper methodologies and tools that could enable them to design improved sandwich structures. Such dedicated design tools should be efficient, reliable, flexible and user-friendly. They should be based on advanced knowledge of sandwich behaviour at global and local scales. Such approach relies on our capability to test, identify, control and model structure performances. The impressive variety of core and face materials and the rapid developments in forming processes give new opportunities to design components which have more complex shapes and higher integrated functional and structural properties. Interest in sandwiches is permanently growing in industry and refined testing and modelling approaches should be encouraged to set up relevant guidelines to design reliable advanced structures. The European Society for Mechanics sponsored the EUROMECH 360 Colloquium on the 'Mechanics of Sandwich Structures' in Saint-Etienne, France, on 13 - 15 May 1997. The main purpose of EUROMECH 360 was to go into the most recent progresses in sandwich analysis and design, including mechanical modelling and testing. It was expected that the Colloquium should contribute to define new research directions to support development of advanced applications in strategic industrial sectors such as ground transportations or building and civil engineering."

Discussing all aspects of offshore surveying in a single volume, this book provides all algorithms necessary to develop complete software suites, and gives a large number of quality control criteria. It is invaluable to professional surveyors, offshore engineers and geophysicists, providing them with a wealth of data in a single volume. It is also a valuable reference work for hydrographic surveyors, seismic navigators and operations geophysicists. This book brings together information on spheroids, datums, projections and binning; gives a complete listing of UKOOA P1/90 and P2/91 formats for data transfer; a field guide to the calibration of radio navigation systems and compasses, acoustic and laser measuring devices; GPS, including calibration, use and differential techniques; field manual for quality control of all aspects of offshore surveying; listing of typical specifications for inclusion in survey contracts; and a comprehensive glossary of relevant terms for offshore surveying.

This second edition of Reese and Van Impe's book has been extensively revised to be compatible in the classroom setting. New features include homework problems with solution aides presented by the student version of the software as well as new case studies and updated existing case studies that agree with modern methods of characterizing soil properties. The thrust of the book is a detailed presentation of methods of analysis for single piles and groups of piles under lateral loading. The method makes use of load-transfer functions that are based heavily on testing results of full-scale, heavily instrumented piles under carefully controlled lateral loading, coupled with the use of soil-structured interaction mechanics. This method is validated by comparing the results from the method of analysis with experimental results from case studies of un-instrumented piles. The book specifically addresses the analysis of piles of varying stiffness installed into soils with a variety of characteristics, accounting for the axial load at the top of the pile and for the rotational restraint of the pile head, possibly nonlinear, offered by the connection to the superstructure. The text provides example designs as well as the design of pile foundations that support an offshore platform. The book also includes references to a rich body of technical material, including citations of hundreds of relevant publications. The user may find the material on pile groups under lateral loading to be particularly helpful. The method begins with the loading at the foundation origin and makes use of nonlinear pile-head functions for the lateral load, the axial load, and the moment, taking pile-soil-pile interaction into account. For two-dimensional cases, the rotation and displacement of the foundation origin is computed to achieve equilibrium, and the resulting pile-head loading may be computed. Results for different loadings can also be readily calculated to seek t

This third edition of Examples in Structural Analysis uses a step-by-step approach and provides an extensive collection of fully worked and graded examples for a wide variety of structural analysis problems. It presents detailed information on the methods of solutions to problems and the results obtained. Also given within the text is a summary of each of the principal analysis techniques inherent in the design process and where appropriate, an explanation of the mathematical models used. The text emphasises that software should only be used if designers have appropriate knowledge and understanding of the mathematical assumptions, modelling and limitations inherent in the programs they use. It establishes the use of hand-methods for obtaining approximate solutions during preliminary design and an independent check on the answers obtained from computer analysis. What is New in the Third Edition: A new chapter covers the analysis and design of cables and arches subjected to concentrated loads and uniformly distributed loads. For cables without or with simply supported pinned trusses or steel girder beams through equally spaced hangers, tension forces, support reactions, sags and slopes in cables are determined. For two-pinned or three-pinned arches with parabolic, arched and semi-circular shapes, axial forces, radial shear forces and bending moments at various sections of arches are determined. An existing chapter has been expanded to the construction and use of influence lines for pin-pointed trusses and lattice girders. Also, the chapter Direct Stiffness Methods has been revisited and amended.

This book was developed while I was teaching graduate courses on analysis, design and optimization of structures, in the United States, Europe and Israel. Structural analysis is a main part of any design problem, and the analysis often must be repeated many times during the design process. Much work has been done on design-oriented analysis of structures recently and many studies have been published. The purpose of the book is to collect together selected topics of this literature and to present them in a unified approach. It meets the need for a general text covering the basic concepts and methods as well as recent developments in this area. This should prove useful to students, researchers, consultants and practicing engineers involved in analysis and design of structures. Previous books on structural analysis do not cover most of the material presented in the book. The book deals with the problem of multiple repeated analyses (reanalysis) of structures that is common to numerous analysis and design tasks. Reanalysis is needed in many areas such as structural optimization, analysis of damaged structures, nonlinear analysis, probabilistic analysis, controlled structures, smart structures and adaptive structures. It is related to a wide range of applications in such fields as Aerospace Engineering, Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture.

This book will appeal to specialist engineers with enquiring minds and, in a broader sense, to all who live in buildings, especially those in a seismically active region. While the continual development of building codes permits the design of new construction to resist earthquake loads more effectively, a major problem is that buildings which may once have conformed to past seismic codes become structurally unacceptable according to today's codes and need upgrading or retrofitting'. Poor construction methods also result in buildings that do not conform to any codes. Existing vulnerable' buildings that require strengthening in earthquake-prone countries immensely outnumber all recent construction.
The health' of buildings thus requires assessment and rehabilitation. Seismic assessment ranges from the cataloguing of danger symptoms' in individual buildings to structural analyses involving finite element procedures and refined statistical analyses incorporating expert systems, stochastic processes and predictions from available databases. Structures have to be rendered fit for earthquakes, and this book goes a long way towards showing why and how, offering the results of cutting-edge research in the area and presenting innovative methods that enable system improvement while the structure remains in use.

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS WITH THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

Linear Statics

Volume 1: The Basis and Solids

Eugenio Onate

The two volumes of this book cover most of the theoretical and computational aspects of the linear static analysis of structures with the Finite Element Method (FEM). The content of the book is based on the lecture notes of a basic course on Structural Analysis with the FEM taught by the author at the Technical University of Catalonia (UPC) in Barcelona, Spain for the last 30 years.

Volume1 presents the basis of the FEM for structural analysis and a detailed description of the finite element formulation for axially loaded bars, plane elasticity problems, axisymmetric solids and general three dimensional solids. Each chapter describes the background theory for each structural model considered, details of the finite element formulation and guidelines for the application to structural engineering problems. The book includes a chapter on miscellaneous topics such as treatment of inclined supports, elastic foundations, stress smoothing, error estimation and adaptive mesh refinement techniques, among others. The text concludes with a chapter on the mesh generation and visualization of FEM results.

The book will be useful for students approaching the finite element analysis of structures for the first time, as well as for practising engineers interested in the details of the formulation and performance of the different finite elements for practical structural analysis.

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS WITH THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

Linear Statics

Volume 2: Beams, Plates and Shells

Eugenio Onate

The two volumes of this book cover most of the theoretical and computational aspects of the linear static analysis of structures with the Finite Element Method (FEM).The content of the book is based on the lecture notes of a basic course on Structural Analysis with the FEM taught by the author at the Technical University of Catalonia (UPC) in Barcelona, Spain for the last 30 years.

Volume 2 presents a detailed description of the finite element formulation for analysis of slender and thick beams, thin and thick plates, folded plate structures, axisymmetric shells, general curved shells, prismatic structures and three dimensional beams. Each chapter describes the background theory for each structural model considered, details of the finite element formulation and guidelines for the application to structural engineering problems Emphasis is put on the treatment of structures with layered composite materials.

The book will be useful for students approaching the finite element analysis of beam, plate and shell structures for the first time, as well as for practising engineers interested in the details of the formulation and performance of the different finite elements for practical structural analysis.

"

The main goal of this introductory course is to demonstrate how basic concepts in soil mechanics can be used as a "forensic" tool in the investigation of geotechnical failures. This, in turn, provides a good opportunity to show how to use available procedures in the formulation of useful simple geotechnical models. Geotechnical failure is understood here in a broad sense as the failure of a structure to function properly due to a geotechnical reason.

Some of the geotechnical failures selected are well known for their impact on the geotechnical community. Others are closer to the authors' experience. They have been organized into three main topics: Settlement, Bearing Capacity and Excavations. They cover a significant proportion of every day activities of professional geotechnical engineers. No attempt has been made to create a comprehensive handbook of failures. Instead, the emphasis has been given to creative applications of simple mechanical concepts and well known principles and solutions of Soil Mechanics. The book shows how much can be learned from relatively simple approaches. Despite this emphasis on simplicity, the book provides a deep insight into the cases analyzed. A non-negligible number of new analytical closed-form solutions have also been found. Their derivation can be followed in detail.

In all the cases described an effort was made to provide a detailed and step by step description of the hypothesis introduced and of the analysis performed.

Each of the eight chapters of the book addresses a certain type of failure, illustrated by a case history. The chapters are self-contained. They provide a review of soil mechanics principles and methods required to understand and explain the failure described. In some cases the analysis offered provides a non-conventional application of basic principles. All chapters are completed with a summary of lessons learned from the failure and its analysis. They also include a short account on advanced topics to help the interested readers to go beyond the approaches used in the book.

Readers are expected to be familiar with the basic concepts of soil mechanics and foundation engineering. The target audience is graduate students, faculty and practicing professionals in the fields of civil and geotechnical engineering.

This textbook profits from experience accumulated in teaching a course in forensic engineering at the ETH Zurich.

This volume contains 28 papers by renowned international experts on the latest advances in structural reliability methods and applications, engineering risk analysis and decision making, new optimization techniques and various applications in civil engineering. Moreover, several contributions focus on the assessment and optimization of existing structural systems. All contributions were presented at the 15th Working Conference of the International Federation of Information Processing (IFIP) Working Group 7.5 on Reliability and Optimization of Structural Systems, held at the Oskar von Miller Forum in Munich, Germany, April 2010. Working Group 7.5's purposes are to promote modern structural system reliability and optimization theory and its applications, to stimulate research, development and application of structural system reliability and optimization theory, to assist and advance research and development in these fields, to further the dissemination and exchange of information on reliability and optimization of structural systems, and to encourage education in structural system reliability and optimization theory. This volume is intended for structural and mechanical engineers working and researching in structural optimization and risk/reliability analysis, applied to structural and infrastructural systems.

This book contains an overview of the most relevant scientific contributions of Gerard de Josselin de Jong to the development of both Soil Mechanics and Transport in Porous Media. The volume comprises a selection of papers by de Josselin de Jong as they were published in the international scientific literature. In addition, some unpublished, but highly relevant work has been included.

Most of the papers by de Josselin de Jong are concerned with issues related to soil mechanics. This is not surprising, considering the fact that he worked at Delft Soil Mechanics Laboratory and given the nature of his chair at Delft University of Technology. But occasionally he made an excursion to the area of flow and transport in porous media. It characterizes his ingenuity that most of these excursions led to papers that are now classics in the field.

The editors have chosen to divide his key publications into a group devoted to soil mechanics and a group devoted to flow and transport in porous media. The selected papers were published in the period 1950-1990. They clearly demonstrate the development of ideas and the profound contributions of de Josselin de Jong. Each paper is a jewel on its own. He has an extremely original way of reasoning and he illustrated intricate concepts and mechanisms with the aid of his famous hand-made drawings. In particular young scientists will enjoy reading these papers because important parts of today's porous media research find their roots in them, and because many questions raised by de Josselin de Jong are still open and subject to current investigations.