The quality of agricultural soils are always under threat from chemical contaminants, which ultimately affect the productivity and safety of crops. Besides agrochemicals, a new generation of substances invades the soil through irrigation with reclaimed wastewater and pollutants of organic origin such as sewage sludge or cattle manure. Emerging pollutants such as pharmaceuticals, nanomaterials and microplastics are now present in agricultural soils, but the understanding of their impact on soil quality is still limited. With focus on in situ bioremediation, this book provides an exhaustive analysis of the current biological methodologies for recovering polluted agricultural soils as well as monitoring the effectiveness of bioremediation.

Drug misuse and dependence is an ever evolving field of study, which has exploded over recent years owing to the advent of the internet. Due to the ever-growing number of young people using drugs recreationally and the privatisation of drug screening and detection services, there is the need to disseminate evidence-based information concerning the technology and methods available for studying this expanding field. Detection of Drug Misuse describes the current state-of-the-art techniques used for identifying and confirming drug misuse as well as recent advances in biomarkers, instrumentation and analysis methodology. The title discusses both recreational and designer drugs, including non-addictive and addictive drugs. This book is a useful and fascinating resource for healthcare professionals working in the field of drug misuse as well as academics and postgraduates researching within analytical, chromatography, medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry; drug metabolism; addiction science; and forensic toxicology, science and medicine.

Food Safety and Toxicity examines the many problems and changes in food safety and toxicity. From a natural science viewpoint, this informative book takes on challenging and important topics impacting food researchers, regulators, producers, healthcare providers, educators, and consumers. It is organized into three main sections. Section 1 explores the relationship between the origin or formation of potentially toxic compounds and their eventual ingestion. Section 2 picks up with information on the potential consequences of this ingestion, and Section 3 concludes with the discussion of prevention and minimization of health risks. By emphasizing food safety, rather than nutritional toxicology, this book puts food hazards and their health risks in true perspective. It also explores the complementary roles of toxicology and epidemiology in studying associations between nutrition and adverse health effects and in assessing toxicological risks from food components in a deliberate manner. Food Safety and Toxicity, with clear, non-technical language and valuable insight, brings you up-to-date on the significant food safety issues confronting us today.

The apparent contradiction between statistical significance and biological relevance has diminished the value of statistical methods as a whole in toxicology. Moreover, recommendations for statistical analysis are imprecise in most toxicological guidelines. Addressing these dilemmas, Statistics in Toxicology Using R explains the statistical analysis of selected experimental data in toxicology and presents assay-specific suggestions, such as for the in vitro micronucleus assay. Mostly focusing on hypothesis testing, the book covers standardized bioassays for chemicals, drugs, and environmental pollutants. It is organized according to selected toxicological assays, including: Short-term repeated toxicity studies Long-term carcinogenicity assays Studies on reproductive toxicity Mutagenicity assays Toxicokinetic studies The book also discusses proof of safety (particularly in ecotoxicological assays), toxicogenomics, the analysis of interlaboratory studies and the modeling of dose-response relationships for risk assessment. For each toxicological problem, the author describes the statistics involved, matching data example, R code, and outcomes and their interpretation. This approach allows you to select a certain bioassay, identify the specific data structure, run the R code with the data example, understand the test outcome and interpretation, and replace the data set with your own data and run again.

This book serves as a knowledge bank for researchers and graduate students in microbiology, chemistry, and environmental sciences, among others. It focuses on heavy metal in the environment and describes methodologies to immobilize and mobilize heavy metals. It also provides case studies which may be of particular interest to persons in industry.

Ecotoxicology offers a comprehensive overview of the science underpinning the recognition and management of environmental contamination. It describes the toxicology of environmental contaminants, the methods used for assessing their toxicity and ecological impacts, and approaches employed to mitigate pollution and ecological health risks globally. Chapters cover the latest advances in research, including genomics, natural toxins, endocrine disruption and the toxicology of radioactive substances. The second half of the book focuses on applications, such as cradle-to-grave effects of selected industries, legal and economic approaches to environmental regulation, ecological risk assessment, and contaminated site remediation. With short capsules written by invited experts, numerous case studies from around the world and further reading lists, this textbook is designed for advanced undergraduate and graduate one-semester courses. It is also a valuable reference for graduate students and professionals. Online resources for instructors and students are also available.

This important new volume presents a plethora of research on the distribution of heavy metals in soils and rocks of natural habitats, farmlands, and urbanized areas along with the factors influencing their bioavailability. The authors evaluate the content of organic matter, soil acidity, mineral fertilizers, and more. Developed for ecologists and specialists in the field of environmental protection and the conservation of biological diversity, the book presents the problems of reducing the anthropogenic load on the surrounding countryside and focuses on sustainable agricultural development.

An easily accessible guide to scientific information, Hazardous Chemicals: Safety Management and Global Regulations covers proper management, precautions, and related global regulations on the safety management of chemical substances. The book helps workers and safety personnel prevent and minimize the consequences of catastrophic releases of toxic, reactive, flammable, or explosive chemical substances, which often result in toxic or explosive hazards. It also details safety measures for transportation of chemical substances by different routes, such as by road, rail, air, and sea. Discusses different aspects of potentially toxic and hazardous chemicals in simple and comprehensive language Provides toxicity and health effects of chemicals in simple, nontechnical language Covers scientific information on hazardous and potentially dangerous chemical substances at workplaces Offers fundamental knowledge about the biological and health effects of hazardous and potentially toxic chemicals in a comprehensive way Includes recent developments on safety management of hazardous and potentially toxic chemicals and related global regulations The author discusses the importance of knowledge in avoiding negligence during the use and handling of hazardous chemical substances. He stresses the importance of proper management and judicious application of each chemical substance irrespective of the workplace and eventually shows how safety and protection of the user, workplace, and the living environment can be achieved.

"Chemical Food Safety: A Scientist's Perspective" introduces readers to the science of risk assessment as applied to food safety and offers relevant, current information on research and statistics, chemicals, biotechnology issues, and emerging diseases that challenge the risk assessment strategies of toxicology and microbiology.

Riviere investigates the potential health consequences of pesticides, food additives and drugs, demonstrating how science can be applied to make risk assessments. He differentiates between "real risks" and "phantom risks," unearthing numerous fallacies in the public perception of risk assessment and evidence of people's intolerance to certain types of risks--no matter how remote. "Chemical Food Safety" is based on credible, scientifically correct data rather than irrational fears propagated by media coverage concerning food safety.

The book explores these riveting topics:
*food security and the world of bioterrorism,
*toxicity of natural compounds and artificial additives in foods,
*the toxicology of pesticides in food,
*issues of biotechnology and genetically modified food,
*other compelling issues in chemical food safety.With its focus on how the results of toxicology are applied in the real world, "Chemical Food Safety: A Scientist's Perspective" will be a valuable addition to the libraries of food scientists, dieticians, animal producers, veterinarians and anyone else with a professional or personal interest in risk assessment, toxicology, epidemiology or food safety.

This book offers an unparalleled source of information on in vivo assessment of nanoparticle toxicity by using Drosophila as a model organism. Nanoparticles have emerged as an useful tool for wide variety of biomedical, cosmetics, and industrial applications. However, our understanding of nanomaterial-mediated toxicity under in vivo condition remains limited. The book begins with a chapter on synthesis and characterization of nanoparticles used for various biological, medical and commercial purposes. The rest of the chapters deal with the impact of nanoparticles on different biological aspects like behavior, physiology and metabolic homoeostasis using Drosophila as a model organism. Lastly, the book summarizes how proper characterization and evaluation of safe dosage of nanoparticles can be a boon if incorporated in consumer goods and for biomedical applications. Overall, the book pursues an interdisciplinary approach by connecting nanotechnology and biology from various angles using Drosophila as a model system, so as to develop more efficient, safe and effective use of nanoparticles for human beings.

This detailed book provides an accessible compendium of up-to-date methods in the fields of environmental toxicology, molecular toxicology, and toxicogenomics. Organized into four major sections, the volume examines methods utilizing model animal species, such as nematode, fruit fly, mice, chicken, and amphibians, methods using plants to study chemical toxicity, applying the Ames assay to chemical mutagenicity study, as well as methods for environmental chemical analysis. Although this book is divided into these parts, the methods can be used across species. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Environmental Toxicology and Toxicogenomics: Principles, Methods, and Applications serves as a valuable resource for the scientific community, particularly for young scientists and graduate and undergraduate students, inspiring more research in the vitally important field of environmental toxicity, molecular toxicology, and toxicogenomics.

Animal Models in Toxicology is a single-source reference for the use of animal models in toxicology. Chapters cover nine species used in toxicology and experimental biology. With contributions from experts in toxicology, toxicological pathology, and species-specific metabolism, each of these chapters provides an excellent introductory "course" along with guidance to the literature for a more detailed understanding. This edition includes five new chapters. The first of these provides specific and detailed guidance on the humane, efficient, and effective performance of necropsies for laboratory animals. Other new chapters discuss new technologies available for laboratory animal research-imaging technologies, use of telemetry in animal studies, transgenic animal models, and immunology endpoint for assessment. Also provided is an overview of the increasingly complex laws and regulations that govern how laboratory animals are obtained, maintained, and utilized. A helpful appendix provides a quick guide to commercial sources of laboratory animals.

Advances in analytical chemistry methodology now allow us to detect the most minute trace amounts of pesticides. As this capacity grows, so does public concern about toxic contamination, resulting in stricter government regulations and a growing demand for even more sensitive, precise, and reliable analysis.

Addressing the interplay between regulations and the development of analytical technology, this volume presents the first unified treatment of the regulatory and analytical aspects of pesticide residues. Current regulations, existing and emerging methodologies, state-of-the-art instrumentation, and the basic science of analyzing for pesticides in food and other environmental media are all covered.

The book provides step-by-step guidelines to analytical techniques, along with real-world examples from the latest research—showing the reader how to analyze minute traces of pesticides quickly and accurately, using both highly sophisticated and basic, less sensitive techniques. Many safety issues are explored in depth, as are the regulatory aspects of pesticide registration, residue analysis, exposure monitoring, risk assessment, and tolerance enforcement.

Timely, authoritative, and practical throughout, Pesticide Residues in Foods is an invaluable reference for analytical chemists and laboratory managers everywhere—in industry, agriculture, environmental sciences, research, and instrument manufacturing—and for anyone with an interest in the broader environmental, agricultural, and consumer-related implications of pesticide use.

An invaluable resource for analytical chemists and laboratory managers, Pesticide Residues in Foods provides a complete overview of the theory, practice, and regulatory aspects of pesticide residue analysis today, including:

• All regulatory issues, from risk assessment and tolerance to data-quality requirements to laboratory accreditation standards
• State-of-the-art methodologies and instrumentation, including high- performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry
• The application of analytical technology to "green chemistry," such as the reduction of solvents and toxic reagents in the laboratory
• Novel solutions to the old problem of keeping the food supply safe from harmful levels of pesticides
• Ample examples to help analytical chemists select the most appropriate method for a given residue analysis
• Easy-to-use tables and figures throughout the text

Commercial Biosensors offers professionals an in-depth look at some of the most significant applications of commercially available biosensor-based instrumentation in the medical, bioprocess, and environmental fields. Featuring contributions by an international team of scientists, the book provides readers with an unparalleled opportunity to see how their colleagues around the world are using these powerful new tools.
Commercial Biosensors is divided into three sections. In the first, which is devoted to applications of biosensors to clinical samples, the authors explore how biosensors are currently being used for in-home diabetes monitoring, point-of-care diagnostics, and noninvasive sensing, and biomedical research. The second section deals with cutting-edge applications of biosensors in bioprocess control- for example, measuring glucose, sucrose, glutamate, or choline concentrations during food and beverage production and measuring ethanol concentration during beer fermentation. In the final section, readers learn about the use of biological oxygen demand (BOD) biosensors for monitoring environmental samples.
This book is an indispensable addition to the reference libraries of biosensor technologists, physicians, analytical chemists, environmental engineers, pesticide chemists, clinical chemists, and food chemists.
An in-depth exploration of state-of-the-art commercial biosensor technology and its aplications.
Commercial biosensor technology has taken off over the past few years, and the number of applications is growing rapidly. This book offers professionals a timely and authoritative look at some of the most important of these applications. Over the course ofseven chapters authored by leading international experts, readers learn all about the latest in:
* Biosensors and diabetes management
* Microfabricated biosensors and point-of-care diagnostics systems
* Noninvasive biosensors in clinical analysis
* Surface plasmon resonance and evanescent wave biosensors
* Biosensor-based instruments in food and beverage production
* Biosensors in environmental sampling
Commercial Biosensors is required reading for all professionals who would like to take advantage of the enormous potential of one of today's most important new commercial technologies.

This book provides a comprehensive review of both traditional and cutting-edge methodologies that are currently used in computational toxicology and specifically features its application in regulatory decision making. The authors from various government agencies such as FDA, NCATS and NIEHS industry, and academic institutes share their real-world experience and discuss most current practices in computational toxicology and potential applications in regulatory science. Among the topics covered are molecular modeling and molecular dynamics simulations, machine learning methods for toxicity analysis, network-based approaches for the assessment of drug toxicity and toxicogenomic analyses. Offering a valuable reference guide to computational toxicology and potential applications in regulatory science, this book will appeal to chemists, toxicologists, drug discovery and development researchers as well as to regulatory scientists, government reviewers and graduate students interested in this field.

This glossary expands upon the Comprehensive Glossary of Terms Used in Toxicology. Like its predecessor, it addresses the need for harmonized toxicology terminology, and has undergone a full, comprehensive and rigorous review by IUPAC Committees. It serves as the reference glossary for students and researchers studying the chemical and molecular biological bases of toxicology, and for those involved in chemicals legislation, regulation and risk assessment. Toxicology uses terminology from many disciplines that have been revolutionized by recent developments in molecular biology and biochemistry, and this glossary provides a compilation of definitions of molecular entities that impact on toxicology. Extensive Notes are included to provide context for many of the proteins and important genes defined, with disambiguation where entities are referred to by different names in the literature. We hope that this will be helpful to students and professionals alike.

Explores the benefits and limitations of the latest high-throughput screening methods

With its expert coverage of high-throughput "in vitro" screening methods for toxicity testing, this book makes it possible for researchers to accelerate and streamline the evaluation and risk assessment of chemicals and drugs for toxicity. Moreover, it enables them to comply with the latest standards set forth by the U.S. National Research Council's "Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: A Vision and Strategy" and the E.U.'s REACH legislation. Readers will discover a variety of state-of-the-science, high-throughput screening methods presented by a group of leading authorities in toxicology and toxicity testing.

"High-Throughput Screening Methods in Toxicity Testing" is divided into five parts: General aspects, including predicting the toxicity potential of chemicals and drugs via high-throughput bioactivity profilingAssessing different cytotoxicity endpointsAssessing DNA damage and carcinogenesisAssessing reproductive toxicity, cardiotoxicity, and haematotoxicityAssessing drug metabolism and receptor-related toxicity

Each chapter describes method principles and includes detailed information about data generation, data analysis, and applications in risk assessment. The authors not only enumerate the advantages of each high-throughput method over comparable conventional methods, but also point out the high-throughput method's limitations and potential pitfalls. In addition, the authors describe current research efforts to make high-throughput toxicity screening even more cost effective and streamlined.

Throughout the book, readers will find plenty of figures and illustrations to help them understand and perform the latest high-throughput toxicity screening methods.

This book is ideal for toxicologists and other researchers who need to implement high-throughput screening methods for toxicity testing in their laboratories as well as for researchers who need to evaluate the data generated by these methods.

Toxicology—the scientific study of environmental factors that are harmful to living organisms—was established more than 400 years ago by the Swiss physician Paracelsus. Yet, despite its long lineage, this fascinating discipline continues to evolve sophisticated new tools and techniques for identifying toxins and the means by which they impair health.

This book provides environmental technology students with an enjoyable and effective way to acquire the solid working knowledge of toxicology basics they'll need to make informed decisions as professionals. Features that make Basics of Toxicology an ideal introduction to the subject for two-year and four-year environmental technology students, include:

• Acclaimed, user-friendly, modular format found in all the books in the Preserving the Legacy series
• Basic anatomy, physiology, and chemistry concepts that help clarify how toxins interact with living tissue
• Rapid-learning chapter structure, featuring clear, concise objectives, concept statements, and summaries, as well as practice questions
• Helpful sidebars that highlight critical concepts
• More than 150 high-quality line-drawings, photographs, diagrams, charts, and tables
• Numerous easy-to-perform, skill-building activities
• A glossary of more than 800 essential terms
• Extensive bibliography of recommended readings in all key subject areas
• Basic anatomy, physiology, and chemistry concepts that help clarify how toxins interact with living tissue

Its comprehensive scope along with its quick-reference design also makes Basics of Toxicology a handy working reference for practicing environmental technicians.

First published in 1927 as the second edition of a 1914 original, this book examines the effect of various inorganic substances on the growth of plants. Brenchley performs experiments to prove that certain compounds then in use in artificial fertilisers, including arsenic compounds, sometimes had a deleterious effect on the plants to which they were applied in various settings. This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in the history of botany and of agriculture.

A mycotoxin is a toxin produced by a fungus under special conditions of moisture and temperature. These fungi are aerobic and microscopic and, moreover, may colonize many kinds of food from the field to the table. Mycotoxins are not only a spoilage issue for food, but in high doses can be a serious health threat for humans. The book will be similar to Weidenborner's previous two books - "Mycotoxins in Feedstuffs" and "Mycotoxins in Foodstuffs" - in that it will be a review of the literature to create a comprehensive reference for mycotoxin levels. It will be his third (and last) book on the topic, this time focusing on the incidence of a mycotoxin in humans and/or animals (natural or artificial incidence). Each entry will include contamination, concentration rate, mean concentration of organs (humans and animals) with a mycotoxin, as well as sample constitution (where possible) and country of origin of the sample.

Chemical Warfare in Nature Pesticides and other industrial chemicals are at the root of many pollution problems. In view of the toxic effects of industrial chemicals found in the water, soil, and air, Ecotoxicology: Effects of Pollutants on the Natural Environment considers the impact of chemicals on the environment from a wider perspective: the evolution of plant toxins-and defense mechanisms against them in animals as a consequence of plant-animal warfare. Comparisons are made between this and the development of resistance by insects towards man-made insecticides. Pesticides and Drugs The text focuses particularly on problems posed by pesticides and, to a lesser extent, by drugs. This material specifically addresses the problems that pesticides pose and explores the development of resistance to them. It focuses on the history of pesticides, pesticide selectivity between target species and beneficial organisms, and types of pesticides. It discusses mandatory ecotoxicity testing as part of the process of risk assessment of environmental chemicals. The text considers the effects of pollutants at the population level, with respect to changes in numbers and genetic composition. It factors in the sublethal effects of pollutants on population levels, and cites an increase in the concentration of persistent pollutants in natural food chains as a cause of the decline of certain vertebrate predators. Overall the text: * Considers plant toxins as models for pesticides * Emphasizes principles illustrated with practical examples * Includes a glossary of terms Divided into three sections, this text uses a variety of examples and case studies to examine the effects of pollutants-including naturally occurring ones-on natural processes. It guides the reader through the basic issues and principles; outlines the science of ecotoxicology, which is the study of the effects of chemicals upon ecosystems; and introduces various strategies for pollution control.

Recent developments clearly indicate that speciation studies in biological and environmental matrices are much more important than the total element determination due to the tremendous difference in bioavailability and toxicity of various chemical forms of a particular element. Different separation-detection techniques and hyphenated systems-each with its own advantages and disadvantages with respect to precision, sensitivity and detection limit-have been developed for the identification and quantification of the species present in systems at ultra-trace levels. This book aims to evaluate the speciation analysis in depth and present a comprehensive review of state-of-the-art analytical approaches used for the speciation of elements in environmental samples.

This title focuses on the many aspects of the interaction between plants and heavy metals. Not only it describes the effects of heavy metal toxicity on the plant cell and its organs but it also examines the mechanisms that plants adopt to scavenge heavy metals at cellular, physiological, and metabolic level. Plants and Heavy Metals also analyses Hyperaccumulator plants and shows their potential role in phytoremediation technologies in light of the recent research results.

Metal contamination is one of the most ubiquitous, persistent and complex environmental issues, encompassing legacies of the past (e.g. abandoned mines) as well as impending, but poorly studied, threats (e.g. metallo-nanomaterials). Writing for graduate students, risk assessors and environmental managers, Drs Luoma and Rainbow explain why controversies exist in managing metal contamination and highlight opportunities for policy solutions stemming from the latest advances in the field. They illustrate how the 'lateral' approach offers opportunities in both science and management, making the case that the advanced state of the science now allows bridging of traditional boundaries in the field (e.g. between field observations and laboratory toxicology). The book has a uniquely international and interdisciplinary perspective, integrating geochemistry, biology, ecology, and toxicology, as well as policy and science. It explicitly shows how science ties into today's regulatory structure, identifying opportunities for more effective risk management in the future.

Environmental Health and Hazard Risk Assessment: Principles and Calculations explains how to evaluate and apply environmental health and hazard risk assessment calculations in a variety of real-life settings. Using a wealth of examples and case studies, the book helps readers develop both a theoretical understanding and a working knowledge of the principles of health, safety, and accident management.

Learn the Fundamentals of Health, Safety, and Accident Management

The book takes a pragmatic approach to risk assessment, identifying problems and outlining solutions. Organized into four parts, the text:

• Presents an overview of the history of environmental health and hazard problems, legal considerations, and emergency planning and response
• Tackles the broad subject of health risk assessment, discussing toxicology, exposure, and health risk characterization
• Examines hazard risk assessment in significant detail-from problem identification, probability, consequence, and characterization of hazards/accidents to the fundamentals of applicable statistics theory
• Uses case studies to demonstrate the applications and calculations of risk analysis for real systems

Incorporate Health and Safety in Process Design

The book assumes only a basic background in physics, chemistry, and mathematics, making it suitable for students and those new to the field. It is also a valuable reference for practicing engineers, scientists, technicians, technical managers, and others tasked with ensuring that plant and equipment operations meet applicable standards and regulations. A clear and comprehensive resource, this book offers guidance for those who want to reduce or eliminate the environmental health effects and accidents that can result in loss of life, materials, and property.