This volume studies the risk to the environment and human health posed by nitroPAHS. Data on the in vivo genotoxicity of nitroPAHs are available for 15 nitroPAHs. All nitroPAHs that gave positive results in vivo were also positive in vitro. Four nitroPAHs that were positive in in vitro genotoxicity tests revealed inconsistent or inconclusive genotoxicity (2-nitronaphthalene, 5-nitroacenaphthene and 3-nitrofluoranthene) or negative genotoxicity (2,7-dinitrofluorene; limited validity) results in vivo. There are no reports on the effects of individual nitroPAHs on humans. As would be expected, since nitroPAHs occur in complex mixtures in the atmosphere and exhaust, the exact contribution of nitroPAHs to the adverse health consequences of exposure to polluted atmospheres and to exhaust cannot be elucidated.

Evaluates the carcinogenic risks to humans posed by exposure to X- and g-radiation and to neutrons from external sources. The book opens with a general introduction to nomenclature, dosimetric methods and models in the occupational and environmental settings, the behaviour of radiation in biological tissues, and sources of human exposure. Natural background radiation is identified as by far the largest source of exposure for the world's population. The medical use of X-rays and radiopharmaceuticals constitutes the next most significant source, followed by exposure from atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons. The collective doses from other sources of radiation are considered much less important. The first and most monograph, on X- and g-radiation, reviews the large body of evidence arising from the extensive investigation of carcinogenic effects in humans, mainly in survivors of the atomic bombings in Japan and patients exposed to radiation for medical reasons. In both groups, an excess number of cases of leukaemia and other cancers have been observed.Irradiation during childhood increases the risk of thyroid cancer, while an increase in breast cancer risk has been observed after irradiation of pre-menopausal women. X-rays and g-rays have also been tested for carcinogenicity at various doses and under various conditions in a range of animal species. In adult animals, the incidences of leukaemia and of mammary, lung, and thyroid tumours were increased in a dose-dependent manner with both types of radiation. Prenatal exposure also gave rise to increased incidences of various types of tumours. On the basis of this evidence, the monograph concludes that X-radiation and g-radiation are carcinogenic to humans. The carcinogenic risk to humans posed by exposure to neutrons is evaluated in the second monograph, which concentrates on risks associated with the exposure of patients to neutron radiotherapy beams and exposures of aircraft passengers and crew. In high-altitude cities, neutrons can constitute as much as 25% of background radiation. Neutrons from various sources with wide ranges of mean energy have been tested for carcinogenicity in different animal species, and at various doses and dose rates.In adult animals, the incidences of leukaemia and ovarian, mammary, lung, and liver cancer were increased in a dose-related manner. Prenatal and parental exposure resulted in increased incidences of liver tumours in the offspring. In virtually all studies, neutrons were more effective in inducing tumours than were X-rays and g-rays when compared on the basis of absorbed dose. Although no adequate human carcinogenicity data were available for assessment, the monograph used other relevant data, including evidence of DNA damage, to reach the conclusion that neutrons are carcinogenic to humans.

Evaluates or re-evaluates the carcinogenic risks to humans posed by exposure to sixteen organic industrial chemicals. These included some aromatic amines (ortho-toluidine, 4-chloro-ortho-toluidine, and 5-chloro-ortho-toluidine), some ethanolamines (di- and triethanolamine and N-nitrosodiethanolamine), and three esters [di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate, and cinnamyl anthranilate]. Seven of the sixteen compounds were evaluated in previous IARC Monographs and are reconsidered here in the light of new evidence. Three chemicals were classified or reclassified as probably carcinogenic to humans: ortho-toluidine, 4-chloro-ortho-toluidine, and glycidol. Four compounds, evaluated here for the first time, namely 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)propane-1,3-diol, 2,3-dibromopropan-1-ol, ethylbenzene, and nitromethane, were classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans. N-Nitrosodiethanolamine, which can readily be formed from either di- or triethanolamine in the presence of inorganic nitrite, remained classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans.For eight compounds, including 5-chloro-ortho-toluidine, coumarin, pyridine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate, and cinnamyl anthranilate, evidence was judged inadequate to classify these compounds according to their carcinogenicity in humans. The most extensive monograph is devoted to an evaluation of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), which had previously been classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans. Using assessment criteria recently established for compounds that induce peroxisome proliferation in the liver, the evaluation downgraded DEHP to the group of compounds that cannot be classified. Two other compounds that cause peroxisome proliferation, di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate and cinnamyl anthranilate, were also evaluated as not classifiable as to carcinogenicity to humans.

This book evaluates the risks to human health posed by disinfectants and disinfectant by-products found in treated drinking water. Noting that chlorine and other widely used disinfectants were approved for use almost 100 years ago when toxicological data were limited, the report responds to the need for reassurance that consumption of treated drinking water will not have adverse effects on health. Particular concern centers on the potential of chlorine to react with natural organic matter and form a large number of by-products, some of which have been intensively studied as potential human carcinogens. With these concerns in mind, the report evaluates over 800 recent studies in an effort to clarify understanding of the chemistry and toxicology of disinfectants and disinfectant by-products and provide a balanced assessment of the associated risks to human health. The report is issued at a time when public health authorities and utilities-providers in several countries are considering alternative methods of disinfection aimed at reducing the formation of specific by-products. In this context, the report stresses the overriding importance of microbiological safety and warns that adequate disinfection must not be compromised by efforts to control chemical by-products. The first chapter on the chemistry of disinfectants and disinfectant by-products examines the many complex factors, including methods of water treatment that govern the formation of by-products and influence their type and amount. Of special interest to utilities-providers, the chapter explains the physical and chemical properties that influence the behavior of specific by-products in drinking water and determine their toxic actions. By-products of greatest concern are identified as trihalomethanes including chloroform and bromodichloromethane, haloacetic acids including dichloroacetic acid, and trichloroacetic acid, bromate, and chlorite. The chapter concludes that the adoption of alternative disinfecting chemicals often amounts to nothing more than a trade-off between one group of by-products and another. Removal of natural organic matter is singled out as the most effective control strategy. Chapter two reviews what is known about the toxic effects of the principal disinfectants: chlorine and hypochlorite, chloramines, and chlorine dioxide. On the basis of this evaluation, the report concludes that disinfectants probably do not increase the risk of cancer or have other significant adverse effects on health. Chapter three evaluates the toxic effects of fourteen by-products, concentrating on the large number of studies of carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. Epidemiological studies are reviewed in chapter four, which considers extensive investigations of possible associations with cancer, cardiovascular disease, and adverse effects on reproduction and development. While most studies have concentrated on an increased risk of bladder cancer, risks of colon, rectal, and other cancers have also been investigated. Noting the uncertainties surrounding many of these studies, the report cautions against a simple interpretation of observed associations and concludes that more comprehensive water quality data must be collected to improve exposure assessments. Evidence was considered insufficient to determine whether observed associations are causal and which specific by-products or other contaminants play a role. In the final chapters focused on risk, characterization, and assessment, the report concludes that the risks to health from disinfectant by-products at the levels at which they occur in drinking water are extremely small in comparison with the risks associated with inadequate disinfection. In supporting efforts to minimize the formation of by-products, the report further concludes that protection of source waters aimed at reducing the presence of natural organic matter is often the most efficient approach to control.

This book evaluates the risk to human health and the environment posed by exposures to fluorides. It is widely known that fluoride has both positive and negative effects on human health, and there is a narrow range between intakes that are associated with these effects. Cases of skeletal fluorosis associated with the consumption of drinking water containing elevated levels of fluoride are reported. Fluoride is ubiquitous in the environment and virtually all foodstuffs contain at least trace amounts of fluoride. The amount of fluoride present naturally in non-fluoridated drinking water is highly variable, being dependent upon the individual geological environment. Also, fluorides, especially hydrogen fluoride, are important industrial compounds and they are used in aluminium production, glass manufacturing and so on. This document focuses on environmental exposure to fluoride derived mostly from inorganic sources and its effects on humans, animals and other biota.Data on hydrogen fluoride, calcium fluoride, sodium fluoride, sulfur hexafluoride and silicofluorides are covered, as these compounds are considered to be the most relevant of the inorganic fluorides on the basis of quantities released to the environment, environmental concentrations and toxicological effects on living organisms. A review of studies on the environmental fate and concentration of fluorides is also presented in this document.

This book evaluates the risks to human health and the environment posed by arsenic and arsenic compounds. Arsenic is widely distributed in the earth's crust and is emitted into the atmosphere by coal-fired power generation plants and volcanic activity. Inorganic arsenic of geological origin is found in groundwater, which is used as drinking-water in several parts of the world, e.g. Bangladesh. In these areas, drinking-water is the main source of arsenic intake, but elsewhere food is the principal source.

This publication summarizes the scientific knowledge base on which principles and methods involved in neurotoxicity risk assessment are based. It is aimed at providing a framework for public health officials, research and regulatory scientists and risk managers on the use and interpretation of neurotoxicity data from human and animal studies and it discusses emerging methodological approaches to studying neurotoxicity. The introductory chapter examines definitions and critical concepts in neurotoxicity and looks at the criteria for quality of data used in risk assessment. This is followed by a detailed discussion of the structure and function of the nervous system, of the special susceptibilities of the human fetus, children and the elderly and of the types of effects on the nervous system. Recent progress in developing validated methods for detecting neurotoxicity in humans is investigated, as is our understanding of the factors that affect the validity and reliability of human neurotoxicological studies. Sources of human data include accidental and occupational exposures, case-studies, clinical evaluations, epidemiological studies, and field and laboratory studies. Standardized neuropsychological tests, validated computer-assisted test batteries, neurophysiological and biochemical tests, and refined imaging techniques have been improved and become well established. The most extensive section reviews data derived from experimental animal models. Batteries of functional tests have been developed, validated and used extensively in neurotoxicological studies. Many different types of behavioural tests have been used to assess chemical-induced changes in sensory, motor and cognitive function, whereas neurophysiological measures have been standardized to assess chemical-induced sensory and motor function. The final chapter examines the steps involved in neurotoxicity risk assessment: hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment and risk characterization. The application of risk assessment principles for neurotoxicants is similar to that of other non-cancer end-points, except that issues of reversibility, compensation and recovery of function in the nervous system require special consideration. This document provides guidance on neurotoxicity risk assessment at a broad international level.

This book evaluates the risks to human health and the environment posed by the use of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) as a microbial agent for pest control. Products containing various Bt subspecies are increasingly used worldwide to control the larvae of several insect pests that threaten major agricultural crops and forests. Bt products are also being used to control the insect vectors of malaria onchocerciasis and other diseases of major public health importance. The bacterium is also a key source of genes for transgenic expression to provide pest resistance in plants and microorganisms. The report opens with an overview of the biological properties of Bt and commercial Bt products. Particular attention is given to the mechanisms by which sporulation produces inclusion bodies containing insecticidal crystalline proteins which are selectively toxic for insect species in the orders Coleoptera Diptera and Lepidoptera. Tables show the current classification of 67 Bt subspecies and the large number of genes coding for the insecticidal crystalline proteins. A review of Bt metabolites found in commercial products concludes that they pose no hazards to humans or the environment. Chapter two reviews data elucidating the mechanisms by which Bt exerts its toxic action on susceptible insect larvae. Data on insect populations that are resistant to Bt are also briefly considered. Chapter three which focuses on the survival and activity of Bt in the environment compares habitats where Bt subspecies occur naturally with treated habitats. Particular attention is given to the ability of Bt to form endospores that are resistant to inactivation by heat and desiccation and that persist in the environment under adverse conditions. A chapter on commercial production describes methods of production and general patterns of use in agriculture and forestry and in large-scale programmes to control the vectors of malaria and onchocerciasis. The most extensive chapter evaluates the large number of studies conducted to assess the toxicity of various preparations containing insecticidal crystalline proteins spores and vegetative cells. Laboratory studies in a range of species have failed to demonstrate toxic or pathogenic effects. Field studies have likewise failed to demonstrate adverse effects on birds earthworms fish other aquatic vertebrates and non-target aquatic invertebrates. An evaluation of effects on humans draws on studies in volunteers case reports from occupationally-exposed workers and extensive data from countries where Bt products are added to drinking-water for mosquito control or used to treat rivers for blackfly control. On the basis of this review the report concludes that Bt products are unlikely to pose any hazard to humans or other vertebrates or to the great majority of non-target invertebrates provided the commercial product is free from non-Bt microorganisms and biologically active products other than the insecticidal crystalline proteins. The report further concludes that Bt products can be safely used for the control of insect pests of agricultural and horticultural crops and forests. These products are likewise judged safe for use in aquatic environments including drinking-water reservoirs for the control of mosquito black fly and nuisance insect larvae. The report stresses however that vegetative Bt has the potential to produce Bacillus cereus-like toxins whose significance as a possible cause of human gastrointestinal disease remains unknown. ...one of the most thorough published reviews of Bacillus thuringiensis ... provides an array of pertinent background material... -- Integrated Pest Management Network

Commercial Biosensors offers professionals an in-depth look at some of the most significant applications of commercially available biosensor-based instrumentation in the medical, bioprocess, and environmental fields. Featuring contributions by an international team of scientists, the book provides readers with an unparalleled opportunity to see how their colleagues around the world are using these powerful new tools.
Commercial Biosensors is divided into three sections. In the first, which is devoted to applications of biosensors to clinical samples, the authors explore how biosensors are currently being used for in-home diabetes monitoring, point-of-care diagnostics, and noninvasive sensing, and biomedical research. The second section deals with cutting-edge applications of biosensors in bioprocess control- for example, measuring glucose, sucrose, glutamate, or choline concentrations during food and beverage production and measuring ethanol concentration during beer fermentation. In the final section, readers learn about the use of biological oxygen demand (BOD) biosensors for monitoring environmental samples.
This book is an indispensable addition to the reference libraries of biosensor technologists, physicians, analytical chemists, environmental engineers, pesticide chemists, clinical chemists, and food chemists.
An in-depth exploration of state-of-the-art commercial biosensor technology and its aplications.
Commercial biosensor technology has taken off over the past few years, and the number of applications is growing rapidly. This book offers professionals a timely and authoritative look at some of the most important of these applications. Over the course ofseven chapters authored by leading international experts, readers learn all about the latest in:
* Biosensors and diabetes management
* Microfabricated biosensors and point-of-care diagnostics systems
* Noninvasive biosensors in clinical analysis
* Surface plasmon resonance and evanescent wave biosensors
* Biosensor-based instruments in food and beverage production
* Biosensors in environmental sampling
Commercial Biosensors is required reading for all professionals who would like to take advantage of the enormous potential of one of today's most important new commercial technologies.

Environmental toxicology and chemistry have become subjects of intense academic and public interest. This book is the first text to tie them closely together. It presents their principles and applications through numerous illustrative examples and special topics highlighting current environmental concerns. Intended for advanced undergraduate and graduate students, the book will also interest anyone desiring an update in these timely subjects.

Issues authoritative recommendations concerning nutritional requirements and safe ranges of intake for nineteen trace elements important to human health. Representing the consensus reached by a large number of international experts, the book aims to give scientists and those responsible for nutrition planning a solid basis for assessing dietary intakes of trace elements, detecting deficiencies and excesses, and recognizing the clinical features of related disorders. Throughout, guidelines and advice respond to greatly expanded knowledge about the significant impact that even subtle differences in trace elements can have on health and disease. The core of the report, which has three parts, provides authoritative recommendations on the nutritional significance, requirements for health, and safe range of daily intakes for nineteen trace elements in three categories. These include essential elements, such as iodine and zinc, probably essential elements, such as manganese and silicon, and potentially toxic elements, such as fluoride, lead, cadmium and mercury, which may also have some essential functions at low levels.

Evaluates the risks to human health and the environment posed by lindane, an isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane used, for more than four decades, as a broad-spectrum insecticide. Although most lindane is used in agriculture for the treatment of seeds and soils, other important applications include the protection of wood and timber, the treatment of veterinary ectoparasites, and the treatment of scabies and body lice in humans.

Evaluates the risks to human health and the environment posed by two partially halogenated chlorofluorocarbons: dichlorofluoromethane (HCFC 21) and chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC 22). These two methane derivatives were selected for evaluation because of their potential use as substitutes for those fully halogenated chlorofluorocarbons that are being phased out as a result of the 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. The evaluation is intended to assist industry in its urgent search for acceptable substitute chemicals, most notably for use as refrigerants, as propellants in aerosols, and as blowing agents for the production of polystyrene. While data on human toxicity are thoroughly reviewed, the greatest challenge is to find the most accurate models for predicting levels of release to the environment and estimating the potential of these chemicals to deplete the ozone layer.

Evaluates the risks to human health and the environment posed by the mining, refining, industrial use, and recycling of platinum and selected platinum compounds. Because of its exceptional catalytic properties, resistance to chemical corrosion, and high mechanical strength, platinum is widely used in the chemical and petroleum industries, most notably in the production of catalysts, including devices for reducing hazardous gas emissions. The growing use of catalytic converters to reduce pollution from automobile exhausts has caused a sharp increase in the world demand for this metal. Compounds such as cisplatin also have important therapeutic applications.

Evaluates the carcinogenic risk to humans posed by exposure to some Non-Nutritive Sweetening Agents.

Evaluates the carcinogenic risk to humans posed by exposure to Wood, Leather and Some Associated Industries.

Evaluates the carcinogenic risk to humans posed by exposure to some Pharmaceutical Drugs.

Traditional toxicology textbooks tend to be doorstops: tomes filled with important but seemingly abstract chemistry and biology. Meanwhile, magazine and journal articles introduce students to timely topics such as EPA and endocrine disruption or the carcinogenic effects of pesticides, but don't provide the fundamentals needed to understand the science of toxicity. Written by a professor of toxicology, Modern Poisons bridges this gap. This accessible book explains basic principles in plain language while illuminating the most important issues in contemporary toxicology. Kolok begins by exploring age-old precepts of the field such as the dose-response relationship and the concept, first introduced by Ambroise Pare in the sixteenth century, that a chemical's particular action depends on its inherent chemical nature. The author goes on to show exactly how chemicals enter the body and elicit their toxic effect, as well as the body's methods of defence. With the fundamentals established, Kolok digs into advances in toxicology, tracing the field's development from World War II to the present clay. The book examines both technical discoveries and their impacts on public policy. Highlights include studies of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in toiletries and prescriptions, the emerging science on prions, and our growing understanding of epigenetics. Readers learn not only how toxic exposure affects people and wildlife, but about the long-term social and environmental consequences of our chemicals. Whether studying toxicology itself, public health, or environmental science, readers will develop a core understanding of, and curiosity about, this fast-changing field.

Marine and freshwater biotoxins are a well-known problem in food safety, mainly for filter-feeding mollusks and for freshwater aquaculture. This is a challenging matter since, in recent years, toxic algal blooms seems to grow in frequency and duration, leading to longer closure of harvesting areas, disruption in trade, mortality in farmed fish and a growing concern in producers, consumers and health authorities. Unfortunately, in recent years toxins from far latitudes are emerging, leading to new human health problems. Research and exhaustive knowledge of a problem makes it easier to draw a scenario where the best management strategies are gathered. This book combines all if the information related to food-borne illness associated with marine or freshwater biotoxins, the anthropogenic and environmental factors that cause the appearance of toxic episodes and all available analytical procedures for phycotoxins detection.

-- This new edition offers significant new information, regarding new technologies like CRISPR-Cas, new housing systems and management practices (including metabolic cages), a table on injection volumes and recommended needle sizes, info on new concepts such as pain assessment by facial expression, possible anesthetic reversal agents, and the potential impact of common procedures on animal welfare. The regulatory section has been entirely updated. The book is now more relevant to an international audience, addressing differing regulations across borders. -- With the advent of transgenic and other genetic engineering technologies, the versatility and usefulness of the mouse as a model in biomedical research has soared. As a result, mouse colonies everywhere are expanding, and scientists who previously focused on other models are turning their attention to the mouse. These researchers and their lab technicians need a handy, quick and up-to-date reference guide to inform them of best practice when working with these animals. -- Unlike existing books on laboratory mice, this book focuses not only on veterinary medicine but also offers detailed information regarding management and behavior of mice. It also offers a concise synopsis of material relevant to those working with, and caring for, laboratory mice, making for an easily-used reference.

Establishes a connection between poor gut microbiome health and chronic disease and cancer development Demonstrates how animal products and low-fiber diet patterns induce a detrimental metabolic transition of the gut microbiome from a human health maintaining towards a disease promoting state. Discusses the opportunity of a toxic microbial metabolic signature as a powerful clinical and diagnostic tool to effectively predict chronic disease and cancer development Provides the latest evidence on different strategies to rebuild a healthy microbiome metabolism and effectively prevent non-communicable diseases and colorectal cancer Documents the gut microbiome benefits of a plant-based diet.

This book serves as a knowledge bank for researchers and graduate students in microbiology, chemistry, and environmental sciences, among others. It focuses on heavy metal in the environment and describes methodologies to immobilize and mobilize heavy metals. It also provides case studies which may be of particular interest to persons in industry.

Continuing a long tradition, Lu’s Basic Toxicology, Seventh Edition, combines relatively comprehensive coverage of toxic substances in food, air, and water with brevity, thereby continuing to serve as an updated introductory text for toxicology students and for those involved in allied sciences that require a background in toxicology. The new edition, which now becomes an edited work with contributions from experts around the globe, features four new chapters and a number of existing chapters that have been updated and expanded, notably those on mechanisms of toxic effects, conventional toxicity studies, the cardiovascular system, and risk assessment and regulatory toxicology.

The book consists of four parts (Part I–Part IV) that provide guidance on principles of toxicology and testing procedures for toxicities as well as a concise, yet detailed, mechanism of both target organ and nontarget organ toxicities. The book is rounded off with a final section (Part IV) on the toxic effects of chemicals and risk assessment, giving toxicologists, both students and practicing professionals, the necessary tools to enhance their practice. This edition includes new chapters on Clinical Toxicology, Systems Toxicology, Chemicals and Children, and Toxicology of Reproductive Systems, providing the essentials of these topics in the same style as the other chapters in the book. With separate subject and chemical indexes, this is a useful, quick shelf reference for everyone working in toxicology today.

Table of Contents

PART I: General Principles of Toxicology. History of Toxicology. Absorption, Distribution, and Excretion of Toxicants. Metabolism of Toxicants. Toxic Effects (Mechanisms of Toxic Effects). Modifying Factors of Toxic Effects. Conventional Toxicity Studies. Systems Toxicology. PART II: Testing Procedures for Nontarget Organ Toxicities. Carcinogenesis. Mutagenesis. Developmental Toxicology. Lactation. PART III: Target Organs and Systems. Toxicology of the Liver. Toxicology of the Kidney. Toxicology of the Immune System. Respiratory System Inhalation Toxicology. Toxicology of the Skin. Toxicology of the Eye. Toxicology of the Nervous System. Cardiovascular System. Toxicology of Reproductive Systems. Toxicology of the Endocrine System. PART IV: Toxic Substances and Risk Assessment. Food Additives and Contaminants. Toxicity of Pesticides. Nanotoxicology. Toxicity of Metals. Environmental Pollutants. Occupational Toxicology. Chemicals and Children. Clinical Toxicology. Risk Assessment and Regulatory Toxicology.

Chemical health threats can have impacts across national borders and so may be more effectively tackled by international cooperation than by individual governments acting alone. As such, in November 2013, the European Union published the EU Decision for Serious Cross Border Threats to Health establishing a number of mechanisms for a coordinated, Europe-wide response with regards to preparedness, risk assessment, risk management, risk communication and international cooperation. Comprising a series of chapters from leading international researchers, this book covers recent developments in the field which support the implementation of these European legal instruments. It begins by contextualising the need for data that surveillance of toxic threats can deliver, before going on to examine some of the tools that have been developed to facilitate toxicosurveillance in Europe as well as current toxicosurveillance networks outside the EU. In addition, this book covers the European Union regulation concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), and the work of the Alerting System for Chemical Health Threats (ASHT) project to improve the risk assessment and management of chemical health threats in Europe. The volume provides a vital resource for researchers, educators, policy-makers and practitioners with an interest in key questions facing global hazardous substance control.