This book provides a comprehensive review of both traditional and cutting-edge methodologies that are currently used in computational toxicology and specifically features its application in regulatory decision making. The authors from various government agencies such as FDA, NCATS and NIEHS industry, and academic institutes share their real-world experience and discuss most current practices in computational toxicology and potential applications in regulatory science. Among the topics covered are molecular modeling and molecular dynamics simulations, machine learning methods for toxicity analysis, network-based approaches for the assessment of drug toxicity and toxicogenomic analyses. Offering a valuable reference guide to computational toxicology and potential applications in regulatory science, this book will appeal to chemists, toxicologists, drug discovery and development researchers as well as to regulatory scientists, government reviewers and graduate students interested in this field.

Industrial, agricultural, residential land uses and the connected discharge of chemical substances cause environmental problems world-wide: contaminated air, water and soil, dead rivers, polluted sites, abandoned areas, derelict land, degraded soil, and endangered ecosystem and humans. This volume provides an overview on the behavior and function of the healthy environment, the capacity of the ecosystem to serve humanity and compensate for adverse changes. The prime contributors to these changes such as production and use of chemical substances, abandoned and contaminated land, chemical agriculture, mining and the complex waste problem are introduced. Medication for environmental health problems is environmental risk management, which has two compartments: risk assessment and risk reduction. The target is an acceptable risk level. Environmental risk management can be structured horizontally and vertically. The horizontal structure of the management includes environmental compartments such as air, surface water, groundwater, soil and sediments; contaminating chemical substances or wastes as well as the land uses and the exposed receptors.The vertical structure includes the management tools, the environmental assessment and monitoring tools; preventive, protective and remedial technologies; evaluation and interpretation and decision making. The horizontal and vertical structures result in several combinations, most of which are reviewed in the book. Knowledge is the basis of decision making. Good management practice should be based on high-quality information. Information comes from proper data evaluation and interpretation. Data collection, structuring and selection and their conversion to information provide an information system which is vital for the management of environment. The sustainable future requires from us to adopt a humble attitude toward nature by integrating ethics with scientific and engineering knowledge. Otherwise humans will put themselves in jeopardy by inflicting damage to the environment. In addition to the right attitude, efficient and innovative engineering tools are necessary for the long-term management of the environment.Even current best management practices are insufficient to achieve the goals of holistic environmental protection and land use - we need innovative technologies, integrated evaluation and a holistic approach. The focus of this book is environmental knowledge and its conscious and structured application in environmental management and decision making.

Ecotoxicology of Wild Mammals brings together the latest research on the exposure and effects of environmental contaminants in wild mammal populations.
The underlying theme is encompassed by four questions:

• What exactly do we know about environmental contaminants in wild mammals?
• What are the commonalities and differences between mammal orders/species in the effects that contaminants have?
• How and to what degree of accuracy can we predict the adverse effects of environmental contaminants on mammalian wildlife?
• How significant are contaminant insults compared with other density-independent and -dependent factors such as habitat loss, climatic factors and disease?

Written by a team of international authors who have led the research on contaminants in mammals, the underlying scientific principles and issues raised will have significance throughout the world. This will be invaluable to those studying the effects of environmental pollutants on mammals, regulatory agencies and those carrying out environmental impact assessment.

Alcohol, Drugs, and Impaired Driving addresses many theoretical and practical issues related to the role played by alcohol and other psychoactive drugs on driving performance, road-traffic safety, and public health. Several key forensic issues are involved in the enforcement of laws regulating driving under the influence of alcohol and/or other drugs, including analytical toxicology, pharmacology of drug action, as well as the relationships between dose taken, concentration levels in the body, and impairment of performance and behavior. Our knowledge of drunken driving is much more comprehensive than drugged driving, so a large part of this book is devoted to alcohol impairment, as well as impairment caused by use of drugs other than alcohol. For convenience, the book is divided into four main sections. The first section gives some historical background about measuring alcohol in blood and breath as evidence for the prosecution of traffic offenders. The important role of the Breathalyzer instrument in traffic-law enforcement, especially in Australia, Canada, and the USA is presented along with a biographical sketch of its inventor (Professor Robert F. Borkenstein of Indiana University) with focus on the man, his work and his impact. The second section discusses several issues related to forensic blood and breath-alcohol alcohol analysis as evidence for prosecution of traffic offenders. This includes how the results should be interpreted in relation to impairment and an evaluation of common defense challenges. Because most countries have adopted concentration per se laws, the main thrust of the prosecution case is the suspect's measured blood- or breath-alcohol concentration. This legal framework necessitates that the analytical methods used are "fit for purpose" and are subjected to rigorous quality assurance procedures. The third section gives a broad overview of the current state of knowledge about driving under the influence of non-alcohol drugs in various countries. This includes adoption of zero-tolerance laws, concentration per se statutes, and clinical evidence of driver impairment based on field sobriety tests and drug recognition expert evidence. The fourth section deals with epidemiology, enforcement, and countermeasures aimed at reducing the threat of drunken and drugged driving. All articles have appeared previously in the international journal Forensic Science Review, but all are completely updated with current data, references, and the latest research on developments since the articles were published. This book contains a convenient collection of the best articles covering recommendations for blood and breath testing methods, public policy relating to such methods, and forensic and legal implications of the enforcement of measures to counter driving under the influence.

Tuberculous Meningitis: Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy focuses on the most common and most lethal manifestation of tuberculosis of the central nervous system. It includes up-to-date reviews of the diagnosis, treatment, and management of tuberculous meningitis in adults and children. Extensive guidance is provided for the treatment of drug-sensitive and drug-resistant tuberculosis and tuberculous meningitis. Clinicians and researchers will find the beginning chapters on immunopathology and epidemiology of great use in their efforts to develop new strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculous meningitis.

Demography in Ecotoxicology focuses on the interface between toxicology, life history and demographic theory. This comprehensive book examines the different ways of adequately assessing the potential impact of toxic stress on populations and discusses how to obtain an insight into the underlying physiological and genetic mechanisms. The theory is illustrated with empiricial observations on a number of species and organisational levels and the book incorporates:

• case studies;
• real data;
• life history models;
• methodologies; and,
• recommendations for risk assessment

Written by an international team of researchers, Demography in Ecotoxicology will be invaluable to ecotoxicologists, ecologists and wildlife conservationists in academia, industry and regulatory bodies wishing to gain a greater understanding into the prediction and effects of natural and man-made toxicants on populations.

Toxicology is the study of the adverse effects of chemical, physical, or biological agents on people, animals, and the environment. Toxicologists are trained to investigate, interpret, and communicate the nature of those effects. Over the last ten years the subject of toxicology has changed dramatically, moving from a discipline which was once firmly wedded to traditional methods to one which is keen to embrace the innovative techniques emerging from the developing fields of cell culture and molecular biology. There is an acute need for this to be reflected in a paradigm shift which takes advantage of the opportunities offered by modern developments in the life sciences, including new in vitro and in silico approaches, alternative whole organism (non-mammalian) models and the exploitation of omics methods, high throughput screening (HTS) techniques and molecular imaging technologies. This concise, accessible introduction to the field includes the very latest concepts and methodologies. It provides MSc, PhD and final year undergraduate students in pharmacy, biomedical and life sciences, as well as individuals starting out in the cosmetics, consumer products, pharmaceutical and testing industries, with everything they need to know to get to grips with the fast moving field of toxicology and the current approaches used in the risk assessment of drugs and chemicals.

Advances in analytical chemistry methodology now allow us to detect the most minute trace amounts of pesticides. As this capacity grows, so does public concern about toxic contamination, resulting in stricter government regulations and a growing demand for even more sensitive, precise, and reliable analysis.

Addressing the interplay between regulations and the development of analytical technology, this volume presents the first unified treatment of the regulatory and analytical aspects of pesticide residues. Current regulations, existing and emerging methodologies, state-of-the-art instrumentation, and the basic science of analyzing for pesticides in food and other environmental media are all covered.

The book provides step-by-step guidelines to analytical techniques, along with real-world examples from the latest research—showing the reader how to analyze minute traces of pesticides quickly and accurately, using both highly sophisticated and basic, less sensitive techniques. Many safety issues are explored in depth, as are the regulatory aspects of pesticide registration, residue analysis, exposure monitoring, risk assessment, and tolerance enforcement.

Timely, authoritative, and practical throughout, Pesticide Residues in Foods is an invaluable reference for analytical chemists and laboratory managers everywhere—in industry, agriculture, environmental sciences, research, and instrument manufacturing—and for anyone with an interest in the broader environmental, agricultural, and consumer-related implications of pesticide use.

An invaluable resource for analytical chemists and laboratory managers, Pesticide Residues in Foods provides a complete overview of the theory, practice, and regulatory aspects of pesticide residue analysis today, including:

• All regulatory issues, from risk assessment and tolerance to data-quality requirements to laboratory accreditation standards
• State-of-the-art methodologies and instrumentation, including high- performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry
• The application of analytical technology to "green chemistry," such as the reduction of solvents and toxic reagents in the laboratory
• Novel solutions to the old problem of keeping the food supply safe from harmful levels of pesticides
• Ample examples to help analytical chemists select the most appropriate method for a given residue analysis
• Easy-to-use tables and figures throughout the text

This book provides a complete coverage of all aspects of the occurrence, toxicity and analysis of toxicants in the aqueous ecosystem. The aqueous ecosystem includes natural waters such as rivers, coastal waters and open seawater. It also includes sedimentary matter present in these waters, creatures (fish, crustacea) and plant life. Chapters dealing with toxicity measurement, control of pollution regulation and toxicity data systematically discuss metals, organometallic compounds and organic compounds. In addition, Chapters 4 and 5 deal with the effects of these types of toxicants in natural waters and water creatures tissues, whilst Chapter 8 deals with the health of such creatures. Contents:

• Toxicity Evaluation - Water Based
• Toxicity Evaluation - Animal Tissue Analysis Based
• Control of Pollution Regulations
• Toxicity Data
• Effects of Dissolved Metals in Water on Creatures
• Effect of Organic and Organometallic Compounds in Water on Creatures
• Pollution of Sedimentary Matter
• Polution of Sea Organisms
• Phytoplankton
• Algae and Weeds - Toxicity, Concentration and Analysis
• Pollution of Potable Water
• Radioactivity in the Environment

Toxicants in the Aqueous Ecosystem is essential reading for all Analytical Chemists, Environmentalists and Toxicologists working in the field.

Handbook on Biological Warfare Preparedness provides detailed information on biological warfare agents and their mode of transmission and spread. In addition, it explains methods of detection and medical countermeasures, including vaccine and post-exposure therapeutics, with specific sections detailing diseases, their transmission, clinical signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, vaccines, prevention and management. This book is useful reading for researchers and advanced students in toxicology, but it will also prove helpful for medical students, civil administration, medical doctors, first responders and security forces. As the highly unpredictable nature of any event involving biological warfare agents has given rise to the need for the rapid development of accurate detection systems, this book is a timely resource on the topic.

Ecotoxicology, New Challenges and New Approaches provides the latest in new challenges for research in ecotoxicology. In six comprehensive chapters, the book deals with the long term effect of stressors on biological communities, the effect of pollutants on the chemical communication among organisms, the impact of multiple stressors and of emerging pollutants (microplastics), and at the use of new technologies (omics) in ecotoxicology.

Methyl Bromide is a naturally occurring compound but also a man-made product, widely used as a fumigant in agriculture, horticulture and the preservation of structural materials. It is also believed to play a significant role in the depletion of the ozone layer. Since 1991, a fierce debate has raged on the relative merits of scientific, political, environmental and economic arguments for and against the use of this chemical. This book does not set out to convince the reader of a predetermined view point. Its purpose is to set out as much of the scientific debate as is possible to date and let the reader weigh up the available evidence. In this volume are covered the major relevant fields of science including agriculture, atmospheric chemistry, oceanography, environmental sciences, chemistry, biology and toxicology, as well as two chapters on potential alternatives to methyl bromide. The authors who have contributed to this book are international experts who have played pivotal roles in the international debate on methyl bromide.

The migration of substances from packaging to food is a matter of concern for the food safety authorities, and packaging materials constitute a potential source of contaminants to which the consumer will be exposed to through their diet. A huge variety of substances can be present in packaging materials, which could consequently migrate into food and represent a risk to consumer health. Food Contamination by Packaging provides an overview of the main packaging contaminants including Bisphenol A, melamine, phthalates, alternative plasticisers, photoinitiators, perfluorochemicals, saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons (mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons and mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons) from mineral oils, other bisphenol-related compounds, nanoparticles, primary aromatic amines and nonintentionally added substances. The analytical techniques used for their determination are reviewed. This book will be of interest to students and researchers in universities and research institutions associated with food packaging and, in general, to the food safety sector.

This book presents a comprehensive review of the most recent studies on the impact of contaminants on the marine environment. Conventional and new information, as well as the latest techniques, are presented, which can be applied to several types of marine organisms from bacteria and fungi to animals and algae. Specific topics discussed include the impact of different contaminants on different organisms as well as different approaches and their outcomes in terms of impact assessment. The integration of these techniques is also discussed in order to attain sentinel species and biomarkers to be applied for assessing ecological quality and impact assessment programs and studies.

This is a comprehensive and up-to-date investigation of a deadly toxin and its impact on ecology and human health. Part 1 contains a thorough treatment of the chemical nature of arsenic, its environmental behaviour and its measurement through contemporary analytical methods. Part 2 deals with the latest findings from a wide range of international research groups into the repercussions of arsenic exposures on human health and the ecosystem.

Names like Love Canal, Chernobyl, and the Exxon Valdez have come to symbolize our anxiety over toxic substances in the environment and their effects on human health and the ecology. Yet, as toxins continue to accumulate rapidly in our air, water, and soil, major environmental disasters are only the most obvious manifestation of a complex and growing problem - the tip of the iceberg, so to speak. The need for scientists and nonscientists who are well versed in the fundamentals of environmental toxicology has never been greater, so too, the need for introductory texts in the field. Based on a groundbreaking course given at the University of Illinois for the past two decades, Toxic Substances in the Environment is a superb introduction to the field of environmental toxicology. While the majority of texts and references on toxins in the environment suffer from either a dearth of careful examination or an overabundance of ponderous detail, this book offers just the right balance of accessibility and scientific rigor. It is basic enough to serve as an advanced undergraduate introduction to environmental toxicology and its two most prominent subgroups - the ecological impact of pollutants, and the effect of pollutants on human health. Yet, at the same time, it is unstinting in scientific detail. While the range of topics is broad, this book offers concise and engaging discussions of diverse subjects such as air pollution and global ecosystems; neurotoxicity; genetic toxicology; social issues associated with environmental toxins; and many others. Supported by more than 100 tables and illustrations, the text is organized around a series of case studies that illustrate the hazards associated withparticular substances and demonstrate the multidisciplinary approach that is essential to any effective effort to clean up or prevent contamination. This case study orientation, along with an annotated bibliography and a unique chapter on policy and policy issues, in which the author offers a rundown of the major public and civic environment action groups, makes Toxic Substances in the Environment a useful professional reference. Reflecting a number of the major concerns and interests voiced by students majoring in a variety of disciplines, including biology, chemistry, agriculture, economics, and engineering, this superb didactic tool is destined to become the environmental toxicological bible of future generations.

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology attempts to provide concise, critical reviews of timely advances, philosophy and significant areas of accomplished or needed endeavor in the total field of xenobiotics, in any segment of the environment, as well as toxicological implications.

This monograph summarizes the current knowledge on potential health hazards induced by nanomaterials from different sources and sort such as food, drugs and silver nanoparticles. Methods to assess toxicity as well as known effects on the genome, neuronal and respiratory system are discussed. Besides the impact on human and animal life the books also addresses aquatic toxicity.

Chromium and its compounds are widely used by modern industries resulting in large quantities of this element being discharged into the environment and there is now a growing concern about the effects of chromium in the environment. This volume provides a comprehensive assessment of the uses of chromium, its sources and occurrence in the air, water and soils. It gives a detailed and expert description of chromium chemistry, analytical chemistry, biochemistry and known health effects. It also contains a comprehensive compendium of epidemiological data listed according to exposure type along with models of toxicity. Most of the known environmental and health effects of chromium are treated here along with a discussion of dose-response relationships. A key aspect of the book and one of its most useful features is that it serves as a guide to the analytical procedures and their limitations that are suitable for use in environmental and biological monitoring.

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology provides concise, critical reviews of timely advances, philosophy and significant areas of accomplished or needed endeavor in the total field of xenobiotics, in any segment of the environment, as well as toxicological implications.

This new edition is revised throughout and includes new and expanded information on natural resource damage assessment, the latest emerging contaminants and issues, and adds new international coverage, including case studies and rules and regulations. The text details key environmental contaminants, explores their fates in the biosphere, and discusses bioaccumulation and the effects of contaminants at increasing levels of ecological organization. Vignettes written by experts illustrate key themes or highlight especially pertinent examples. This edition offers an instructors' solution manual, PowerPoint slides, and supplemental images. Features: Adds all new discussions of natural resource damage assessment concepts and approaches Includes new vignettes written by leading guest authors Draws on materials from 2,500 cited sources, including 400+ new to this edition Adds numerous new entries to a useful glossary of 800+ terms Includes a new appendix discussing Brazilian environmental laws and regulations added to existing appendices outlining U.S., E.U., Chinese, Australian, and Indian environmental laws Fundamentals of Ecotoxicology: The Science of Pollution, Fifth Edition contains a broad overview of ecotoxicology and provides a basic understanding of the field. Designed as a textbook for use in introductory graduate or upper-level undergraduate courses in ecotoxicology, applied ecology, environmental pollution, and environmental science, it can also be used as a general reference for practicing environmental toxicologists.

The book that looks at mercury's impact on the planet today

Recent research by the EPA has concluded that one in six women of childbearing age have unsafe levels of mercury in their bodies, which puts 630,000 newborn babies each year at risk of neurological impairment. Mercury poses severe risks to the health of animals and ecosystems around the world, and this book provides the essential information that anyone interested in environmental sciences should know about the fundamentals of the entire mercury cycle.

Comprised of four parts that present an overview of mercury in the environment, mercury transformations, transport, and bioaccumulation and toxicology, each chapter of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology of Mercury includes the basic concepts of the targeted subject, a critical review of that subject, and the future research needs.

This book explains the environmental behavior and toxicological effects of mercury on humans and other organisms, and provides a baseline for what is known and what uncertainties remain in respect to mercury cycling. The chapters focus on the fundamental science underlying the environmental chemistry and fate of mercury. This work will be invaluable to a wide range of policy experts, environmental scientists, and other people requiring a comprehensive source for the state of the science in this field.

Explores the benefits and limitations of the latest high-throughput screening methods

With its expert coverage of high-throughput "in vitro" screening methods for toxicity testing, this book makes it possible for researchers to accelerate and streamline the evaluation and risk assessment of chemicals and drugs for toxicity. Moreover, it enables them to comply with the latest standards set forth by the U.S. National Research Council's "Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: A Vision and Strategy" and the E.U.'s REACH legislation. Readers will discover a variety of state-of-the-science, high-throughput screening methods presented by a group of leading authorities in toxicology and toxicity testing.

"High-Throughput Screening Methods in Toxicity Testing" is divided into five parts: General aspects, including predicting the toxicity potential of chemicals and drugs via high-throughput bioactivity profilingAssessing different cytotoxicity endpointsAssessing DNA damage and carcinogenesisAssessing reproductive toxicity, cardiotoxicity, and haematotoxicityAssessing drug metabolism and receptor-related toxicity

Each chapter describes method principles and includes detailed information about data generation, data analysis, and applications in risk assessment. The authors not only enumerate the advantages of each high-throughput method over comparable conventional methods, but also point out the high-throughput method's limitations and potential pitfalls. In addition, the authors describe current research efforts to make high-throughput toxicity screening even more cost effective and streamlined.

Throughout the book, readers will find plenty of figures and illustrations to help them understand and perform the latest high-throughput toxicity screening methods.

This book is ideal for toxicologists and other researchers who need to implement high-throughput screening methods for toxicity testing in their laboratories as well as for researchers who need to evaluate the data generated by these methods.

This book is a valuable contribution to the debate about the harmful effects of environmental toxicants on human health, which is a growing concern in the 21st century. Complementary chapters decipher the phenomena and highlight the latest developments in environmental toxicology, providing readers with a comprehensive overview of environmental toxicology and human health. Since the toxicants in question are not only chemical or biological in nature, but also include man-made electromagnetic fields, the book explores in detail multidisciplinary approaches to environmental toxicology, with a focus on the following five aspects: 1. The effects of man-made electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) on human health proposed mechanisms and biological effects and measures). 2. An overview of nanotoxicity, nanomedicine and cancer research. 3. A bio-computational approach to the molecular interaction of environmental carcinogens with DNA. 4. The toxicology of environmental pollutants in the air, dust, soil, water and natural toxins in the environment: exposure and health. 5. Social insects as environmental indicators of ecotoxicological effects in different ecosystems. The book analyzes the carcinogenic, mutagenic, genotoxic and neurotoxic effects of both anthropogenic and natural toxins present in water, soil, air and our surroundings in the form of electro-pollution or electro-smog.

Ecotoxicology Essentials: Environmental Contaminants and Their Biological Effects on Animals and Plants provides a fundamental understanding of this area for students and professionals in ecotoxicology, ecology, conservation, chemistry, public health, wildlife management, fisheries, and many other disciplines. Although new chemicals and potential problems are developed every year, a basic education is essential to address these new challenges, and this work gives such training. Written with the regulatory framework in mind, the material guides readers on modelling, how to conduct assessments, and human and wildlife risk, focusing on effects on animals rather than transport of chemicals. Simple discussions of chemistry are complemented by coverage on the behavior of the animal, dynamics of the ecosystem, real-life situations like drought, and predators in the system - i.e., the natural system versus the lab setting. The book's first section contains chapters on the principles of contaminant toxicology including a brief history of the science of ecotoxicology, basic principles of the science, testing methods, and ways of determining if animals have been exposed to either acute or chronic concentrations of contaminants. The second section deals with the primary classes of contaminants including their chemical characteristics, sources, uses, and effects on organisms. The third section focuses on more complex issues such as the regulation of pollution, population and community effects, risk assessment and modelling.