Why are books written? Since I have read many works by my colleagues with admiration, this question has always intrigued me. Further, writing a book takes a good deal of time and effort, and I had imagined that I would never undertake such a demanding task. A few unexpected events and circumstances have changed my mind. The first was the pleasant experience of editing Environmental Toxicology of Pesticides with Drs. Mallory Boush and Tomomasa Misato. This fine symposium volume occasioned many interesting responses, including a suggestion to prepare a more complete treatise on the grounds that such "proceedings" volumes, by their very nature, do not satisfactorily offer a complete and coherent description of the field, but cater chiefly to specialists. I myself prefer single-authored books for basic understanding of a scientific field. The second circumstance leading to the present volume was the avail ability of teaching notes from my course on the toxicology of insecticides. As the need to cultivate environmental awareness has increased, there has been a parallel increase in the enrolments of such courses both here and in other major institutions. Yet no comprehensive and up-to-date text has been available. The third factor which facilitated the effort was an especially pleasant sabbatical in Hawaii, where the availability of the excellent Hamilton Library at the University of Hawaii considerably eased my task."

AS SEEN ON BBC TWO'S HIT TV-SHOW 'THIS FARMING LIFE' 'A heartwarming tale of life on the land' Alan Titchmarsh 'There's love and loss, challenge and adversity, but above all it's warm, insightful and inspiring' Helen Skelton 'Will inspire any reader to look at the countryside - and all those who work there - with newfound appreciation' Jimmy Doherty 'Uplifting, charming and beautifully written' Adam Henson Emma Gray was just twenty-three when she moved to an isolated farm in Northumberland, becoming Britain's youngest solo shepherdess. In the seasons that followed, Emma fell in love with its rolling fields, surrounding forest and sturdy farmhouse, tending her sheep and training her dogs - and even found romance. But when Emma finds herself suddenly alone again, heartbroken and recovering from a serious accident, she wonders if her isolated existence is still such a sensible idea. Even if she recovers, how could she make a proper living on Fallowlees Farm? In her heartwarming book, Emma tells the story of how she picked herself up and expanded her cattle herd, added more horses to her menagerie, and became one of the country's most successful breeders and trainers of Border Collies - unexpectedly discovering true love and lasting happiness along the way. Written with warmth and humour, My Farming Life is a joyous celebration of nature and community, and a delight for anyone who's ever dreamed of living closer to the countryside.

This volume, the last in this series on cancer growth and Moreover, the current status of plant-derived vinca alka progression, is a companion volume to Volume IX and loids and non-alkaloid natural products is summarized. further explores established and novel approaches for the Advances in hyperthermia and additional approaches for therapy of patients with malignant neoplasms. The stra the therapy of malignancies are also presented. tegies reflected in these volumes are direct extrapolations The volume continues with chapters on bone marrow from the basic science of cancer biology, growth and pro transplantation as well as hematologic and nutritional sup gression described in earlier volumes of this series. Some port for the cancer patient. Blood pressure in the cancer approaches are directed towards the eradication or modifi patient, therapy for nausea and vomiting as well as pain are cation of the properties of heterogeneous malignant tumor discussed. The last chapter is devoted to the problems of the cells at various stages of tumor progression, while other terminally ill, including evaluations of the burden relatives approaches are directed towards modification of the host and friends of the cancer patient have to bear. antitumor defense systems, e. g., enhancement of host anti It is clear that important advances in the basic science of tumor immune reactivity."

9. REFERENCES 90 CHAPTER 9: OPPORTUNITIES FOR REPLACEMENT, REDUCTION AND REFINEMENT: HUMAN VIRAL VACCINES 93 1. INTRODUCTION 93 2. TESTS FOR EXTRANEOUS MICROORGANISMS 94 3. MUMPS VACCINE . . . 94 4. HEPATITIS B VACCINE 95 4. 1. Test for freedom from live hepatitis virus 95 4. 2. Potency test 95 5. INFLUENZA VACCINE 96 5. 1. Potency test 96 5. 2. Abnormal-toxicity test 96 6. MEASLES VACCINE. . . . . 96 6. 1. Tests for extraneous agents 97 6. 1. 1. Test for Mycobacterium tuberculosis 97 6. 1. 2. Test for extraneous viruses 97 6. 2. Abnormal-toxicity test 98 7. POLIOMYELITIS VACCINE. . . 99 7. A. Inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine 99 7. A. l. Production. . . . . . 99 7. A. 2. Test for residual live virus 99 7. A. 3. Tests for extraneous agents 100 7. A. 3. l. Test for Mycobacterium tuberculosis . . . . . 100 7. A. 3. 2. Test for extraneous viruses 100 7. A. 4. Tumourigenicity test. . . . . 100 XII 7 . A. 5. Potency test . . . . . . . 101 7. A. 6. Test for abnormal toxicity 102 7. B. Live, oral poliomyelitis vaccine 103 7. B. l. Test for extraneous agents 103 7. B. 2. Test for neurovirulence 105 7. B. 3. Test for abnormal toxicity 106 8. RABIES VACCINE 106 8. 1. Production 106 8. 2. Test for residual live virus 107 8. 3. Tests for extraneous microorganisms 107 8. 3. 1. Test for Mycobacterium tuberculosis 107 8. 3. 2. Tests for extraneous viruses 108 8. 3. 2. 1. In dogs 108 8. 3. 2. 2.

It is a great pleasure for me to introduce this great deal of information from various insti- manual for the diagnosis of parasites of domes- tutes and universities. tic animals. It is a unique publication in many The result is an impressively comprehen- respects. Books concerning parasitic anima I sive, beautifully illustrated and, above all high- diseases - comprehensive textbooks, but also ly serviceable manual. It is easy to consult. Its field manuals - abound. These generally deal systematic and colour-coded layout allows the with aetiology, c1inical signs and pathology, as user to steer swiftly and surely through a vast weil as control and treatment. However, while amount of information. Clinical pictures and methods for diagnosis are often mentioned, figures show the parasite stage of diagnostic these are rarely sufficiently practical and spe- interest, facilitating a rapid and accurate diag- cific to allow the person ne I in field laborato- nosis. The book has been designed to be used ries to reach a concise, rapid dia gnosis of the by veterinarians and technicians, by teachers parasite species involved in any particular case. and students - in fact, by anyone dealing with Parasitic Infections of Domestic Animals suc- the diagnosis of diseases in domestic animals. ceeds in redressing these shortcomings.

The articles published in this volume are based on the papers del ivered at a conference on the Role of Metal Ions in Biological Systems held November 20 and 21, 1972, at Argonne National Laboratory. The purpose of the conference was to present to an interdiscipl inary audience of physical scientists some recent developments illustrating the chemical and environ mental participation of the heavy metal ions in the biological system. The invited speakers at the conference are special ists in the fields they describe, and the articles presented here are at a level of interest to readers with backgrounds in physical sciences who are not necessari Iy doing research in the areas described. The articles are referenced through 1972, and in some cases early 1973, and thus should also be of value to research workers. It is hoped that the book wi II be of particular interest to chemists, biologists, workers in the fields of en vironmental science and publ ic health, as wei I as graduate and senior undergraduate students in these discipl ines. The conference was sponsored by the Central States Universities, Inc., a consortium of sixteen midwestern univer sities, the Center for Educational Affairs, Argonne National Laboratory, and the United States Atomic Energy Commission. It is my pleasure to thank the members of the conference committee for their ideas and active help in organizing the conference."

With the rapid spread of drug use and abuse in this country over the last decade, events relating to drugs have become increasingly prominent in the court of law as well as in society in general. It is anticipated that throughout the 1980s this problem will continue to be one of the major social problems in the United States. With the complexity of the Federal and state laws and their interrelationships, and with the increasing demand for the expert chemist or toxicologist, or both, in the courtroom, more education for these people relating to drugs must be implemented. The prosecuting and defense attorneys are also in need of accurate toxicological information to adequately handle cases in which drugs playa role. This book is intended to be a practical as well as an educational book-a resource tool for the active forensic chemist, as well as for the student. It is with the forensic chemist in mind that the material on controlled substances and substances found in cases of drug abuse has been arranged in a systematic order for quick and easy reference. This section includes synonyms, pharma ceutical preparations, biochemistry and/or pharmacognosy, toxicology and/or pharmacology, and how the substance is controlled under Federal law. Under the concept of scientific consideration as compared with the Federal law, this book enables one to deal with some of the major conflicts in the American legal system concerning scientific evidence and how it is presented in a court of law."

Tiselius demonstrated that the immunologically active components of immune sera migrated electrophoretically in the gamma globulin region. His findings illuminated the classic observations of Jenner regarding development of resistance to infection, and those of von Pirquet, Pasteur, and Arthus regarding the transfer and specificity of resistance. Conceptual integration of these observations provided the impetus for the present modern era of immunology. Subsequent to Tiselius's work, multiple, rapid advances have occurred in the study of congenital and acquired immune deficiency states in mice, chickens, and humans. These studies have readily demonstrated that the immunologic ability of an organ ism to protect itself from environmental influences is a prerequisite for survival. Indeed, this necessity for protection from microenvironmental influences has promoted the evolu tionary development of immunologic diversification, namely, host dependence upon a sophisticated, multifaceted network of cells and effector mechanisms responsible for the clearance and neutralization of toxins and potentially harmful pathogens. The obligate dependence of animals upon the functional integrity of their immunologic systems is illus trated by the ready invasion of ubiquitous organisms when the host is in a state of immune defense derangement. Nevertheless, derangements in immune function can range from par tial to complete and can be compatible with survival. The consequences of such derange ments run the gamut from subclinical disease to inevitable mortality."

Elastic filaments refer mainly to titin, the largest of all known proteins. Titin was discovered initially in muscle cells, where it interconnects the thick filament with the Z-line. Titin forms a molecular spring that is responsible for maintaining the structural integrity of contracting muscle, ensuring efficient muscle contraction. More recently, it has become clear that titin is not restricted to muscle cells alone. For example, titin is found in chromosomes of neurons and also in blood platelets. This topic is fast becoming a focal point for research in understanding viscoelastic properties at the molecular, cellular, and tissue levels. In titin may lie a generic basis for biological viscoelasticity. It has become clear that titin may hold the key to certain clinical anomalies. For example, it is clear that titin-based ventricular stiffness is modulated by calcium and that titin is responsible for the altered stiffness in cardiomyopathies. It is also clear from evidence from a group of Finnish families that titin mutations may underlie some muscular dystrophies and that with other mutations chromatids fail to separate during mitosis. Thus, it is clear that this protein will have important clinical implications stemming from its biomechanical role. One aspect of this field is the bringing together of bioengineers with clinical researchers and biologists. Genetic and biochemical aspects of titin-related proteins are being studied together with front-line engineering approaches designed to measure the mechanics of titin either in small aggregates or in single molecules.

The human-animal bond has evolved and diversi?ed down the ages. Dogs, cats and even horses, have long ful?lled the role of faithful companion and indeed, as exempli?ed by the introduction of seeing and hearing dogs, there may be a critical level of co-dependency between the species. In the twenty-?rst century, the animal types that are kept as pets in many parts of the world are extensive ranging from reptiles through rodents to ruminants and beyond. As would be predicted by the nature of the relationship, the approach to treatment of a companion animal is often closely aligned to that which would have been offered to their owner. However, an increasing awareness of welfare issues, such as the recognition that animals expe- ence pain and the proven bene?ts of disease prevention in intensive farming units, together with the growth in zoos and wildlife parks, has increased the likelihood of food producing and non-domesticated animals receiving medicinal products during their life-time. Although many of the individual drugs or classes of drugs administered to animals are the same as, or derived from, those given to man, the safe and effective use of drugs in animals often cannot be achieved by simply transposing knowledge of drug action on, or behaviour in, the body from one species to another. The impact of the anatomical, physiological and pathophysiological variability that spans the animal kingdom can often profoundly alter drug response.

A variety of metabolic processes are known to be intimately involved in the maintenance of cellular structure and function. It has also become clear that metabolic events involved in the synthesis and hydrolysis of ATP as well as for the synthesis of proteins and phospholipids are essential for cellular health. The regulation of cell function is generally achieved through participation of a wide variety of hormones and different signal transduction mechanisms for the activation/deactivation of some specific metabolic processes. In this regard cyclic AMP and calcium seem to play a crucial role. Various hormones are also known to affect the genetic machinery of all the cell; however, the exact signals for genetic control of cellular function are not well defined. In particular, the sequence of events concerned with remodelling of different types of cells under various pathological situations is poorly understood. In this book we have therefore dealt with some of these issues from biochemical, molecular biological, physiological, and pharmacological viewpoints. Special emphasis has been laid on understanding heart function and metabolism in health and disease in general, and cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, and ischemic heart disease in particular. It is hoped that this multidisciplinary information will be of value to basic scientists and clinical investigators.

The field of genetic toxicology is a relatively new one which grew out of the studies of chemical mutagenesis and modern toxicology. Considering that systematic practices to detect chemical mutagenesis are only a little over thirty years old, this field has evolved very rapidly with an abundance of methods for identifying chemical mutagens. To evalulate the usefulness of the methods and to select the assay which will yield the most important information under practical conditions requires the broad experience such as that which Dr. Brusick has acquired over the last decade. Since this field is expanding very rapidly and new test ing methods are being recognized, it should be kept in mind that revisions may have to be made during the next five to ten years. The need for such a book has been obvious to us, particularly since training courses and workshops on genetic toxicology are being organized which find it beneficial to utilize established guidelines and since the reports in the literature do not always describe in detail how the work was carried out during laboratory testing. In addition to his broad background in genetics, Dr. Brusick has had much practical experience, having organized and directed the most extensive laboratory for mutagen testing. I am most pleased to see this volume, for which there is an ever-increasing need. Alexander Hollaender Associated Universities, Inc. 1717 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W."

The best protection against environmental mutagens is to identify them before they ever come into general use. But it is always possible that some substance will escape detection and affect a large number of persons without this being realized until later generations. This article considers ways in which such a genetic emergency might be promptly detected. A mutation-detecting system should be relevant in that it tests for effects that are as closely related as possible to those that are feared. It should be sensitive enough to detect a moderate increase in mutation rate, able to discover the increase promptly before more damage is done, responsive to various kinds of mutational events, and designed in such a way as to maxi- mize the probability that the Gause of an increase can be found. Methods based on germinal mutation necessarily involve enormous numbers of persons and tests. On the other hand, with somatic mutations the individual cell becomes the unit of measurement rather than the in- dividual person. For this reason, I think that somatic tests are preferable to germinal tests, despite the fact that it is germinal mutations which are feared.

Neuroanatomic lesion localization (detecting where a neurologic problem arises) is key when presented with a dog or cat with signs of neurologic disease. The correct neuroanatomic lesion localization will drive veterinarians towards an appropriate list of differential diagnoses and help lead the client towards applicable diagnostic investigation. Neuroanatomic lesion localization is the first step when managing any pet with signs of neurologic disease. Despite its importance, it remains a challenge for veterinary students, residents and practitioners in their daily practice. Laid out in a case-based format and workbook style to guide the reader through neuroanatomic lesion localization, this book: Covers the whole process from the animal's examination through to diagnosis; Includes localizations of intercranial disease, spinal cord disease, neuromuscular disease and multifocal disease; Provides blank practice sheets to encourage the reader to work through cases, testing and consolidating their knowledge multiple times. Written by a team of eminent, international veterinary neurologists, this book is an invaluable resource for veterinary students and practitioners looking to expand their skills in veterinary neurology.

This clinically oriented new volume in the Self-Assessment Colour Review series brings together a wide variety of cases and clinical situations which relate to diseases caused by parasitic agents primarily in small animals and domestic livestock. It also includes some cases involving some wild and exotic animals. The cases are presented randomly, and illustrated in full color. Each case scenario includes key questions regarding diagnosis, treatment and control of the infection. Detailed explanatory answers are given on the following page. The book offers an excellent resource for continuing professional development. It is of value to veterinary practitioners, animal health advisors, industry technical representatives, livestock producers and veterinary students.

The traditional approach to diagnosis of virus infectians by isolation of the causative virus is usually both slow and expensive. More recently, the emphasis has been on the direct detection of viruses or viral antigens in clinical specimens. This can be done using established techniques such as immunofluorescence or electron microscopy, or by newly developed biochemical methods. The purpose of this meeting was to review these and other developments in the laboratory diagnosis of virus infections. We would like to thank all those who contributed to the success of this meeting. In particular, we are grateful to the CEC for financial sponsorship, to Professor C. Dow, Director of the Veterinary Research Laboratories, for help in organising the meeting, and to Miss B. Hamilton for her excellent typing of the manuscripts. M S McNulty J B McFerran VII CONTENTS Page Preface V VIRAL DIAGNOSIS BY TIMMUNOFLUORESCENCE P. S. Gardner APPLICATIONS OF IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE IN VETERINARY VIRAL DIAGNOSIS M. S. McNulty and G. M. Allan 15 TAGGING OF VIRAL ANTIGENS USING IMMUNOPEROXIDASE . AND IMMUNOOOLD TEGINlQUES R. Ducatelle, F. Castryck and J. Hoorens 27 DETECTION OF BVD VIRUS IN VlRAEMIC CATTLE BY AN INDIRECT IMMUNOPEROXIDASE TEGINIQUE A. Meyling 37 VIRAL DIAGNOSIS BY ELECTRON MICROSCOPY J. D. Almeida 47 CAPTURE ASSAYS FOR THE DETECTION OF VIRUS-SPECIFIC IgM ANTIBODY R. S. Tedder 60 DETECTION . AND IDENTIFICATION OF PAPILLOMAVIRUSES IN BENIGN . AND MALIGNANT 'TIlmJRS OF CATTLE M. S. Campo 72 DETECTION OF VIRAL NUCLEIC ACIDS IN CELL CULTURES .

"The Consulting Veterinary Nurse" is an invaluable source of information for all veterinary nurses setting up and conducting their own nursing clinics in small animal practice. From the basics of setting up the consulting room to running and marketing individual clinics, this book provides a comprehensive coverage of the role of the consulting veterinary nurse. A large section of the book details specific clinics run by nurses, including nutritional assessments, behavioural clinics, puppy parties, seasonal information campaigns, senior pet clinics and medical clinics for a full range of conditions from arthritis and dental problems to epilepsy and cancer. A chapter specifically on rabbit clinics is also included.

Written by an experienced senior veterinary nurse, this is a vital guide for all veterinary nurses seeking to develop their consulting role and contribute effectively to the long-term success of their practice.

KEY FEATURESProvides a comprehensive guide to the role of the consulting veterinary nurseDetails specific nutritional, medical and behavioural clinics run by nurses Includes advice on presentation, marketing and communicating with clientsDiscusses client compliance and internal procedure and protocol Contains sample diet history sheets and unit conversion charts for use in practiceEndorsed by the British Veterinary Nursing Association

In this book the authors describe and illustrate step by step all currently available procedures for reconstructive surgical techniques in dogs and cats with skin defects caused by injury or tumour resection. The reader is given the widest possible range of treatment options for dealing with individual cases. After describing a new protocol for wound management in companion animals, and general, avascular and microvascular reconstructive techniques, the authors deal with specific techniques region by region: head and eyelids, neck and trunk, forelimb and hind limb. Reconstructive Surgery and Wound Management of the Dog and Cat is an accessible overview and a source of practical help to improve treatment. The book incorporates concise text, precise instructions and a wealth of top-quality color images. It is of value to veterinary practitioners and students alike. Key features Covers all current techniques Helps deal with individual cases Step-by-step guide: concise instructions and sequences of top quality color photos

This publication contains the proceedings of a Seminar "Beef production from different dairy breeds and dairy beef crosses," held in Ireland on April 13-15, 1981, under the auspices of the Commission of the European Communities (CEC) as part of the European Communities (EC) programme for beef production research. The CEC wishes to thank those representatives of Ireland who took responsibility for the organisation and conduct of this Seminar, notably Professor E.P. Cunningham, Dr. G.J. More O'Ferrall (local organiser), Dr. Patricia McGlaughlin and In particular, thanks are due to Dr. McGlaughlin Mr. R. Barlow. and Mr. Barlow for their recording of the discussions. Professor Ian Gordon of the Faculty of Agriculture, kindly made available the facilities of Lyons House, University College, for the Seminar. Thanks are also accorded to the Chairmen of the Sessions Professor D. Smidt, Dr. R.B. Thiessen, Professor A. Neimann Sorensen, Professor E.P. Cunningham, and to all the participants who presented papers and took part in the discussions. X OBJECTIVES The aims of the Seminar were to review recent comparisons of Holstein and Friesian strains with other dairy breeds for beef and veal production; to look at the use of beef breeds for crossing on dairy herds in various EEC countries, and to examine the economic and genetic balance between milk and beef traits in dual purpose bull testing and selection."

Where do you begin to look for a recent, authoritative article on the diagnosis or management of a particular malignancy? The few general oncology textbooks are generally out of date. Single papers in specialized journals are informative but seldom comprehensive; these are more often preliminary reports on a very limited number of patients. Certain general journals frequently publish good indepth reviews of cancer topics, and published symposium lectures are often the best overviews available. Unfor tunately, these reviews and supplements appear sporadically, and the reader can never be sure when a topic of special interest will be covered. Cancer Treatment and Research is a series of authoritative volumes which aim to meet this need. It is an attempt to establish a critical mass of oncology literature covering virtually all oncology topics, revised frequently to keep the coverage up to date, easily available on a single library shelf or by a single personal subscription. We have approached the problem in the following fashion. First, by dividing the oncology literature into specific subdivisions such as lung can cer, genitourinary cancer, pediatric oncology, etc. Second, by asking emi nent authorities in each of these areas to edit a volume on the specific topic on an annual or biannual basis. Each topic and tumor type is covered in a volume appearing frequently and predictably, discussing current diagnosis, staging, markers, all forms of treatment modalities, basic biology, and more."

The twentieth century has seen a remarkable evolution of environmental health and environmental protection concerns and concepts in the United States. As a teacher of Environmental Health since the late 1950s, I have witnessed the many twists and turns that have marked the latter half of the century, and have had to seek continuously to explain these phenomena to my students in some rational manner. We have witnessed the following and more: great progress in controlling acute infectious diseases through successes in drinking water treatment and food processing; the emergence of greater concern with trace chemicals in air and water and their role in chronic disease causation; conflicting attitudes toward miraculous chemicals such as DDT (which promised relief from arthropod-borne scourges, then came to be seen as another chemical threat to our children and our environment); then the reemerging concern with infectious diseases precipitated by blood-borne pathogens such as HIV. All this occurred against a backdrop of scientific uncertainty and amid failures of risk assessment and risk communication, together with press sensationalism-from "mad cow disease" to "flesh eating" streptococci. No wonder the public is confused.

Take a disease of complex pathology with inflammatory and neoplastic features, which affects lymphoid and neural tissues, belonging to a disease group which killed one chicken in five, and which defied efforts to understand and control it for lOre than 50 years, and one can begin to appreciate the interest Marek's disease has received. Canpound these characteristics with the finding of the causal herpesvirus, its recog nition as the neoplasm first discovered to be so caused, and its pre vention by vaccination, and the special place of Marek's disease in veterinary medicine and comparative oncology becomes clear. This book sets out to provide an authoritative and corrprehensive account of knowledge of Marek's disease and its control. I hope that it will be of value to veterinary research workers, teachers and students who need information about the disease, to veterinarians, poultrymen and vaccine manufacturers who have to diagnose and control it, and to oncologists in other fields interested in comparative aspects. other reviews of the disease exist, of course, but this is the first multi authored book devoted to the subject."

In Clinical Equine Oncology, Derek Knottenbelt will add to his very well-regarded range of equine titles for Elsevier by producing an oncology book that, like his recently published Pascoe's Principles & Practice of Equine Dermatology 2e, will have several distinguishing features that will make it of the widest possible appeal. The design and practical features of the dermatology book can and should be applied to the present proposal; together they can be viewed as companion texts. More than 50 different types of tumor are covered, including tumors that occur in each of the 10 body systems. Over 800 excellent-quality photographs show the appearance of pathologies and cancerous conditions both before and after treatment. More than 80 full-color diagrams summarize key information. Detailed Pathology section describes common neoplasms in horses, cites research literature, and describes what is generally known about each condition. Authoritative, inclusive, and unique coverage is likely to remain the standard reference for years to come. Expert authors are recognized as the top experts in the field of equine oncology. Practical, colorful design includes icon-based references for quick appraisal of prevalence and prognosis.