White blood cells, or leukocytes are cells of the immune system involved in defending the body against both infectious disease and foreign materials. Five different and diverse types of leukocytes exist, but they are all produced and derived from a multipotent cell in the bone marrow known as a hematopoietic stem cell. They live for about 3 to 4 days in the average human body. In this book, the authors present current research in the study of the biology, classification and role in disease of leukocytes. Topics include an analysis of peptides and proteins isolated from alligator leukocytes; modification of immune cell activity by neuroendocrine mediators and development of disease; congenital defects of phagocytes; leukocyte mitochondrial membrane potential in type 1 diabetes; biology of human myeloid dendritic cells; and the leukocyte expression of CD36 as a biomarker for Alzheimer's disease.

The study of both cadaveric axial cross-sections and CT scans is the basis of 21st century anatomy, and the cornerstone of clinical diagnostics. Modern medical imaging, such as CT (Computed Tomography) scans, produce 1-Dimensional anatomic cross-sections of the axial plane. Learning the proper sequence and orientation of axial cross-sections and CT scans is often extremely challenging, even for the most dedicated students of anatomy: The shapes seen in the axial plane have little relation to the more familiar coronal plane. Most texts abandon students to simply memorize the shapes seen at high-yield vertebral levels or perform tricky mental gymnastics, as they must mentally rotate the axial plane to the more familiar coronal. Students are further frustrated when learning CT scans, as the shapes seen in gray/white CT slices have little relation to the anatomic structures from which they are derived. This text serves to solve these problems by illustrating the sequence of axial cross-sections and CT scans in unique 3-Dimensional illustrations. This 3-D approach clearly demonstrates the relation of the shapes seen in cross-sections and CT's to their more familiar coronal/sagittal orientation. The illustrations themselves have been done by Dr Jackowe in the classic style of Vesalius and Bourgery, thus creating a work that is both informative and artistic, the first aesthetic anatomy textbook for many years. The atlas will serve as a review book, suitable for self-study and as a companion to standard anatomy textbooks. It will appeal to medical/anatomy students, medical residents, and radiologists, as well as the general science reader who will appreciate the quality of the illustrations

Soft tissue refers to tissues that connect, support, or surround other structures and organs of the body, not being bone. Soft tissue includes tendons, ligaments, fascia, skin, fibrous tissues, fat, and synovial membranes (which are connective tissue), and muscles, nerves and blood vessels (which are not connective tissue). In this book, the authors present current research in the study of the composition, mechanisms of injury and repair of soft tissue. Topics discussed include the soft tissue biomechanics of diabetic foot ulcers; cellular and physiological soft tissue response in hip arthroplasty; peri-implant soft tissues in orthodontic anchorage; connecting tissue injuries and mechanical properties; MRI findings of myopathies in soft tissue; and soft tissue behaviour after mandibular symphysis bone graft harvesting.

This book presents topical research in the study of the composition, functions and pathology of endothelium and epithelium. Topics discussed include the pathophysiology of endothelium; the role of epithelial innate immunity in inflammatory diseases; morphofunctional characteristic features of statis endothelium and dynamic epithelial cell populations; changes of respiratory epithelium in bronchial asthma; interleukin-6 (IL6) signalling and its role in the development of cardiovascular disease; endothelium-dependent effects of heat shock on vasomotor tone; the Gasdermin Superfamily functioning in epithelial cells and tight junctions in upper airway epithelium.

Standing is the static posture most commonly evaluated in balance assessments. This is because of its ubiquitous nature and because the act of precariously balancing two thirds of our body mass some distance from the ground imposes critical demands on the postural control system. In this book, the authors present topical research in the study of posture, including the changes with ageing and exercise of postural control; the influence of sport training on sagittal spinal curvatures; mathematical models, their biofidelity and applications in human standing posture; the relationship between muscle-tendon unit stiffness, joint stability and posture and H-reflex assessment in understanding motor functions in postural control.

This book provides information on testosterone and its role in human anatomy, physiology, psychology and pathology. In particular, it proposes articles on testosterone biosynthesis and metabolism peculiarities; on the regulation of dominant behaviour; on cognitive and emotional factors and the cardiovascular system involving testosterone and on androgen suppression mechanisms during stress. The book includes topics on the therapeutic effects of testosterone and effective methods of detecting androgens in the human body and presents a variety of clinical, experimental, theoretical and review articles. This collection gathers the latest research from around the world in this field and will be of value for researchers studying the effects of hormones, as well as for androgen deficiency therapists.

This book forms part of the set, Comparative Anatomy and Posture of Animal and Human, and focuses on the skulls of Quaternary mammals and of Man since the acquisition of upright posture. Although the vast majority of the quadruped fossil species have a balanced postural adaptation, with no asymmetries or maxillo-mandibular dysmorphoses, the Hominine species that has acquired this readjustment of the body as well as a bipedal adaptation to the ground, will experience a series of postural imbalances starting with malocclusion in the genus Homo. In order to arrive at this conclusion, the cranio-facial architectural biodynamics of several species of fossil and current mammals have been analyzed over three decades. In addition, hundreds of skulls of anatomically modern Hominids have been examined, highlighting their occlusal offsets, variations, anomalies and pathologies.

Nuclear receptors are involved in various aspects of intracellular signal transduction within a range of tissues and play an important role as regulators in numerous essential biological functions. In this book, the authors present topical research in the study of nuclear receptors, including glucocorticoid receptor signalling in cardiovascular disease; steroid receptor coactivators and endocrine treatment in breast cancer; the effects of nitric oxide on nuclear receptors as a tool for studying gene regulation; vitamin K as a ligand of steroid and xenobiotic receptors and androgen receptors and prostate cancer.

Contents: The Neck and Thorax.- The Larynx and the Thyroid Gland.- The Face.- The Oral Cavity and the Oropharynx.- The Nose.- The Paranasal Sinus and the Retromaxillary Space.- The Eye and its Orbital Adnexa.- The Ear.- The Middle and Posterior Cranial Fossae.- The Skull and the Gross Anatomy of the Central Nervous System.- The Topography and Variations of the Extra- and Intracranial Vessels.- The Paraganglia.- References.- Index of Operations and Surgically Important Anatomic Relationships.- Subject Index.

Central autonomic circuits in the brain and spinal cord are essential to vertebrate life: they control all basic bodily functions, including blood pressure, body temperature regulation, digestion, and reproduction.
Edited by two experts in the field, Ida Llewellyn-Smith and Anthony Verberne, and extensively illustrated, the second edition of Central Regulation of Autonomic Functions presents the extraordinary advances that have been made over the last 20 years in the understanding of how the central nervous system controls autonomic functions.
Written in a clear and readable manner by an international collection of neuroscientists and physiologists, and nine chapters describe central autonomic circuits from the cerebral cortex to the periphery. Eight more chapters address specific bodily functions and their control by central autonomic circuits. Two additional chapters discuss cardio-respiratory integration and regulation of autonomic function by visceral and somatic afferents. All of the chapters are up-to-date and cover topics such as the central autonomic regulation of airways, gastrointestinal function, energy homeostasis, body temperature, and sexual function, reflecting the latest research.
One of the only texts to provide the whole story of how the brain controls basic bodily functions that are critical for life, Central Regulation of Autonomic Functions will be essential reading for graduate students and researchers in neuroscience, anatomy, pharmacology and physiology as well as a valuable reference work for established workers in the field.

Neil Shubin's Your Inner Fish is the unexpected story of how one creature's journey out of the water made the human body what it is today - and one man's voyage of discovery in search of our origins. Have you ever wondered why our bodies look and work and fail the way they do? One of the world's leading experts in evolutionary history, Neil Shubin reveals the secrets of our biology: why if we want to understand our limbs we should take a close look at Tiktaalik, the first fish capable of doing a push-up; why if we want to know why we hiccup, the answer is in the way fish breathe; and why it is that fish teeth are surprisingly similar to human breasts. 'This would be Darwin's book of the year' Sunday Telegraph 'An intelligent, exhilarating, and compelling scientific adventure story' Oliver Sacks, author of The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat 'Delightful ... his enthusiasm is infectious' Steven D. Levitt, author of Freakonomics 'Profoundly fascinating ... a magisterial work ... expressed so clearly and with such good humour' Financial Times 'Will make you think about your organs in ways you have never considered before' Sunday Times Neil Shubin is a palaeontologist in the great tradition of his mentors, Ernst Mayr and Stephen Jay Gould. He has discovered fossils around the world that have changed the way we think about many of the key transitions in evolution and has pioneered a new synthesis of expeditionary palaeontology, developmental genetics and genomics. He trained at Columbia, Harvard and Berkeley and is currently Chairman of the Department of Anatomy at the University of Chicago.

The Understanding the Hand & Wrist chart presents an in-depth look at the structure of the wrist and hand. The main image shows the left and right hands and wrists with musculature and ligaments. Smaller views illustrate the bones and ligaments. Heavy gauge 3ml lamination with sealed edges and two metal eyelets for hanging makes chart highly durable. Write-on/wipe-off with dry erase marker (not included).

A knowledge of anatomy has always played a vital role in medicine, and is especially important in the everyday practice of anaesthesia. This 2002 text presents the core anatomical knowledge required for the Primary and Final FRCA examinations in a simple and straightforward manner. Adopting the philosophy of the examination itself, where candidates are often required to reproduce simple line drawings to illustrate the depth of their knowledge, the many illustrations in the book are clear and easy to understand at a glance. The illustrations are accompanied by explanatory text throughout and for each anatomical region, sample examination questions are included which follow the format of those asked in the examinations. This book will interest anaesthesia Primary and Final candidates, as well as providing a valuable quick reference for busy anaesthetists at all levels of experience.

We owe a great debt to Jean Baptiste Marc Bourgery (1797-1849) for his Atlas of Anatomy, which was not only a massive event in medical history, but also remains one of the most comprehensive and beautifully illustrated anatomical treatises ever published. Bourgery began work on his magnificent atlas in 1830 in cooperation with illustrator Nicolas Henri Jacob (1782-1871), a student of the French painter Jacques Louis David. The first volumes were published the following year, but completion of the treatise required nearly two decades of dedication; Bourgery lived just long enough to finish his labor of love, but the last of the treatise's eight volumes was not published in its entirety until five years after his death. The eight volumes of Bourgery's treatise cover descriptive anatomy, surgical anatomy and techniques (exploring in detail nearly all the major operations that were performed during the first half of the 19th century), general anatomy and embryology, and microscopic anatomy. Jacob's spectacular hand-colored lithographs are remarkable for their clarity, color, and aesthetic appeal, reflecting a combination of direct laboratory observation and illustrative research. Unsurpassed to this day, the images offer exceptional anatomical insight, not only for those in the medical field but also for artists, students, and anyone interested in the workings and wonder of the human body.

This volume thoroughly describes the fundamentals of a new multidisciplinary field of study that aims to deepen our understanding of the human body by combining medical image processing, mathematical analysis, and artificial intelligence. Multidisciplinary Computational Anatomy (MCA) offers an advanced diagnosis and therapeutic navigation system to help detect or predict human health problems from the micro-level to macro-level using a four-dimensional, dynamic approach to human anatomy: space, time, function, and pathology. Applying this dynamic and "living" approach in the clinical setting will promote better planning for - and more accurate, effective, and safe implementation of - medical management. Multidisciplinary Computational Anatomy will appeal not only to clinicians but also to a wide readership in various scientific fields such as basic science, engineering, image processing, and biomedical engineering. All chapters were written by respected specialists and feature abundant color illustrations. Moreover, the findings presented here share new insights into unresolved issues in the diagnosis and treatment of disease, and into the healthy human body.

See how to achieve stronger starts, more explosive turns, and faster times "Swimming Anatomy" will show you how to improve your performance by increasing muscle strength and optimizing the efficiency of every stroke.

"Swimming Anatomy" includes 74 of the most effective swimming exercises, each with step-by-step descriptions and full-color anatomical illustrations highlighting the primary muscles in action.

"Swimming Anatomy" goes beyond exercises by placing you on the starting block, in the water, and into the throes of competition. Illustrations of the active muscles for starts, turns, and the four competitive strokes (freestyle, breaststroke, butterfly, and backstroke) show you how each exercise is fundamentally linked to swimming performance.

You'll also learn how exercises can be modified to target specific areas, improve your form in the water, and minimize common swimming injuries. Best of all, you'll learn how to put it all together to develop a training program based on your individual needs and goals.

Whether you are training for a 50-meter freestyle race or the open-water stage of a triathlon, "Swimming Anatomy" will ensure you enter the water prepared to achieve every performance goal.

Systematics has developed rapidly during the past two decades. A multitude of new methods and contributions from a diversity of biological fields including molecular genetics and developmental biology have provided a wealth of phylogenetic hypotheses, some confirming traditional views others contradicting them. Despite such inconsistencies, it is now possible to recognize robust regions of a 'tree of life' and also to identify problematic areas which have yet to be resolved. This is the first book to apply the current state of phylogeny to an evolutionary interpretation of animal organ systems and body architecture, providing alternative theories in those cases of continuing controversy.
Organs do not appear suddenly during evolution; instead they are composed of far simpler structures. In some cases it is even possible to trace particular molecules or physiological pathways as far back as pre-animal history. What emerges is a fascinating picture, showing how animals have combined ancestral and new elements in novel ways to form constantly changing responses to environmental requirements.
The Evolution of Organ Systems starts with a general overview of current animal phylogeny, followed by review of general body organization including symmetry, anteroposterior axis, dorsoventral axis, germ layers, segmentation, and skeletons. Subsequent chapters then provide a detailed description of the individual organ systems themselves - integument, musculature, nervous system, sensory organs, body cavities, excretory system, circulatory system, respiratory system, intestinal system, gonads and gametes. Generously illustrated throughout, this accessible text is suitable for both upper levelundergraduate and graduate students taking courses in animal evolution, organogenesis, animal anatomy, zoology and systematics. It will also be a valuable reference tool for those professional researchers in these fields requiring an authoritative, balanced and up-to-date overview of the topic.

A tiny scrap of genetic information determines our sex; it also consigns many of us to a life of disease, directs or disrupts the everyday working of our bodies, and forces women to live as genetic chimeras. The culprit--so necessary and yet the source of such upheaval--is the X chromosome, and this is its story. An enlightening and entertaining tour of the cultural and natural history of this intriguing member of the genome, "The X in Sex" traces the journey toward our current understanding of the nature of X. From its chance discovery in the nineteenth century to the promise and implications of ongoing research, David Bainbridge shows how the X evolved and where it and its counterpart Y are going, how it helps assign developing human babies their sex--and maybe even their sexuality--and how it affects our lives in infinitely complex and subtle ways. X offers cures for disease, challenges our cultural, ethical, and scientific assumptions about maleness and femaleness, and has even reshaped our views of human evolution and human nature.

Clinically focused, consistently and clearly illustrated, and logically organized, Gray's Atlas of Anatomy, the companion resource to the popular Gray's Anatomy for Students, presents a vivid, visual depiction of anatomical structures. Stunning illustrations demonstrate the correlation of structures with clinical images and surface anatomy - essential for proper identification in the dissection lab and successful preparation for course exams. Build on your existing anatomy knowledge with structures presented from a superficial to deep orientation, representing a logical progression through the body. Identify the various anatomical structures of the body and better understand their relationships to each other with the visual guidance of nearly 1,000 exquisitely illustrated anatomical figures. Visualize the clinical correlation between anatomical structures and surface landmarks with surface anatomy photographs overlaid with anatomical drawings. Recognize anatomical structures as they present in practice through more than 270 clinical images - including laparoscopic, radiologic, surgical, ophthalmoscopic, otoscopic, and other clinical views - placed adjacent to anatomic artwork for side-by-side comparison. Gain a more complete understanding of the inguinal region in women through a brand-new, large-format illustration, as well as new imaging figures that reflect anatomy as viewed in the modern clinical setting. Enhanced eBook version included with purchase. Your enhanced eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices - as well as dissection videos and self-assessment questions and answers.

This updated edition collects cutting-edge techniques used to study neural stem and progenitor cells as well as the brain microenvironment. Featuring a wide range of technological advances in the study of neural stem cells, the volume highlights the promises of stem cell-based therapeutic applications for central nervous system ailments. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Neural Progenitor Cells: Methods and Protocols, Second Edition serves as an invaluable resource for the next generation of neuroscientists as they develop innovative experimental paradigms and progress toward therapeutic applications in the field of neurobiology.

This monograph offers a cross-system exchange and cross-modality investigation into brain-heart interplay. Brain-Heart Interplay (BHI) is a highly interdisciplinary scientific topic, which spreads from the physiology of the Central/Autonomous Nervous Systems, especially Central Autonomic Network, to advanced signal processing and modeling for its activity quantification. Motivated by clinical evidence and supported by recent findings in neurophysiology, this monograph first explores the definition of basic Brain-Heart Interplay quantifiers, and then moves onto advanced methods for the assessment of health and disease states. Non-invasive use of brain monitoring techniques, including electroencephalogram and function Magnetic Resonance Imaging, will be described together with heartbeat dynamics monitoring through pulseoximeter and ECG signals. The audience of this book comprises especially of biomedical engineers and medical doctors with expertise in statistics and/or signal processing. Researchers in the fields of cardiology, neurology, psychiatry, and neuroscience in general may be interested as well.

In Skeleton Keys: An Introduction to Human Skeletal Morphology, Development, and Analysis, Second Edition, Jeffrey H. Schwartz presents a detailed yet highly accessible introduction to the study of the human skeleton. This unique volume examines the skeleton from its developmental basis to the expression of individual variation. It reviews a variety of different approaches used to determine an individual's sex, age, and pathological history and challenges readers to think critically about how to analyze a human skeleton rather than learning formulas for quick results. An ideal text for courses in human osteology, skeletal analysis, and bioarchaeology, this book is also a helpful reference for professionals.
Thoroughly revised and updated, the second edition of Skeleton Keys features:
* A unique CD-ROM containing hundreds of color images of skeletons and skeletal elements--demonstrating morphology, pathology, and nonmetric variation--that can be used as classroom projections or for individual study
* Coverage of the most recent developments in the field, including the molecular regulation of bone and tooth formation
* Expanded studies in each area of analysis: sex, age, nonmetric variation, pathology, biodistance and bioarchaeology, and stable isotope analysis
* Additional photographic images, especially in the pathology and sexing chapters
* Two separate and extensively illustrated chapters on the skull, one dealing with articulated elements and one with isolated bones (these topics were covered in one chapter in the first edition)
* Integration of material--such as anthropometric landmarks--from appendices in the previous edition into relevant chapters astables
* More accessible language throughout and an extensive glossary

This edited book explores the use of technology to enable us to visualise the life sciences in a more meaningful and engaging way. It will enable those interested in visualisation techniques to gain a better understanding of the applications that can be used in visualisation, imaging and analysis, education, engagement and training. The reader will also be able to learn about the use of visualisation techniques and technologies for the historical and forensic settings. The reader will be able to explore the utilisation of technologies from a number of fields to enable an engaging and meaningful visual representation of the biomedical sciences. The chapters presented in this volume cover such a diverse range of topics, with something for everyone. We present here chapters on technology enhanced learning in neuroanatomy; 3D printing and surgical planning; changes in higher education utilising technology, decolonising the curriculum and visual representations of the human body in education. We also showcase how not to use protective personal equipment inspired by the pandemic; anatomical and historical visualisation of obstetrics and gynaecology; 3D modelling of carpal bones and augmented reality for arachnid phobias for public engagement. In addition, we also present face modelling for surgical education in a multidisciplinary setting, military medical museum 3D digitising of historical pathology specimens and finally computational fluid dynamics.

A hands-on tool for medical students, Neuroanatomy Basics: A Clinical Guide covers key basic neuroanatomy material and the most important clinical correlations that a medical student is required to know. The book's style is simple and features an array of figures/illustrations that will show the student what he/she has just studied. It will follow a breadcrumbs approach that relies heavily on images/figures. Relying on photographic memory is quite helpful in grasping 'dry and rigid' neuroanatomy concepts; hence, the large number of figures contained in the book. Students will not have to refer to an atlas or other references in order to grasp the book's concepts. The peculiar order of sections will guide the student through the sequence of events/anatomical structures back and forth from cellular to structural levels, depending on the stimulus and response.