This image-rich book explores the practice as well as the theory of visual representation and presents us with the importance of designing appropriate images for communication to specific target audiences. This includes the appropriate choice of high-tech digital or low-tech analogue technologies in image-making for communication within the medical education, biological research and community health contexts. We hear from medical students about the value of using clay modelling in their understanding of anatomy, from educators and curriculum designers about visual affordances in medical education and from a community-driven project in South Africa about their innovative use of locally designed images and culture-specific narratives for communicating important health information to marginalised communities. A chapter explores the evolution of scientific visualisation and representation of big data to a variety of audiences, and another presents the innovative 3D construction of internal cellular structures from microscopic 2D slices. As we embrace blended learning in anatomy education, a timely chapter prompts us to think further about and contribute to the ongoing discourse around important ethical considerations in the use and sharing of digital images of body donors. This book will appeal to educators, medical illustrators, curriculum designers, post-graduate students, community health practitioners and biomedical researchers.

In his writings Blechschmidt consistently accessed and described the subject of human embryology from the viewpoint of biodynamic metabolic fields and focuses his attention on the question: How does human form arise? Blechschmidt wrote and published exclusively in German. It was mostly through a German/English bi-lingual volume published by Karger ("The Stages of Human Development Before Birth", 1960) and an exceptional cooperation with his co-author R. F. Gasser ("Biokinetics and Biodynamics of Human Differentiation", 1978), that his work became partly available to an international English speaking audience. "The Beginnings of Human Life" (1977) was written primarily for the general public, but is no longer in print. The publication of Brian Freeman's translation of "The Ontogenetic Basis of Human Anatomy" (2004), contributed to a growing interest in Blechschmidt's ideas. Slowly osteopaths, Structural Integrators, cranial practitioners and other therapists began to appreciate his work. The books mentioned above offer both a general and comprehensive access to the morphological cosmos described by Blechschmidt but, unfortunately, they are only partly available at the moment. However, there are a number of unnoticed scientific articles already translated into English that offer a more detailed and deeper, specific insight into this elaborate universe of shape and form. The book you have here is a compilation of a number of those individual articles.

First published in 1936, as the second edition of 1933 original, this book was written to provide a radiological study of the digestive tract's anatomy, physiology and pathology. Illustrative figures, detailed appendices and a bibliography are also included. This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in anatomy, physiology and the history of medicine.

Designed to make learning more interesting and clinically meaningful, Netter's Concise Radiologic Anatomy matches radiologic images?from MR and ultrasound to CT and advanced imaging reconstructions?to the exquisite artwork of master medical illustrator Frank H. Netter, MD. As a companion to the bestselling Netter's Atlas of Human Anatomy, this updated medical textbook begins with the anatomy and matches radiologic images to the anatomic images; the result is a concise, visual guide that shows how advanced diagnostic imaging is an amazing "dissection tool" for viewing human anatomy in the living patient! View direct, at-a-glance comparisons between idealized anatomic illustrations and real-life medicine with side-by-side radiology examples of normal anatomy and common variants with corresponding anatomy illustrations. Improve upon your knowledge with a brief background in basic radiology, including reconstructions and a list of common abbreviations for the images presented. Broaden your visual comprehension with the help of 30 brand-new ultrasound images. Access the complete contents online at Student Consult. NEW to this UPDATED EDITION: Cross-referenced to the 7th Edition Netter/Atlas of Human Anatomy

The accuracy with which clinicians can locate nerves and blood vessels has increased greatly with the development of portable handheld ultrasound scanners, and no specialty has felt the benefit more than anesthesia. This practical atlas of ultrasound anatomy addresses the two main challenges for anyone learning ultrasound-guided techniques: 1. Where do I place the probe? 2. What exactly am I looking at? Each nerve block or vascular access site is illustrated with: * An anatomical line illustration * A clinical photograph showing the correct ultrasound probe position * The ultrasound scan * A line illustration of the scan labelled to indicate the salient anatomical features All relevant anatomic regions are included: upper limb, lower limb, neck, thorax and abdomen. Concise notes for each entry indicate scan landmarks and give useful tips and advice on potential complications. Sonoanatomy for Anesthetists is an essential resource for anesthetists, intensivists and chronic pain specialists.

Written in a clear, reader-friendly style, Speech Science Primer serves as an introduction to speech science and covers basic information on acoustics, the acoustic analysis of speech, speech anatomy and physiology, and speech perception. It also includes topics such as research methodology, speech motor control, and history/evolution of speech science. With its reader-friendly content and valuable online resources, Speech Science Primer: Physiology, Acoustics, and Perception of Speech, Sixth Edition is an ideal text for beginning speech pathology and audiology students and faculty.

A Photographic Atlas for Anatomy & Physiology is a new visual lab study tool that helps students learn and identify key anatomical structures. Featuring photos from Practice Anatomy Lab (TM) 3.0 and other sources, the Atlas includes over 250 cadaver dissection photos, histology photomicrographs, and cat dissection photos plus over 50 photos of anatomical models from leading manufacturers such as 3B Scientific (R), SOMSO (R), and Denoyer-Geppert Science Company. The Atlas is composed of 13 chapters, organized by body system, and includes a final chapter with cat dissection photos. In each chapter, students will first explore gross anatomy, as seen on cadavers and anatomical models, and then conclude with relevant histological images.

Stephen G. Gilbert adds to his acclaimed series of dissection guides with Pictorial Anatomy of the Fetal Pig. Through his book on fetal pig anatomy, Stephen G. Gilbert begins to explain the important differences of warm and cold-blooded animals. He treats his guide as a tool to further understand explanations of fetal pig form and function; and how the internal environment (the biological systems inside the animal) interacts with the external environment. Gilbert uses this guide not only to teach anatomy, but also to give a sufficient vocabulary to students so they can use it to explain biological processes of the organism. In detailed, elaborate drawings of the various biological systems of the fetal pig, instructors are able to point out anatomical features that cannot be dissected in detail by the learning student. Nor is any student of pig anatomy left without a sufficient means to know and communicate the layers of fetal pig form.

The third and previous two volumes offer the scientific community the works and thoughts of Santiago Ramn y Cajal by the faithful rendition of the original Spanish version of the Texture of the Nervous System of Man and the Vertebrates (1899-1904), with additional facts contained in the French translation (1909-1911). These non-English versions are being quoted an average of 200 times yearly in the scientific literature. The collection will represent the "definitive Cajal" to be used by scientists and scholars interested in the original thoughts of probably the most prominent neuroscientist of all time.

The aging process, like most (all?) things in the universe, is a puzzle. It is such a fundamental occurrence, common to all living things, that it ironically may be the most complicated and perplexing puzzle to solve. There are, of course, puzzles sufficient in number to occupy all the scientists and philosophers who have ever lived a thousand times over. Yet what other phenomenon affects everyone of us as much as growing old? Curiosity about the ubiquity of aging as a phenomenon, boosted perhaps by an only natural fear of that same phenomenon as an undeniable manifes tation of our own mortality, has led to the compilation of data on the aging process, which have accumulated as rapidly as the elderly who might benefit from those data. Most of the scientific data on the biology of aging are at the biochemical and physiological levels, while comparatively little information has been avail able at the anatomical level. Because of this, a two-volume set called Aging and Cell Structure was conceived, the first volume having been published in 1981 and the second volume being published concurrently with the present one on cell function. The emphasis on training of scientists and other individuals in advanced education has, during past decades, been one of increased specialization. Not merely do we specialize in physiology, anatomy, zoology, or literature, but in glomerular filtration, synaptic junctions, tree frogs of Brazil, or English poetry of the nineteenth century."

The term cytoskeleton in muscle and nonmuscle cells refers to fibrous proteins that are directly or indirectly associated with cell shape, contractility, and/or motility. These cytoskeletal elements include microtubules and associated proteins, microfilaments and their binding proteins, and lastly, intermediate filaments. Even though the structure and function of myosin and tro- pomyosin have been extensively investigated in muscle ceIls, considerably less is known about their functions in nonmuscle ceIls; they are often referred to generically as actin-binding proteins, as are a-actinin, filamin, vinculin, and others. Indeed, most nonmuscle researchers are unaware that the term intermedi- ate filament was derived from the observation that the diameter of intermedi- ate filaments is intermediate between those of actin (5 nm) and myosin (15 nm) and not intermediate between those of actin (5 nm) and microtubules (25 nm). It has therefore been the purpose of this series to attempt to bridge the communication gap that appears to exist between muscle and nonmuscle researchers. For those students and active scientists who are faced with the task of absorbing new data and concepts at an ever-accelerating rate, review essays are an excellent way to keep up. The essays in this volume, as weIl as in the previous ones, focus on topics of current interest. They are intended to be critical rather than exhaustive.

This book is a collection of some of the papers presented at the EMBO Lecture Course on "Lymphocyte stimulation: differential sensitivity to radiation; biochemical and immunological properties." The Course was organized with the aim of fostering interactions between photoradiobiologists and immunologists interested in the problem of DNA damage and repair studied at the lymphocyte level. The papers presented in this book are mainly centered on the problem of radiation sensitivity of lymphocytes in relation to DNA repair phenomena. The radiation biology of human lymphocytes is dominated by two phenomena: (a) high radiosensitivity of lymphocytes which die in interphase (b) PHA-induced relative radioresistance of those cells which, after stimulation, escape the interphase death and eventually die in mitosis. These phenomena constitute a good system to study some of the factors which control the response of human cells to irradiation. In addition it is possible to correlate the development of the relative radioresistance in PHA-stimulated lymphocytes with the biochemical changes connected with the transformation processes. The papers presented in this book constitute a real contribution to the scientific knowledge in this field of research and suggest that lymphocytes could be a very interesting test material useful for measuring the DNA repair capability of human cells to furnish an indication of individual radiosensitivity in man.

This book is in many ways a sequel to The Biochemistry ojGlycoproteins and Proteoglycans. The enormous recent progress in understanding the biological roles of glycoproteins has prompted the present volume. The reasons for studying glycoproteins have multiplied, and in the present volume the roles played by glycoproteins are explored in a variety of biological situations. The first two chapters describe molecules involved in cell-substratum and cell-cell interactions in a broad sense, and also focus on recent progress in identifying specific attachment molecules. Our understanding of how normal processes, such as cellular differentiation and tissue organization, are regulated is dependent on understanding how cells interact with the extracellular matrix. When these processes go awry the consequences can be tragic, for example, when manifest as birth de fects and cancer. Our ability to devise appropriate therapies is in many cases limited by our understanding of such cell-matrix interactions. The third chapter explores the roles by glycoproteins during early mammalian development. The carbohydrate portions c1early play very important roles in presenting information during early embryogenesis, and an unusual tumor stern cell, the embryonal carcinoma, looks very promising in pro viding an experimental system for understanding how the expression of these complex carbohydrate determinants is regulated. The next three chapters explore the biology of glycoproteins in distinct situations: in the immune system, in the nervous system, and during erythropoiesis."

For the beginner or for the accomplished sinus surgeon, mastering the anatomy of the lateral nasal wall is an ongoing challenge. Even though there are excellent standard anatomical references and equally outstanding sinus courses with cadaver dissection, a reference depicting the surgical anatomy is needed. A step-by-step surgical approach on the anterior nasal spine to the anterior wall of the sphenoid is presented. The sinus surgeon is confronted with a wide range of different spaces created by the ethmoid bone. No other bone in the human body has so many anatomical variations. Four critical anatomical structures are emphasized as the foundation for a precise approach to surgery of the maxillary, anterior ethmoid, frontal, and posterior ethmoid sinuses. The goal of this book is to meet the tremendous challenge of offering an anatomical approach which will serve the sinus surgeon of every level of experience and expertise.

Epithelial cells are present in many different tissues in the body, and possess a diverse number of functional properties. However, all epithelial cells share some common characteristics. The cells possess a morphological polarity (an-apical and basolateral surface), and are interconnected by tight junctions. The epithelial cells also possess the capacity to transport select solutes across the monolayer. Transport systems localized on either the apical or basolateral surface are respon sible for this vectorial transport. Such characteristics of epithelial cells can be examined in the tissue culture situation. This volume discusses the use of cell culture techniques to study these fundamental properties of epithelial cells. Ma jor questions concerning epithelia which may be examined in culture are ad dressed. The approaches which are taken to answer these questions are described in detail with regards to kidney cell cultures. Similar investigations may be done with epithelial cell cultures derived from other tissues, following the kidney cell culture paradigm."

Ion channels allow us to see nature in all its magnificence, to hear a Bach suite, to smell the aroma of grandmother's cooking, and, in this regard, they put us in contact with the external world. These ion channels are protein molecules located in the cell membrane. In complex organisms, cells need to communicate in order to know about their metabolic status and to act in a coordinate manner. The latter is also accomplished by a class of ion channels able to pierce the lipid bilayer membranes of two adjacent cells. These intercellular channels are the functional subunits of gap junctions. Accordingly, the book is divided in two parts: the first part is dedicated to ion channels that look to the external world, and the second part is dedicated to gap junctions found at cell interfaces. This book is based on a series of symposia for a meeting on ion channels and gap junctions held in Santiago, Chile, on November 28-30, 1995. The book should be useful to graduate students taking the first steps in this field as well as a reference for the aficionado. The aim of the meeting was mainly to show the impact of various modern techniques, including cell biology, molecular biology, biophysics, and molecular genetics techniques in the study of these ubiquitous intrinsic membrane proteins. Molecular-genetics techniques paved the road to the manipulation of the channel forming molecules.

This volume contains papers that were presented and discussed at The 1996 Interna tional Symposium on Programmed Cell Death, which was held in the Shanghai Science Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences on September 8-12, 1996. Apoptosis has attracted great attention in the past several years. This is reflected in part by the exponential increase in the number of papers published on the subject. While several major scientific conferences have been held in recent years, this meeting repre sents the first major international scientific meeting on programmed cell death held in Asia, where fast economic growth promises a bright future for both basic and applied re search in biomedical sciences. We organized the meeting with the belief that such a gath ering would foster a closer interaction between scientists from the West and those in Asia. Research on programmed cell death has expanded so extensively that no one meet ing can cover all the important subjects related to apoptosis. The Shanghai meeting fo cused on several key areas ranging from well-established ones, such as cell death in the immune system, to emerging ones, such as the role ofECM in regUlating cell fate. Specifi cally, the subjects presented and discussed included programmed cell death during devel opment, the regulation and biochemical mechanisms of lymphocyte apoptosis, the involvement of extracellular matrix and its remodeling in programmed cell death, genes that cause or prevent cell death, and the application of apoptosis toward cancer therapy."

The study ofanthropoid origins continues to be a lightning rod for research in paleoanthropology. Issuessurrounding anthropoid origins impact the higher leveltaxonomy ofprimates, adaptivescenariosfor basalprimate radiations, and the timing of origination of the major primate clades. Basic questions about anthropoid evolution remain unanswered. Where do anthropoids fit phyloge- netically among primates? Where and when did the group originate? What functional and adaptive innovations characterize anthropoids today and what is the adaptive significanceand phylogenetic history ofthese innovations? The fossil record of early anthropoid evolution has greatly improved in recent years. Developments in systematictechniques and theory, as well as the burgeoning molecular evidence, make this an ideal time for these fossil discoveries to be placed in the context of data on the relationships among living primates. There isan improved understandingoffunction and adaptation in the visual system, brain, and masticatory apparatus, key anatomical systems where anthropoid synapomorphies are concentrated. New methods for estimating visualacuity and activitypatterns in fossil primates are providing insights into the evolution ofthe visualsystem. The rapid accumulation ofinformation on color vision in primates, including new genetic evidence of possible trichro- macyin strepsirrhines, and new behavioraldata on the benefitsofcolor vision, makes this an exciting time to evaluate the role of chromatic perception in anthropoid evolution. Research into the primate visualsystem by neuroscien- tists has generated a plethoraofimportant data in recent years, making this an ideal time to bring these researchers together with anthropologists.

Biomechanics of the Brain will present an introduction to brain anatomy for engineers and scientists. Experimental techniques such as brain imaging and brain tissue mechanical property measurement will be discussed, as well as computational methods for neuroimage analysis and modeling of brain deformations due to impacts and neurosurgical interventions. Brain trauma between the different sexes will be analyzed. Applications will include prevention and diagnosis of traumatic injuries, such as shaken baby syndrome, neurosurgical simulation and neurosurgical guidance, as well as brain structural disease modeling for diagnosis and prognosis. This book will be the first book on brain biomechanics. It will provide a comprehensive source of information on this important field for students, researchers, and medical professionals in the fields of computer-aided neurosurgery, head injury, and basic biomechanics.

To create a forum for scientists and clinicians interested in degenerative retinal diseases, we began in 1984 to organize a biennial symposium on Retinal Degeneration as a satellite meeting of the International Congress of Eye Research. The timing and varying location of these meetings provides an important assembly for investigators from throughout the world to convene for presentation of their new findings on the causes and potential therapies for degenerative retinal disorders. The VIII International Symposium on Retinal Degeneration was held from July 28-25, 1998, at the Hotel Vier Jahreszeiten in Schluchsee, a small town in the Black Forest of southwestern Germany. Most of the participants in this meeting contributed to this volume, and we are appreciative of the efforts of each author in making this publication possible. The research presented at the meeting, and described in this proceedings volume, reflects a strong emphasis on the molecular genetic approach to understa- ing these disorders. Several of the papers provide important new insights into the mechanism of photoreceptor degeneration and cell death. A number of the studies are targeted at retarding or reversing the degeneration process. Included for the first time are presentations from all the principal laboratories involved in the field of visual prostheses-implant (chip) technology-in which investigations are targeted at restoring vision in eyes that have lost photoreceptor cells. A variety of diagnostic, clinical, histopathological, and physiological assessments of retinal degeneration in patients are also included.

It is a strange fact that many modern cell biochemists have a keen interest in biosynthetic processes, such as protein and nucleic biosynthesis or organelle biogenesis, but tend to regard degradative processes merely as irritating reactions that disrupt the flow of synthetic reactions. Historically, the elucidation of catabolic pathways preceded that of anabolic pathways, so that there is also a tendency to regard work on proteases, phospholipases, nucleases, etc., as somewhat "old-fashioned. " It is the great contribution of Professor Luzikov's book to show that, at least in the case of mito- chondrial research, the separation of studies on anabolic and cata- bolic processes has been very harmful. In an extremely erudite and measured way, the author carefully develops the argument that we can only understand mitochondrial biogenesis fully if we take into account the role of degradative processes. The action of lytic enzymes is shown not to be a random affair, but rather a process that is fully integrated into the process of mitochondrial assembly. A second important contribution of this book is the fact that it contains a masterly review of the fundamental literature on mitochon- drial structure, function, breakdown and synthesis presented in an integrated and logical manner.

Anatomy for Dental Students, Fourth Edition, demonstrates and explains all the anatomy needed for a modern dentistry undergraduate course. This text covers developmental anatomy, the thorax, the central nervous system, and the head and neck with an emphasis on the practical application of anatomical knowledge. This new edition has been extensively revised and updated in line with contemporary teaching and dental practice. Over 300 new full colour diagrams map all the anatomical regions that dental students need to know, while the lively and accessible text guides the reader's learning. Throughout Clinical Application Boxes demonstrate how the form and function of anatomy have consequences for clinical practice. Side-lines boxes contain additional descriptions for key anatomical structures. This text is supported by an Online Resource Centre with multiple choice questions, drag and drop figure exercises, and links to key resources to help readers to consolidate and extend their knowledge of anatomy. Anatomy for Dental Students brings together anatomical structure, function, and their relationship to clinical practice, making ideal for today's dental students.

Venous valves rank among the smallest and most delicate organs of the human and animal bodies - so why devote an entire book to them? We were induced to do so by several reasons. First of all we would point out the clinical significance of venous valves. In the pathogenesis of a number of widespread diseases, such as varicose veins or the post-thrombotic syndrome, venous valves are involved as the underlying cause or at least a factor contributory to the symptoms. According to Taheri et al. these venous diseases occur ten times more frequently than arterial obliterations. Incompetence of venous valves also plays a causal role in varicocele, the most frequent cause of male infertility. But not only pathogenetic reasons induced us to write this book. In more recent times there has been a growing tendency to reconstruct functional valve disorders therapeutically; several surgical methods have been developed, which are critically reviewed in this book. It was our aim to sum up existing knowledge with respect to structure and function of venous valves and to expand that knowl edge by findings of our own. Examinations of semi-thin sections and unilayered en-face preparations have hardly been published so far, and systematic studies of the ultrastructure by electron-microscopy were not to be found in the literature. We are very grateful, therefore, to Dr. Silvana Geleff for having undertaken such a study upon our suggestion."

This full-color atlas is packaged with every new copy of the text, and includes 107 bone and 47 cadaver photographs with easy-to-read labels. This edition of the atlas contains a comprehensive histology photomicrograph section featuring over 50 slides of basic tissue and organ systems. Featuring photos taken by renowned biomedical photographer Ralph Hutchings, this high-quality photographic atlas makes an excellent resource for the classroom and laboratory, and is referenced in appropriate figure legends throughout the text.