A vascular system consists of a supplying arterial and a draining venous part which are connected by a terminal vascular network. The arterial segment can be characterized according to the structural features of the vessel wall. However, it is sometimes diffi- cult to distinguish the capillary from the postcapillary vessels on the basis of structural features alone. On the other hand, physiologic qualities such as permeability can hard- ly be associated with an equivalent histologic pattern of the vessel wall (lllig 1961; Rhodin 1967, 1968; Hauck 1971; Westergaard 1974). A defmition of a vascular seg- ment based on biologic significance should combine morphological and functional qualities of the vessel walls. During the ontogeny of the mammalian organism a variety of vascular patterns (e. g. , distribution of arteries and veins, arrangement of the capillaries) has been formed typical of each organ (Wolff et al. 1975; Baez 1977). The capillaries connect the feed- ing arterioles and the collecting venules in two different ways according to the branch- ing pattern of the terminal vessels (Hauck 1975, Wolff et al. , 1975). The arterioles and venules are directly connected by capillary segments. Consequently a terminal vessel called arteriovenous (a-v) capillary results, or a closely meshed capillary network is de- veloped which connects arterioles and venules by a variable number of small capillary branches arranged parallel to the preexisting a-v capillary.

In the past decennia nonhuman primates have been increasingly used for research purposes in various scientific fields. Much interest has been focused on this group of animals in general and on the rhesus monkey in particular because of its close phylo genetic relationship with man. In some fields of research, however, such as embryology and microscopic anatomy, much less attention has been paid to nonhuman primates, probably because of the expense involved in the collection of the extensive material needed. On the other hand, teratological and experimental embryologic studies must be based upon a thorough knowledge of the normal ontogenesis since only in that way can a reliable distinction be made between normal and abnormal or induced develop ment. Each ontogenetic study essentially consists of a comparison of different deve lopmental stages. In most reports dealing with the development of individual organs or their subunits the material used is classified according to the estimated age or the length of the embryos. These criteria, however, are not valid, since considerable varia tion in developmental stage occurs between animals of the same age even between littermates and between animals of the same length. Therefore a method is needed for assigning embryos to successive developmental stages that are defmed on the basis of extemal and internal characteristics. This type of classification was elaborated by Stree ter (1942, 1945, 1948,1951), who arranged human embryos into developmental hori zons numbered XI through XXIII."

Wilhelm His, one of the founders of developmental neurobiology, was convinced "that the processes of generation and development obey fundamental and simple laws and submit to the general laws of nature" (His 1901). Therefore, we should be able to find immediate conditions, dependencies and rules determining the de velopment of an organic form. With this in mind, His (1874) defined the task of embryology as follows: "Developmental biology is essentially a physiological science; it has not only to describe how each individual form develops from the egg, it has to derive this development in such a way that each developmental stage together with all its specialities appears as a necessary consequence of the immediately pre ceding stage . . . Only if developmental biology has given a perfect physiological deriva tion for any given form, has it the right to say that it has explained this individual form. " The ultimate aim of a physiological derivation would be that laws of growth valid for organic ,beings can be expressed as mathematical formulae (His 1874). To exemplify this, he formulated a universal and purely formal law of growth in mathematical terms making the comment: "I now suggest that the body form follows immediately from germinal growth and can be derived from the given germinal form according to the laws of growth. My interest is, therefore, firstly to detect the law of growth empirically and secondly to derive consecutive forms of the developing or ganism by applying this law.

Anatomy to most people is a subject which suggests the cutting up of dead bodies (the word literally means cutting up). In addition it is generally known that Vesalius published a book in 1543 in which much of the human body was described in detail and more or less accurately. A subject which is dead and ancient fre quently has little appeal especially if it appears to involve learning a large amount of factual information. For many years anatomy has had to struggle with these disadvantages and at times one has had the impression that there is almost a conspiracy on the part of everyone to suggest that anatomy is unnecessary. There is no doubt, however that a knowledge of the structures of the body, for that is what anatomy is, whether it is what can be seen with the naked eye or with different kinds of microscope, is an essential preliminary and corollary to the understanding of the functions of the body. It was no historical accident that Vesalius, the anatomist, preceded Harvey, the physiologist. No apology need be made for trying to present the basic facts of anatomy to anyone interested in the human body and to members of any profession which will have to cope with the physical and mental problems of children, men and women in health and in sickness. It is not intended that the reader should know every thing contained in this book."

Remarkable atlas provides exceptionally detailed, clinically relevant anatomic knowledge! Thieme Atlas of Anatomy: Head, Neck, and Neuroanatomy, Third Edition, Latin Nomenclature, by renowned educators Michael Schuenke, Erik Schulte, and Udo Schumacher, along with consulting editors Cristian Stefan and Hugo Zeberg, expands on prior editions with hundreds of new images and significant updates to the neuroanatomy content. Head and neck sections encompass the bones, ligaments, joints, muscles, lymphatic system, organs, related neurovascular structures, and topographical and sectional anatomy. The neuroanatomy section covers the histology of nerve and glial cells and autonomic nervous system, then delineates different areas of the brain and spinal cord, followed by sectional anatomy and functional systems. The final section features a glossary and expanded CNS synopses, featuring six new topics, from neurovascular structures of the nose to the pharynx. Key Features Labels and anatomic terminology are in Latin nomenclature Nearly 1,800 images including extraordinarily realistic illustrations by Markus Voll and Karl Wesker, photographs, diagrams, tables, and succinct clinical applications make this the perfect study and teaching resource Expanded clinical references include illustrated summary tables and synopses of motor and sensory pathways Neuroanatomy additions include an in-depth overview and content focused on functional circuitry and pathways Online images with "labels-on and labels-off" capability are ideal for review and self-testing This visually stunning atlas is an essential companion for medical students or residents interested in pursuing head and neck subspecialties or furthering their knowledge of neuroanatomy. It will also benefit dental and physical therapy students, as well as physicians and physical therapists seeking an image-rich clinical resource to consult in practice. The THIEME Atlas of Anatomy series also includes two additional volumes, General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System and Internal Organs. All volumes of the THIEME Atlas of Anatomy series are available in softcover English/International nomenclature and in hardcover with Latin nomenclature. This book includes complimentary access to a digital copy on https://medone.thieme.com.

Although a human embryo possesses so much grace that the untutored spectator can only admire it in awe, this minute and humble embryo is still almost unknown to many. For some, it seems to belong to the animal kingdom only; others see in it man in his most primordial and elementary aspect. The early life of man thus has become a problem. The development of man as individual (individual development) begins with fertilization. The following pages, therefore, concentrate above all on the develop- ment from the ovum to the embryo. The description given below of the ontogenesis of the human embryo and its early functions has been completely documented by our human-embryological collection. Numerous original pho- tographs and systematically revised drawings were pub- lished in 1973 under the title Die praenatalen Organsys- teme des Menschen (The Prenatal Organ Systems of Man); the supplementary scientific commentaries were published in 1977 in Biokinetics and Biodynamics of Human Differentiations. A complete series of portrait illustrations is located at the Science Centre in Toronto, Canada.

Gastroenterologists require detailed knowledge regarding the anatomy of the GI system in order to understand the disturbances caused by diseases they diagnose and treat. Gastrointestinal Anatomy and Physiology will bring together the world s leading names to present a comprehensive overview of the anatomical and physiological features of the gastrointestinal tract. Full colour and with excellent anatomical and clinical figures throughout, it will provide succinct, authoritative and didactic anatomic and physiologic information on all the key areas, including GI motility, hepatic structure, GI hormones, gastric secretion and absorption of nutrients. GI trainees will enjoy the self-assessment MCQs, written to the level they will encounter during their Board exams, and the seasoned gastroenterologist will value it as a handy reference book and refresher for re-certification exams

The cat has been used as a subject for dissection in the study of mammalian anatomy for almost two centuries. The very popular Pictorial Anatomy of the Cat by Stephen G. Gilbert, originally published in 1967 and now in its 12th printing, has been used in countless laboratories as a guide to dissection and supplement to introductory textbooks. Outline of Cat Anatomy is an abridged version of the original guide, modified for practical use in one-semester courses. It employs anatomical terms used in human rather than veterinary anatomy and includes illustrations of human anatomy that may be compared with those of the cat, especially useful for the many students who do not have access to human dissections. Gilbert's earlier Pictorial Anatomy of the Cat is "an excellent, well-illustrated dissection guide for use in courses in comparative anatomy. The text is informative and accurate, and instructions for dissection are clear and helpful. . . . Highly recommended." -Choice

Principles of Anatomy according to the Opinion of Galen is a translation of Johann Guinter's textbook as revised and annotated by Guinter's student, Andreas Vesalius, in 1538. Despite Vesalius' fame as an anatomist, his 1538 revision has attracted almost no attention. However, this new translation shows the significant rewrites and additional information added to the original based on his own dissections. 250 newly discovered annotations by Vesalius himself, published here in full for the first time, also show his working methods and ideas. Together they offer remarkable insights into Vesalius' intellectual biography and the development of his most famous work: De humani corporis fabrica, 1543. An extensive introduction by Vivian Nutton also provides new information on Johann Guinter, and his substantial use of Vesalius' work for his own revised version of the text in 1539. Their joint production, a student textbook, is set against a background of the development of Renaissance anatomy, and of attitudes to their ancient Greek predecessor, Galen of Pergamum. This text will be of great interest to historians of science and medicine, as well as to Renaissance scholars.

According to the classical theory of functional structure of bone which was developed by J. Wolff (1884, 1892) and W. Roux (1895) following the investigations of the functional architecture of the substantia spongiosa by H. von Meyer (1867), bone is "functionally" laid down in gross form as well as in minute architecture in accordance with the "maximum-minimum-law." As a result of functional adaptation, a maximum of efficiency is achieved with a minimum of material (Kummer, 1962a). In this sense functional adaptation is a reaction of adaptation of the idiotype-within the bounds of the reaction norm-to a changed internal environment, that is in this case an adaptation to changed mechanical stresses. 1. The Formation of the Normal Femur Shape The heredity basis of shape characteristics of human femora is really unknown. Identical twins show a significant lower variability of length of femur than binovular twins. Population variability of length of femur due to heritability may exceed twice the variability due to environmental factors (Knussmann, 1968). A significant part of the total variation of femur shape characteristics remains therefore unexplained supposing that the sources of variation due to heritability and environmental factors are also nearly the same for the other traits.

The author of a number of acclaimed, best-selling surgical atlases has collaborated again with an award-winning artist to produce another invaluable surgical resource. This highly regarded team provide a master-class in the demonstration of surgically relevant anatomy. Masquelet has attained world-renown in particular for his innovative flaps for reconstructive plastic surgery of the limbs, in this book he displays his unrivalled knowledge of surgery of the trunk, head, and neck. Every point of entry in required surgical procedures is described, and every procedure is illustrated with a sequence of drawings, displayed as the surgeon would see them, together with anatomical cross-sections.

The prime purpose of this paper is to look at the region of brain which many authors call 'paleocortex' and to ask how much of the area it embraces can be described properly as cortex. Before this can be considered it is necessary to have some idea of what constitutes a cortex. Therefore, in the first part of the paper the criteria used in constructing classifications of cortex are looked into. Also considered is the meaning of classifications such as 'paleocortex'. Is it relevant to define cortex in this way? How does this view correlate with a functional approach? The second purpose of this paper, of equal importance to the first, is to review terminology. Each area of' paleocortex' has a review introduction that endeavoors to cut through the existing jungle of terms and usage and to provide a clear account of the area in question, prior to examining its standing as cortex. The term 'paleocortex' is in common use and for this reason it is worth close examination. Kappers (1909) first created the term to supplement the earlier division of cortex-into archicortex and neocortex-introduced by Elliot Smith. Kappers applied the term to the mantle layer of the most primitive vertebrates (cyclostomes and selachians), the whole of which receives secondary olfactory fibres.

This text offers comprehensive coverage of a wide range of concepts related to articulation and phonology. The text's strong, clinical emphasis along with the variety of helpful learning aids makes this text ideal for understanding critical topics. In this comprehensive fourth edition of Articulatory and Phonological Impairments: A Clinical Focus, a range of topics are covered including, an overview of phonetic transcription and diacritics used to document disordered speech, several theoretical models, including newer nonlinear frameworks, phonological development, and relevant diagnostic and therapeutic suggestions for special populations discussed in detail. Additionally, the application of theoretical principles to practical examples creates a bridge for students between conceptual learning and the understanding of principles based on their application. These topics, coupled with the learning aids throughout the text, strengthen the conceptual framework and through application, demonstrate that the student has understood specific principles.A large portion of the text is devoted to specific assessment and treatment details of articulatory and phonological disorders including a section on childhood apraxia of speech, cerebral palsy, cleft lip and palate, mental disability, hearing impairments, acquired dysarthrias, and apraxia of speech. These topics are encompassed in a clinical framework which continues to provide practical examples and the application of principles to real-life situations.

The endothelium is an excellent example of where biology meets physics and engineering. It must convert mechanical forces into chemical signals to maintain homeostasis. It also controls the immune response, drug delivery through the vasculature, and cancer metastasis. Basic understanding of these processes is starting to emerge and the knowledge gained from research is now being used in applications from drug delivery to imaging modalities. This book reviews current knowledge in mechanobiology of the endothelium and its implications for the development of theranostic devices.

Cytopathologic, Physiologic, Diagnostic and Clinical Aspects of Retinal Degeneration: Histochemical Comparison of Ocular Drusen in Bruch's Membrane and Drusen in Eyes from Normal and Age-Related Macular Degeneration Donors; M. Kamei, et al. Animal Models of Retinal Degeneration: Development of a Model for Macular Degeneration; P.E. Rakoczy, et al. Subretinal Iodoacetate: A Model of Retinal Degeneration in Cats; J.C. Huang, et al. Mechanisms of Retinal Degeneration and Cell Death: Nitric Oxide-Induced Increases in Retinal cGMP: A Role in Photoreceptor Degenerations; I. Morgan, J.W. Wellard. Candidate Genes, Cloning Mapping and Other Molecular Genetics of Retinal Degeneration: Isolation of Candidate Genes for Retinal Degenerations; G. Inana, et al. Transplantation, Gene Therapy and Cell Rescue: bFGF Transfected Iris Pigment Epithelial Cells Rescue Photoreceptor Cell Degeneration in RCS Rats; M. Tamai, et al. Structural, Physiologic and Ageing Correlates of Retinal Degeneration. Further Studies on the Phagocytosis of Photoreceptor Outer Segments by Rat Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells; M.O. Hall. 36 Additional Articles. Index.

This chart illustrates spinal nerves and cranial nerves and diagrams the portion of the thoracic spinal cord with spinal nerves. It also shows spinal cord segments, cutaneous distribution of spinal nerves, and dermal segmentation.

1. Einleitung 2. 2.1. Der Stand der anatomischen Wissenschaft an der Schwelle zum 16. Jahrhundert 2.2.1 Biographie 2.2.2. Leonardos urologisch-anatomische Zeichnungen 3. Das 16. Jahrhundert 3.1 Andreas Vesal 3.1.1. Biographie 3.1.2. Vesals Abb. zum Urogenitalsystem 3.1.3. Vesals Konsil uber die Behandlung einer Nierensteinerkrankung 3.2 Charles Estienne 3.2.1. Charles Estienne - Biographie 3.2.2. Die Darstellung des Urogenitaltraktes bei Charles Estienne und Estienne la Riviere 3.3 Bartholomaeus Eustachi 3.3.1 Biographie 3.3.2 Eustachis urologisch-anatomische Graphik 4. Das 17. Jahrhundert 4.1 Regnier de Graaf 4.1.1 Biographie 4.1.2 De Graafs urologisch-anatomische Abbildungen 4.2 Godefridus Bidloo 4.2.1 Biographie 4.2.2 Bidloos urologisch-anatomische Abbildungen von 1685 5. Das 18. Jahrhundert 5.1. Giovanni Domenico Santorini 5.1.1. Biographie 5.1.2. Santorinis Darstellungen zum Plexus venosus vesicoprostaticus 5.2. William Cheselden 5.2.1. Biographie 5.2.2. Cheseldens Darstellungen zum Urogenitaltrakt 5.3. Weitere urologisch-anatomische Abbildungen aus dem 18. Jahrhundert 5.3.1. Urologisch-anatomische Buntkupferdrucke 6. Das 19. Jahrhundert 6.1. Justus Christian Loder 6.1.1. Biographie 6.1.2. Loders Darstellungen zum Urogenitaltrakt 6.2. Antonio Scarpa 6.2.1. Biographie 6.2.2. Scarpas Darstellungen zum mannlichen Urogenitaltrakt 6.3. Martin Munz 6.3.1 Biographie 6.3.2. Die Lithographischen Darstellungen von Martin Munz zumUrogenitaltrakt 6.4. Marc Jean Bourgery 6.4.1. Biographie 6.4.2. Farblithographische Darstellungen des Urogenitaltraktes im Atlas von Marc Jean Bourgery 7. Die Urologie an der Schwelle zum 20. Jahrhundert 7.1. Gustav Simon 7.1.1. Biographie 7.1.2. Die erste wissenschaftlich geplante Exstirpation einer Niere durch Gustav Simon 7.2. Henry Morris 7.2.1. Biographie 7.2.2. Die erste operative Entfernung einer Nebenniere aufgrund eines Tumorleidens durch Henry Morris 1885 7.3. Bernhard Bardenheuer 7.3.1. Biographie 7.3.2. Die erste totale Blasenexstirpation aufgrund eines Tumorleidens ohne Harnleiterneuimplantation durch Bernhard Bardenheuer 1887 7.4. Karl Pawlik 7.4.1 Biographie 7.4.2. Die erste totale Blasenexstirpation mit Harnleiterneueinpflanzung bei einer Frau durch Karl Pawlik 1889 7.5. Hugh Hampton Young 7.5.1 Biographie 7.5.2. Die erste perineale radikale Prostatavesikulektomie aufgrund eines Proststakarzinoms durch H. H.Young 1904 7.6. Friedrich Voelcker 7.6.1 Biographie 7.6.2. Die Erstbeschreibung der totalen Samenblasenexstirpation auf ischiorektalem Weg durch Friedrich Voelcker 1912 8. Schlussbetrachtung

This book is a volume in the Penn Press Anniversary Collection. To mark its 125th anniversary in 2015, the University of Pennsylvania Press rereleased more than 1,100 titles from Penn Press's distinguished backlist from 1899-1999 that had fallen out of print. Spanning an entire century, the Anniversary Collection offers peer-reviewed scholarship in a wide range of subject areas.

Fully revised and updated in light of the changes to the format of the MRCS examination, this second edition of Get Through MRCS: Anatomy provides candidates with the knowledge and practice necessary for excelling at the challenging MRCS part B OSCE examination. The updated new edition of the highly-praised Get Through MRCS: Anatomy Vivas Fully revised in accordance with the changes to be focussed on the OSCE format Detailed model answers and full explanations to ensure thorough understanding of how to get the best results Plentiful illustrations and high-quality photographs in full colour throughout Written by the experienced author of the highly successful first edition, Simon Overstall has extensive knowledge of the exam, both in teaching offline courses and authoring MRCS revision texts. Get Through MRCS: Anatomy is essential reading for MRCS candidates wanting to achieve expert anatomical knowledge and to ultimately earn high results within their postgraduate examinations.

This cutting-edge monograph on advanced clinical anatomy and pathoanatomy of the shoulder, written by the world's leading authors, reflects recent significant advances in understanding of anatomy and pathology. It is beautifully illustrated with exquisite photographs of anatomical specimens, and images from arthroscopy, histology, and radiology complete the picture. The accompanying text brings out the clinical, biomechanical, and functional relevance and focuses on aspects important to the high-performance athlete. In addition, the book closely assesses how each component of the normal anatomy responds to trauma, disease, and degeneration. The finer points of the pathoanatomy are demonstrated with clinical cases, histology, radiology, arthroscopy, and open surgery. The text details how the pathoanatomy affects the patient presentation, clinical examination, and imaging. It is also explained how the pathology affects the natural history and the outcome of physical therapy and influences recommendations for surgical treatments. This book will be of immense value both to trainees and to specialists who manage disorders of the shoulder, including orthopedic surgeons, sports physicians, and physiotherapists. It will also be of great interest to anatomists and pathologists.

Experiential anatomy is an embodied learning method that integrates interoceptive awareness and conscious movement to foster whole person healing. As an educational approach, experiential anatomy interweaves focused intellectual learning and gentle somatic inquiry that engages students on multidimensional levels. In Experiential Anatomy as Therapy, Leila draws from over 30 years of experience educating movement professionals to teach embodied movement as therapy. The carefully selected practices presented in this book create therapeutic potential by stimulating awareness and building skills that challenge habitual patterns. In the process of cultivating interoceptive awareness, self-knowledge and self-compassion are reinforced. In this approach, students learn to connect to deeper presence and inner resources that empower them to become active participants in their own healing process. The paradox of experiential anatomy is that working with individual parts can lead to radical shifts in experiencing inherent wholeness. The first chapters explain the principles and framework for teaching experiential anatomy as a tool for transformation. The yogic model of the koshas is introduced as foundational to experiential anatomy as therapy and as an explanation for the energetic, emotional, mental and spiritual effects often generated by physical practices. In subsequent chapters, concise anatomical information is presented, then embodied through somatic explorations that strengthen a felt-sense of anatomical parts and their connection to the whole. This new learning is then integrated into yoga poses and everyday activities like sitting, walking and reaching. The framework of "learn it, feel it, heal it" offers an accessible approach to develop both personal awareness and the knowledge to teach experiential anatomy as therapy. Each chapter offers therapeutic applications to assist movement professionals in integrating experiential anatomy with their existing therapeutic movement resources. Chapters conclude with koshic contemplations to deepen subtle multidimensional aspects of the somatic learning. Although Leila uses yoga therapy as the platform for integration of experiential anatomy, the approach and somatic explorations in this book apply equally to any movement professional interested in embodiment and transformation through movement. Physiotherapists, kinesiologists, bodyworkers, yoga and Pilates teachers, personal trainers and somatic practitioners will all benefit from this book personally and professionally. Videos recorded by the author enhance the experiential practices. Visit www.leilastuart.com