This book provides a highly accessible introduction to anatomy and physiology. Written for students studying the subject for the first time, it covers the human body from the atomic and cellular levels through to all the major systems and includes chapters on blood, immunity and homeostasis. Logically presented, the chapters build on each other and are designed to develop the reader's knowledge and understanding of the human body. By the end of each chapter, the reader will understand and be able to explain how the structures and systems described are organised and contribute to the maintenance of health. Describing how illness and disease undermine the body's ability to maintain homeostasis, this text helps readers to predict and account for the consequences when this occurs. Complete with self-test questions, full colour illustrations and a comprehensive glossary, this book is an essential read for all nursing and healthcare students in both further and higher education.

Knowledge of tumours of the thyroid gland has advanced consider- ably in the 22 years that have elapsed since work was started on the first edition of Histological Typing of Thyroid Tumours. In the intro- duction to that volume it was recognized that the definitions and clas- sifications put forward would need revision in time, and the present text differs substantially from the first edition. As far as is possible, however, the framework of the classification proposed remains the same, as the original classification was widely accepted and proved useful in many studies. The link between the morphological type of thyroid tumour and its epidemiology, natural history, function, prognosis and response to therapy has been further strengthened since the first edition. In par- ticular, the decision taken to separate papillary and follicular carcino- mas and exclude a mixed papillary follicular type has been well justi- fied. One of the major changes has been the recognition that many tu- mours regarded 20 years ago as small cell carcinoma were really ma- lignant lymphoma, and this development has been incorporated into this edition, with increased importance given to primary malignant lymphoma of the thyroid. Much work has also been done on medul- lary carcinoma of the thyroid, its link with mUltiple endocrine neo- plasia syndromes, and its association in its inherited form with C-cell hyperplasia; this too is recognized by an expanded section on this tu- mour.

A new approach using comparative neuromorphology is taken in this study dealing with the organization of the efferent nuclei of cranial nerves. The authors use the cobalt labelling technique to identify neuron types and follow their presence, or absence, in different animal species. They suggest a new classification which is free from a number of controversies inherent in the classical classification. The results suggest that evolutionary changes in the center and in the innervated periphary parallel each other with increasingly complex function.

Although more than 12 years have passed since publication of the first WHO histological classification of central nervous system (CNS) tumours, the changes in this revised edition are not radical. Only one formerly recognized entity has been deleted: the monstrocellular sarcoma, because there is immuno- cytochemical evidence of its astrocytic nature. Several new tumour types have been added: the pleomorphic xanthoastro- cytoma has been generally acknowledged for almost a decade; the neurocytoma has gradually evolved as a clinical-pathological entity; and two new entries, the dysembryoplastic neuroepi- thelial tumour and the desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma, have only been characterized morphologically during the past few years. We regard the classification as an international standard to facilitate communication and have tried to avoid current con- ceptual controversies. The majority of partiCipants supported inclusion of the term "primitive neuroectodermal tumour" (pNET). However, because of our limited knowledge of the biol- ogy of embryonal CNS tumours, preference was given to use PNET selectively, rather than applying it to all small cell embryo- nal childhood tumours, irrespective of their histological pheno- type. Ependymomas and meningiomas now have new histological SUbtypes. Most of these are not associated with biological behaviour different from the parent tumour type, but their description will aid the practising pathologist to identify and classify these lesions. 2 Introduction Histological Typing Following the philosophy of this WHO series, classification is based primarily on histological assessment of cell types and tis- sue patterns recognized by conventional light microscopy.

1. 1 The Cytokeratins as a Member of the Intermediate Filament Protein Family Intermediate filaments together with microtubules and actin microfilaments make up the filamentous cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of vertebrate cells. Recently, intermediate filament proteins have also been described in invertebrates, but their chemistry is not yet known (for review see Biessmann and Walter 1989). These filaments (about 10 nm in diameter) used to be categorized into five classes - cytokeratin, vimentin, desmin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and neurofilaments (NFs). The expression of these proteins follows differentiation-dependent rules: cytokeratins occur in epi- thelial cells, NF proteins are expressed in neurons, GFAP in astrocytes and some nonglial cells, desmin in smooth muscle cells and in striated myocytes, and vimentin in mesenchymal cells (for review see Lazarides 1980; Osborn and Weber 1983). Recent investigations including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and protein sequencing and peptide mapping have redefined the intermediate filaments into five types or subfamilies (type I, acidic cytokeratins; type II, basic cytokeratins; type III, vimentin, desmin, peripherin, and GFAP; type IV, the three NF proteins; and type V, the nuclear lamins (for review see Nagle 1988). A new type VI intermediate filament protein, nestin, has been described in the developing nervous system (Lendahl et al. 1990), and is initially co- expressed with vimentin in neuroepithelial stem cells (Steinert and Liem 1990). The cytokeratins are the most complex subgroup of intermediate filament proteins.

The international symposium on transposition of the great arteries was held in Munich on May 3-5, 1991. It was organized by the German Heart Center Muni eh with two aims: firstly, to commemorate the 25th anniversary of Dr. Rashkind's publication: "Creation of an atrial septal defect without thoracotomy" (which appeared in 1966 in the Journal of the American Medical Association), and to honor this great pediatric cardiologist, who was one the pioneers of interventional catheterization. secondly, to give an overview of current medical knowledge about the pre- and postnatal diagnosis, medical and surgical treatment, and postoperative evalua- tion of transposition of the great arteries. Fig. 1. Dr. Rashkind in his Iabaratory checking his balloon catheter V This symposium brought tagether embryologists, morphologists, experts in fetal cardiology, pediatric cardiologists, and pediatric cardiac surgeons from 10 different countries. Thus, we were able to describe the current state-of-the-art of pre- and postnatal management and the surgical treatment of this second most common con- genital cyanotic anomaly of the heart. Dr. Rashkind's approach to create an atrial septal defect in the setting of com- plete transposition of the great arteries dramatically changed the natural history of this cyanotic heart defect, which carried a 90% neonatal mortality before this effec- tive palliation became available.

This is not a textbook. Instead, it contains what the author judges necessary to cope with questions relating to Gross Anatomy in board and licensure exami nations. Although material that has appeared recently on (Part I) National Board Examinations is covered, simply listing and answering such questions certainly would not prepare you for the myriad possible alternatives. Because of your suc cessful background in anatomy, the approaches used in a first-year course are not necessary here. Recall, review and synthesis are the goals. Please examine the entire book now, to understand its organization and content, and how they may serve your needs. Throughout, text is kept to a minimum. The style, size and boldness of type were chosen to aid the quick recognition of import items. The illustrations, es sentially adaptations from blackboard drawings used by the author in reviews, support the text in certain areas. However, the number of illustrations sufficient to make this an independent resource would defeat our purpose. I assume you will consult your favorite atlas as you review, and that you are experienced enough now to relate your reading to your own body. A general table of contents follows this preface; detailed tables of content precede individual chapters."

Three additional sections have been added in this edition in response to stu dents' suggestions. A short summary of motor deficits, a brief discussion of cra nial nerve functions and some examples of localizing signs of anatomic lesions should prove helpful in applying basic principles to clinical situations. P.A. Roberts Preface The following notes, originally known as Neuroanatomical Notations, were pre pared for the purpose of providing a quick review of some of the pertinent points that should be considered in refreshing your memory of Neuroanatomy. Obviously the booklet is not encyclopedic, and is certainly not intended as a text on the subject. However, hopefully, it will serve as a useful guide and be of aid in the task of systematically preparing for Part I of the National Boards and similar examinations. P.A. Roberts "I can't believe that " said Alice. "Can't you " The Queen said in a pitying tone. "Try again: Draw a long breath, and shut your eyes." Alice laughed, "There's no use trying," she said. "One can't believe impossible things." "I dare say you haven't had much practice," said the Queen."

1. 1 Historical Perspective In the nineteenth century, knowledge of the events leading to ovulation, fertilization, and implantation was very limited, so much so that Seiler (1832), in his book The Uterus and the Human Egg, wrote: ." . . in the left ovary the first signs of fertilization, namely a Graaf vesicle could be seen. The right ovary shows proof of a second successful copulation: a fresh scar from the ovulated egg and the beginning of a corpus luteum. " In fact all nineteenth century authors strictly divide the female cycle into two phases: the menstrual period and the intermenstruum (ct. Hitschmann and Adler 1908). The generally accepted histology of the endometrium in those days was that of the late proliferative phase. Deviations from this were considered to be pathological (Von Ebner 1902). As Gebhard (1899) expressly put it: "As a rule, it can be said that in the mature woman the endometrial glands run straight; an irregular course of the glands is to be regarded as pathological. " The same author describes the changes occurring during the secretory phase of the cycle as "endometritis glandularis" which he believed to arise from a local nutritional disturbance. The uterine stroma was believed to be lymphoid (Toldt 1877), and the uterine glands were compared to the crypts of Lieberkiihn (Von Ebner 1902).

Seeking Symmetry: Finding patterns in human health offers a guide through the overwhelming mass of data generated by contemporary science. Starved for the knowledge that would best help us stay healthy, we are simultaneously glutted with an overload of information about the human body. Amidst ubiquitous talk that patient-centred care and lifestyle changes are the keys to personal health, self-neglect and medical overtreatment nevertheless prevail. The body is rich with symmetries, many of them unknown to us who live in these bodies. Symmetry-seeking reveals certain patterns for understanding the information we have about the body, patterns whose roots lie in embryonic development and in evolution. The book's exploration will guide readers through the parts of their own bodies and introduce tangible, visible examples of symmetry, not only right and left but up and down, male and female, inside and out, as well as symmetries between humans and other species.It presents the symmetries of the body's internal structures that, despite their complexity, are nevertheless simple to understand when viewed with an eye for pattern.Through both words and images, this book will illustrate the most foundational of the principles, structures, and processes that decide how bodies function.A core purpose of the book is to present this knowledge through a lens that makes the information meaningful, by modelling the habit of symmetry-seeking.

This second edition is more extensive and detailed than the previous one - now a reference of two decades standing. New technical methods have increased our understanding of many tumours, and the earlier group of monomorphic adenomas has been separated for easier identification, while clearly defined tumours - even if uncommon - have their own category. With reference to their differences in prognosis and treatment, the various types of carcinomas are now listed separately, and new entities have been adopted. The inclusion of the TNM classification of salivary gland tumours together with the more detailed description of the tumour-like lesions will contribute to an even better understanding.

In the present work, processes of cell proliferation, cell death, neurogenesis, and gliogenesis in the mouse hippocampus were studied. The mapping of distribution of hippocampal mitoses and counting of their number allowed a more precise definition of the data concerning the disposition and age reduction of proliferative sites in Ammon's horn and the dentate gyrus in the mouse. As a result, the following generalized scheme of development and age reduction of the germinal zones in the mouse hippocampus has been suggested. 1. Ammon's horn a) The ventricular zone, from the beginning of formation of the hippocampus (Ell) until E20 b) The suprafimbrial zone, from El6 until P7 2. Dentate gyrus a) The prime germinal zone ("the anlage of the dentate gyrus" of Stanfield and CowanI979b), from E15 until P3 b) The proliferative zone of the hilus, from P3 until Pl4 c) The subgranular zone, from P3 until adult age The adduced scheme needs some comments: 1. In the hippocampus (as well as in other formations of the developing brain), primary precursors of all types of cells of neuroectodermal origin are represented by cells of the ventricular zone. They give rise to cells of secondary germinal zones in the dentate gyrus and Ammon's horn and are direct precursors of the majority (if not of all) neuronal cells in Ammon's horn, the earliest originating generations of neurons in the dentate gyrus, hippocampal radial glial cells, and, evidently, of a considerable part of astroblasts and oligodendroblasts in Ammon's horn.

This book is intended for students of medicine, pharmacy and other biological disciplines, who want to have a working knowledge of the mechanisms of action, uses and adverse effects of drugs which modify the activity of neurotransmitters in the peripheral and central nervous systems. It is suitable for undergraduates and for post-graduates on taught higher degree courses and diplomas. New information and concepts have been incorporated into the text as appropriate, and references have been updated. Excitatoryand inhibitory amino acids are considered in two chapters, and the last chapter of the first two editions (which considered drugs which do not interact selectively with neurotransmitters) has been subsumed into other sections. The third edition follows the tried format of previous editions. Following a chapter which introduces the biology and pharmacology of neurotransmission, subsequent chapters deal with synthesis, storage, release, receptors and inactivation of individual neurotransmitters, together with a consideration of therapeutic uses and mechanisms of adverse effects.

Strongly recommended for the surgical trainee this, the second of a number of atlas-texts describing the anatomical basis of a range of common surgicalprocedures, is a useful aide-memoir to operative surgery

Retaining the same scope as the first edition, this new edition deals with the classification and characteristics of tumours and tumour-like lesions. Similar information is also given on odontogenic and non-odontogenic cysts of the jaws. It is extensively illustrated with photomicrographs in colour, together with clinical radiographs and photographs of operation specimens to show the distinctive features of various lesions. The classification has been updated to reflect the present state of knowledge and changes in views, and includes a number of newly recognised entities.

Disturbances in peripheral O extraction can be produced in dogs treated with 2 endotoxin and thereby provide an opportunity to test theories for the origin of pathological O supply dependency or to try different treatment modalities. The 2 most serious deficiency in the current animal models is the inability to mimic the increased O demand that is observed in patients at 02 delivery rates in excess of 2 normal. A particular feature of this increased O demand is that it apparently does 2 not stimulate increased 02 extraction, although the limitation in O extraction has 2 not been explored in patients by lowering 02 supply, for obvious reasons. At least two possibilities to account for increased 02 demand could be investigated in animal models, however. The amount of 02 that is utilized in extramitochondrial pathways, which is normally on the order of 10%, may be greatly increased in ARDS and sepsis by O radical formation. There is presently no information 2 concerning how much 02 might be used in this way. Another strong possibility is that mitochondrial injury, perhaps as a result of 02 radical formation, uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. Some evidence presently in the literature supports this idea [19]. Indeed, the association of increased blood lactate levels with higher than expected 02 demands makes uncoupling a very attractive hypothesis that warrants further investigation in animal models using such agents as 2,4-dinitrophenol. References 1.

This highly regarded text is one of the most comprehensive reference works available on the topographical, functional and radiographic anatomy of the lumbosacral spine. Fully updated in this sixth edition, Clinical and Radiological Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine walks the reader through the structure, function and common disorders of the lumbar spine. It covers the basic anatomy of lumbar components, how the spine changes with age, clinical problems, and imaging. Internationally renowned author Nikolai Bogduk's thorough referencing and clear text bridge the gap between science and clinical presentation to provide practical, validated and clinically relevant information that will be invaluable for students and clinicians alike. Clearly written and accessible - brings the science to life Thoroughly and comprehensively referenced - can be used as a starting point for research High quality illustrations to support understanding Highly relevant to undergraduate and postgraduate courses in physiotherapy, pain medicine, chiropractic, and rehabilitation medicine New understanding of the causes and pathology of back pain Additional references reflect current literature New, colour illustrations of nerves Expanded radiographic anatomy chapter

This book provides a comprehensive survey of the structure and fiber connections of the human midbrain, specifically of the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area. The cellular and chemical architecture of these structures is analyzed and the structures' fiber connections are discussed. The role that they play in degenerative diseases of the nervous system, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, is evaluated. Some functional and pathophysiological considerations are included.

To give an update in the field of haemostasis scientists and clinicians fromoverseas and European countries met to dis- cuss the new trends in pathophysiology and clinical impli- cations. This book is devoted to the interactions of endo- thelial functions, tissue factors, coagulation inhibitors and haemostasis as well as detection and prophylaxis of thromboembolism. Data are presented of significant new re- search work on molecular and clinical approaches to diseases in haemostasis.

When I wrote my doctoral thesis in 1969 on the subject of blood flow in arteries, "biofluid mechanics" had not yet been introduced. I was fIrst introduced to the term "Biofluid Mechanics" in 1973 by Professor E. Truckenbrodt. A course of study in 'biofluidmechanics' and a regular program of scientifIc research was begun at the Technical University of Munich in 1975. I have never stopped being fascinated with this fIeld. The main goal of the 2nd International Symposium on Biofluid Mechanics and Biorheology, like the fIrst Symposium held in Palm Springs, was to bring together physicians, physicists, bioengineers, and technical specialists with expertise in clini- cal, experimental, rheological and numerical analysis of the complex problem of blood flow and cardiovascular disease. As we discovered and are still fmding out, biofluid mechanics is a complex fIeld, encompassing, touching on or surely affecting many other scientifIc disciplines, including biology, medicine, biochemistry, bior- heology, mathematics, bioengineering and physics. This book, the Proceedings of our second meeting, represents the fmest work to date in the fIeld. The contributors, representing more than 20 countries, are among the most innovative, imaginative and hard-working researchers in their fIelds. They represent many disciplines and many fIelds of interest.

Experimental results reached by the authors as well as various hypotheses previously advanced by other research workers are examined in this volume. The authors' study of the course of bloodstreams in the ventricular outflow tract and in the 6th and 4th branchial arterial arches points to 13 hemodynamic patterns and 13 changes in the direction of the endocardial septal ridges. They describe the hemodynamic processes of development of several well-known malformations of the great arteries and of other vascular anomalies that have not been identified morphologically. The authors conclude that it is possible in this way to correctly explain the cardiovascular malformations that have been obtained experimentally.

This classification is based primarily on the microscopic characteris- tics of tumours. It is therefore concemed with the identification of cell types and histological pattems as seen by conventional light mi- croscopy. In general, time-honoured terms have been retained. Syn- onyms are listed only if they have been widely used, or if they are considered to be important for understanding the disease process. In such cases the preferred term is given first, followed by the synonym in parentheses. The individuality of the tumour manifests itself principally in its histological appearance and the extent of spread at the time of diag- nosis. This volume is concemed only with the histological classifica- tion of tumours. Anatomieal extent or staging is covered in the TNM 1 Classification. The histological classification of a tumour depends on two main parameters, typing and grading, and a number of additional parame- ters which may apply to selected examples.

This book is directed at advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students-and their teachers-who are involved in those areas of cell biology which require a basic knowledge of cytoskeletal structure, parti cularly with respect to cell motility. It contains a core of basic information on the cytoskeleton and focuses especially on its functional aspects, from the swimming of spermatozoa to the crawling of cultured cells across their culture dish; from the transport of vesicles and organelles along nerve axons, to the orderly segregation of chromosomes at mitosis. Cytoskeleton research spans a wide range of scientific disciplines. It is as important for students or research workers investigating, for example, the deposition of the higher plant cell wall to have easy access to a core of basic information regarding microtubules as it is for someone interested in endocytosis and the fate of cell surface receptors. The authors are involved in the teaching of the cytoskeleton and cell motility at all levels of undergraduate study at University College London, but each has a research interest in different aspects of the subject: TMP in amoeboid locomotion, CAK in gliding motility and JSH in cilia, flagella and mitosis.

Two research centers joined to study the development of numerous malformations of the vertebral column in 30 mutants of the laboratory mouse: the Department of Anatomy of the University of Zurich, that has long been a center of research in vertebral anatomy and pathology, and the Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine, the largest center of research in mouse genetics. This volume describes the normal and abnormal morphogenesis of vertebrae and summarizes the data presently available in order to give better insight into the developmental mechanics of the vertebral column.