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Books > Medicine > Pre-clinical medicine: basic sciences > Anatomy
Damage to DNA by both exogenous and endogenous sources is increasingly regarded as highly important in the initiation and progression of cancer and in the occurance of other pathological events. DNA damage caused by reactive oxygen-derived species, also called oxidative DNA damage, is most the frequent type encountered by aerobic cells. Mechanistic studies of carcinogenesis indicate an important role of this type of damage to DNA. There is also strong evidence to support the role of oxidative DNA damage in the aging process. DNA damage is opposed in vivo by repair systems. If not repaired, DNA damage may lead to detrimental biological consequences. Therefore, the repair of DNA damage is regarded as one of the essential events in all life forms. In recent years the field of DNA repair has flourished due to new findings on DNA repair mechanisms and the molecular basis of cancer. A detailed knowledge of mechanisms of DNA damage and repair, and how individual repair enzymes function may lead to manipulation of DNA repair in cells and ultimately to an increase of the resistence of human cells to DNA-damaging agents. This volume covers the most recent devlopments in this research field and contains contributions from scientists working in the fields of biochemistry, molecular biology, enzymology, biomedical science, and radiation biology.
Magnetic resonance is a safe, non-invasive technique which can be used to produce high resolution, thin tomographic slices in any chosen plane, or true three-dimensional blocks of information. It has become the method of choice for studying the central nervous system, the vertebral column and many joints, but has not yet gained general acceptance in researching the cardiovascular system, although there are techniques for overcoming the problems of cardiac movement to produce excellent cardiovascular images. The purpose of this book is to provide the student and radiologist with a reference which can be used to identify the major structures in the body, bearing in mind that in each region a more detailed high-resolution study can usually be obtained by specialised units. The illustrations, each of which is accompanied by an explanatory line drawing, are soft tissue images based on the water content rather than the familiar X-ray shadowgram of mainly hard tissues.
The Color Atlas of "Xenopus laevis" Histology provides the first central source on the microscopic anatomy of cells, tissues, and major organs of the adult South African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis. For many years, X. laevis has been a highly popular experimental animal model in many areas of research. The recent development of transgenic Xenopus technology offers the promise that this animal model will be utilized more than ever before. The purpose of this book is to provide the active researcher with a central source of high quality light microscopic color images of the tissues of X. laevis, to aid in the identification of the cells and tissues of interest. Major features of this atlas include: *277 large, colorful, high resolution light microscopic images
of cells, structures, tissues and organs;
Gastrointestinal motility has evolved from an esoteric laboratory tool into a sophisti cated diagnostic technique that is now widely used clinically to guide in management of complex gastrointestinal problems. Today, it is the most rapidly growing subspecialty within gastroenterology. Previously, many of the gastrointestinal motility problems were either ignored or attributed to a disturbance of "psyche." But with the growing knowledge and understanding of how a dysfunction of the gastrointestinal muscle and nerves can cause disease, we are at the threshold of a revolution in our approach to the diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal motility disorders. The purpose of this book is to serve as a useful, up-to-date reference manual and guide for the diagnostic and therapeutic approach towards common adult and pediatric gastrointestinal motility problems. In order to enhance the understanding of these disor ders, a problem-oriented approach has been chosen, and wherever possible the authors have provided clinical case scenarios to illustrate their message. The emphasis has been on how to diagnose and treat motility disorders rather than to provide an encyclopedic infor mation. The reference list at the end of each chapter should enable the enthusiast to seek further information. Some of the material presented in this book has been derived from the proceedings of the annual University ofIowa College of Medicine GI Motility Symposia."
This book is a practical revision aid for postgraduates preparing for MRCS (Membership of the Royal College of Surgeons) examinations. It will also be of interest to undergraduate medical students. Presented in 'single best answer' (SBA) format, the book provides candidates with 300 questions on anatomy, accompanied by detailed answers. Divided into seven chapters, the book covers each of the major sections of the body - upper and lower limb; head, neck and vertebral column; thorax; abdomen; and pelvis. The final chapter covers embryology. Topics feature useful acronyms and mnemonics to assist revision and further enhance knowledge. Key points Practical revision aid for candidates preparing for MRCS examinations Useful for undergraduate medical students studying anatomy Presents 300 questions and answers in SBA format Includes acronyms and mnemonics to assist learning
In spite of the current feelings that today only molecular DNA analysis is the exact identification method - and that, if DNA cannot be isolated, it might be better to give up the identification - the author has used for the same purpose older, classical methods from physical anthropology to forensic medicine and especially a recent method of comparison of epigenetic traits, which proved to be very useful for identification of the family related skulls in connection with historical, genealogical and other data. These multidisciplinary methods can serve the same purpose as the reference method and can be applied in similar cases all over the world. The monograph presents the identification of 18 collectively interred skulls, supposedly belonging to the Counts of Celje (15th c.), and to family members, who lived on the territory of present-day Slovenia. Their kinship is established by comparison of X-ray images of paranasal cavities (frontal and maxillary sinuses, and also orbital and nasal cavities), the shape and size of which are autosomal dominant inherited characters. The comparison also extends to numerous other, likewise inherited, epigenetic trait similarities on the skulls. This work will be an invaluable guide for the identification and verification of kinship by skulls collectively interred (in family vaults), where isolation of DNA is no longer possible, even though the skeletal remains may not be old. This work based on the latest epigenetic research, is highly relevant for modern non-genetic identification studies. It is highly recommended to: scientists working on human identification and studying heredity, forensic scientists, physical anthropologists, radiologists, stomatologists, paleopathologists, geneticists, historians and many others.
The aging process, like most (all?) things in the universe, is a puzzle. It is such a fundamental occurrence, common to all living things, that it ironically may be the most complicated and perplexing puzzle to solve. There are, of course, puzzles sufficient in number to occupy all the scientists and philosophers who have ever lived a thousand times over. Yet what other phenomenon affects everyone of us as much as growing old? Curiosity about the ubiquity of aging as a phenomenon, boosted perhaps by an only natural fear of that same phenomenon as an undeniable manifes tation of our own mortality, has led to the compilation of data on the aging process, which have accumulated as rapidly as the elderly who might benefit from those data. Most of the scientific data on the biology of aging are at the biochemical and physiological levels, while comparatively little information has been avail able at the anatomical level. Because of this, a two-volume set called Aging and Cell Structure was conceived, the first volume having been published in 1981 and the second volume being published concurrently with the present one on cell function. The emphasis on training of scientists and other individuals in advanced education has, during past decades, been one of increased specialization. Not merely do we specialize in physiology, anatomy, zoology, or literature, but in glomerular filtration, synaptic junctions, tree frogs of Brazil, or English poetry of the nineteenth century."
This book is a collection of some of the papers presented at the EMBO Lecture Course on "Lymphocyte stimulation: differential sensitivity to radiation; biochemical and immunological properties." The Course was organized with the aim of fostering interactions between photoradiobiologists and immunologists interested in the problem of DNA damage and repair studied at the lymphocyte level. The papers presented in this book are mainly centered on the problem of radiation sensitivity of lymphocytes in relation to DNA repair phenomena. The radiation biology of human lymphocytes is dominated by two phenomena: (a) high radiosensitivity of lymphocytes which die in interphase (b) PHA-induced relative radioresistance of those cells which, after stimulation, escape the interphase death and eventually die in mitosis. These phenomena constitute a good system to study some of the factors which control the response of human cells to irradiation. In addition it is possible to correlate the development of the relative radioresistance in PHA-stimulated lymphocytes with the biochemical changes connected with the transformation processes. The papers presented in this book constitute a real contribution to the scientific knowledge in this field of research and suggest that lymphocytes could be a very interesting test material useful for measuring the DNA repair capability of human cells to furnish an indication of individual radiosensitivity in man.
One of the early ways by which man learns about the sur rounding world is by taking to pieces an object which attracts his attention. This method, which is widely used by children, is re sorted to once again by the adult who wishes to study natural phe nomena. The method of dismantling a complete object into its parts so that it can be studied has found its widest and most suc cessful application in biology and, in particular, in the study of living cells. The cytologist studying a cell will usually have to examine its fragments, which may be dead or semiliving. In sec tions of killed cells, with the aid of the light or electron micro scope he tries to obtain some idea of the structure of the living cell. As he investigates fractions isolated from a tissue homog enate, or substances isolated from individual cells, he tries to discover the biochemical functions of the cell organoids and their components. In every case the study of degradation products of the cell (depending on the degree of degradation these may be iso lated nuclei, nucleoli, nucleolar ribosomes, ribosomal proteins and RNA, mitochondria, fragments of mitochondrial membranes, and so on) makes its own contribution to knowledge, and the infor mation obtained on different objects is mutually complementary. Among all the cell fragments obtaine,d experimentally which can make a great contribution to our knowledge of cell structure, an important place is occupied by contractile cell models.
Many hormones, growth factors, and other large molecules bind to speci Jic receptors on the surface of eukaryotic cells and are rapidly taken into these cells. Current techniques of protein purification have made available sufficient amounts of these molecules so that detailed studies of their interaction with cells could be carried out. These studies have been performed on just a few types of cells, but it is clear that all types of cells carry out a_ similar internalization process. The realization that cells rapidly internalize hormones, growth factors, transport proteins, toxins, and viruses has led many investigators to address a similar series of questions: (1) What is the pathway by which macromolecules enter cells? (2) Do all macromolecules enter by the same pathway? (3) What is the function of internalization of large molecules? (4) What is the biochemical mechan ism of internalization? In this volume we have tried to provide answers to these and related questions. To do this we have asked scientists currently active in the field to contribute chapters in their special areas of interest. The selection of the material covered reflects in large part areas of active research. Because of space limitations some important areas have not been covered as fully as we would have liked in this volume, but will be covered in a future volume. Our aim has been to present a consistent view and, when disagreements exist, to point out the basis of such disagreements."
This book is in many ways a sequel to The Biochemistry ojGlycoproteins and Proteoglycans. The enormous recent progress in understanding the biological roles of glycoproteins has prompted the present volume. The reasons for studying glycoproteins have multiplied, and in the present volume the roles played by glycoproteins are explored in a variety of biological situations. The first two chapters describe molecules involved in cell-substratum and cell-cell interactions in a broad sense, and also focus on recent progress in identifying specific attachment molecules. Our understanding of how normal processes, such as cellular differentiation and tissue organization, are regulated is dependent on understanding how cells interact with the extracellular matrix. When these processes go awry the consequences can be tragic, for example, when manifest as birth de fects and cancer. Our ability to devise appropriate therapies is in many cases limited by our understanding of such cell-matrix interactions. The third chapter explores the roles by glycoproteins during early mammalian development. The carbohydrate portions c1early play very important roles in presenting information during early embryogenesis, and an unusual tumor stern cell, the embryonal carcinoma, looks very promising in pro viding an experimental system for understanding how the expression of these complex carbohydrate determinants is regulated. The next three chapters explore the biology of glycoproteins in distinct situations: in the immune system, in the nervous system, and during erythropoiesis."
For the beginner or for the accomplished sinus surgeon, mastering the anatomy of the lateral nasal wall is an ongoing challenge. Even though there are excellent standard anatomical references and equally outstanding sinus courses with cadaver dissection, a reference depicting the surgical anatomy is needed. A step-by-step surgical approach on the anterior nasal spine to the anterior wall of the sphenoid is presented. The sinus surgeon is confronted with a wide range of different spaces created by the ethmoid bone. No other bone in the human body has so many anatomical variations. Four critical anatomical structures are emphasized as the foundation for a precise approach to surgery of the maxillary, anterior ethmoid, frontal, and posterior ethmoid sinuses. The goal of this book is to meet the tremendous challenge of offering an anatomical approach which will serve the sinus surgeon of every level of experience and expertise.
Epithelial cells are present in many different tissues in the body, and possess a diverse number of functional properties. However, all epithelial cells share some common characteristics. The cells possess a morphological polarity (an-apical and basolateral surface), and are interconnected by tight junctions. The epithelial cells also possess the capacity to transport select solutes across the monolayer. Transport systems localized on either the apical or basolateral surface are respon sible for this vectorial transport. Such characteristics of epithelial cells can be examined in the tissue culture situation. This volume discusses the use of cell culture techniques to study these fundamental properties of epithelial cells. Ma jor questions concerning epithelia which may be examined in culture are ad dressed. The approaches which are taken to answer these questions are described in detail with regards to kidney cell cultures. Similar investigations may be done with epithelial cell cultures derived from other tissues, following the kidney cell culture paradigm."
Presently, the need for methods involving separation, identification, and characterization of different kinds of cells is amply realized among immu nologists, hematologists, cell biologists, clinical pathologists, and cancer researchers. Unless cells exhibiting different functions and stages of differ entiation are separated from one another, it will be exceedingly difficult to study some of the molecular mechanisms involved in cell recognition, spe cialization, interactions, cytotoxicity, and transformation. Clinical diagno sis of diseased states and use of isolated cells for therapeutic (e. g., immu notherapy) or survival (e. g, transfusion) purposes are some of the pressing areas where immediate practical benefits can be obtained by applying cell separation techniques. However, the development of such useful methods is still in its infancy. A number of good techniques exist based either on the physical or biological properties of the cells, and these have produced some valuable results. Still others are to be discovered. Therefore, the purpose of this open-ended treatise is to acquaint the reader with some of the basic principles, instrumentation, and procedures presently in practice at various laboratories around the world and to present some typical applications of each technique to particular biological problems."
The annual meeting of the European Tissue Culture ., Society was held at the Castle of Zinkovy in Czechoslovakia from May 7-10,1969. Included as part of this meeting was a symposium on "Aging in Cell and Tissue Culture." This volume contains the papers presented at that symposium. The use of cell and tissue culture techniques to study the mechanism of aging is not new. For example, it has long been known that age-associated changes which occur in plasma can inhibit cell proliferation in vitro; also that the time lapse prior to cell migration from ex planted tissue fragments increases with increasing age. These are both examples of the expression in vitro of aging in vivo. More recently, attention has been focused on the occurrence of senescence in vitro. These investi gations have included studies of alterations in non dividing cell cultures, and to a somewhat greater extent, of age-related changes in the proliferative capacity of cells in vitro. For example, cells derived from human fetal lung retain many properties of normal cells including a stable normal diploid karyotype and these cultures have been shown to have a limited life-span in vitro. In addi tion, cultures derived from human adult lung show the same normal characteristics and appear to have a shorter life span than cells derived from fetal lung."
Shelley Saunders This book offers a welcome diversity of topics covering the broader subjects of teeth and the study of teeth by anthropologists. There is an impressive array of coverage here including the history of anthropological study of the teeth, morphology and structure, pathology and epidemiology, the relationship between nutrition, human behavior and the dentition, age and sex estimation from teeth, and geographic and genetic variation. Most chapter authors have provided thorough reviews of their subjects along with examples of recent analytical work and recommendations for future research. North American researchers should particularly appreciate the access to an extensive European literature cited in the individual chapter bibliographies. Physical anthropologists with even a passing interest in dental research should greet the publication of this book with pleasure since it adds to a growing list of books on how the study of teeth can tell us so much about past human populations. In addition to the archaeological applications, there is the forensic objective of dental anthropology which the editors refer to in their introduction which is dealt with in this volume. The chapters dealing with methods of sex determination, age estimation of juveniles and age estimation of adults using the teeth are exhaustive and exacting and of critical importance to both "osteoarchaeologists" and forensic anthropologists. Authors Liversidge, Herdeg and Rosing provide very clear guidelines for the use of dental formation standards in juvenile age estimation, recommendations that are so obviously necessary at this time.
The study of life is the study of tier upon tier of interlocking homeostatic mechanisms, and the main theme of this book concerns that part of the system that ensures cellular and tissue homeostasis and thus maintains tissue mass, tissue structure and tissue function in the adult mammal. The functional existence of any adult tissue depends on the continuing control of the states of differentiation of its cells. Just as in an embryo, where cellular differentiation is initiated and controlled by the genetic responses of the cells to specific messenger molecules, so also throughout the whole of adult life does the genetic activity of the tissue cells continue to be regulated by similarly specific messenger molecules. The process of differentiation does not cease in the embryo but remains as the essential factor which ensures not only the function but also the continuing existence of the adult tissues. Thus the first problem considered here, the methods of control of cell production, cell function and cell death, is discussed in terms of the nature and mode of action of those messenger molecules which, from moment to moment, determine the states of differentiation of the tissue cells. Some of these messenger molecules are synthesized in adjacent tissues while others are synthesized within the responding tissues themselves.
Innovative microscopic techniques, introduced during the last two decades, have contributed much to creating a new picture of the dynamic architecture of the cell, which can now be more exactly correlated with specific biochemical and physiopathological events. These developments have led to significant advances in our understanding of the physiomorphological and pathological aspects of the secretory mechanism, as well as the pharmacologic methods used to control, experimentally, the function of exocrine and endocrine glands. The integration of new ultrastructural methods such as freeze-fracture/etching, immunocytochemistry, scanning and high-voltage electron microscopy, cytoautoradiography, etc. , has proven to be of great value when applied to the study of endocrine cells and tissues. Because information on this topic has appeared in a variety of scientific and medical journals, this book: (1) reviews the results of an integrative approach presenting a comprehensive ultrastructural account of the main aspects of the field; (2) points out gaps or controversial topics in our knowledge; and (3) outlines pertinent directions for future research. The chapters, prepared by recognized authorities in the field, present traditional information on the topic in a concise manner and, with a valuable selection of original illustrations, show what the integration of new microscopic methods can contribute to the subject in terms of new concepts. This volume will be useful to cell biologists, anatomists, embryologists, histologists, pharmacologists, pathologists, and, of course, endocrinologists. It will also be of interest to students, practitioners of medicine, and to all others dealing with clinical research and diagnosis.
It is a strange fact that many modern cell biochemists have a keen interest in biosynthetic processes, such as protein and nucleic biosynthesis or organelle biogenesis, but tend to regard degradative processes merely as irritating reactions that disrupt the flow of synthetic reactions. Historically, the elucidation of catabolic pathways preceded that of anabolic pathways, so that there is also a tendency to regard work on proteases, phospholipases, nucleases, etc., as somewhat "old-fashioned. " It is the great contribution of Professor Luzikov's book to show that, at least in the case of mito- chondrial research, the separation of studies on anabolic and cata- bolic processes has been very harmful. In an extremely erudite and measured way, the author carefully develops the argument that we can only understand mitochondrial biogenesis fully if we take into account the role of degradative processes. The action of lytic enzymes is shown not to be a random affair, but rather a process that is fully integrated into the process of mitochondrial assembly. A second important contribution of this book is the fact that it contains a masterly review of the fundamental literature on mitochon- drial structure, function, breakdown and synthesis presented in an integrated and logical manner.
This volume, the sixth of the series, represents the natural counterpart of the previous volume, Ultra structure of the Digestive Tract. Unlike the latter, however, whose contents fell entirely within the domains of gastroenterology, Ultrastructure of the Extraparietal Glands of the Digestive Tract encom passes a few cognate sciences, such as hepatology, pancreatology, and even oral biology, which are usually dealt with separately. This allows, starting from cell biology, embryology, and comparative anatomy, a comprehensive survey of organs that have much in common both structurally and functionally. The chapters of this book have been compiled by well-known experts in the field with the aim not only of reviewing and pointing out the state of the art of the subject covered, but also of giving directions for future work. Furthermore, through the integration of electron microscopy with immunocytochemistry, autoradiography, freeze fracture, maceration, enzymatic digestion, etc., and by providing superb illus trative material, the authors substantiate the pivotal role played by modern morphology in under standing human physiology and pathology. In fact, it must be stressed, that a consistent part of the tissues studied here are from human origin. We believe that this volume should be read, not only by scientists and teachers active in the field, but also by a larger audience of students and professionals interested in knowing the scientific foundations of biomedicine."
Venous valves rank among the smallest and most delicate organs of the human and animal bodies - so why devote an entire book to them? We were induced to do so by several reasons. First of all we would point out the clinical significance of venous valves. In the pathogenesis of a number of widespread diseases, such as varicose veins or the post-thrombotic syndrome, venous valves are involved as the underlying cause or at least a factor contributory to the symptoms. According to Taheri et al. these venous diseases occur ten times more frequently than arterial obliterations. Incompetence of venous valves also plays a causal role in varicocele, the most frequent cause of male infertility. But not only pathogenetic reasons induced us to write this book. In more recent times there has been a growing tendency to reconstruct functional valve disorders therapeutically; several surgical methods have been developed, which are critically reviewed in this book. It was our aim to sum up existing knowledge with respect to structure and function of venous valves and to expand that knowl edge by findings of our own. Examinations of semi-thin sections and unilayered en-face preparations have hardly been published so far, and systematic studies of the ultrastructure by electron-microscopy were not to be found in the literature. We are very grateful, therefore, to Dr. Silvana Geleff for having undertaken such a study upon our suggestion."
In their preface, the authors highlight the great social and medical importance of hearing loss in the elderly, an ever-increasing prob lem. It is, therefore, most appropriate that a monograph, devoted to research in this field, features as an addition to the Bloomsbury Series in Clinical Science. Written by two leading authorities, the book reviews the past and present literature, details the clinical aspects and considers the electrophysiological and histopatho logical issues basic to the overall problem. It continues the high standard and excellence fostered by previous issues in the Series. London, August 1990 Jack Tinker Preface The number of very old people in the community is steadily increasing so the hearing loss that many of them endure has become a disorder of social and medical importance. Only by a greater scientific knowledge of old age deafness can there be any possibility for improvement in the care offered to its sufferers.
The book provides a comprehensive description of the ultrasound anatomy of the musculoskeletal system and clear guidance on the technique. Ultrasound images are coupled with anatomic pictures explaining probe positioning and scanning technique for the various joints of the musculoskeletal system: shoulder, elbow, hand and wrist, hip, knee, foot, and ankle. For each joint there is also a brief explanation of normal anatomy as well as a list of tricks and tips and advice on how to perform the ultrasound scan in clinical practice. This book will be an excellent practical teaching guide for beginners and a useful reference for more experienced sonographers.
VOLUME 1 Watch the Metaphysical Anatomy Book Video Trailer Now http: //youtu.be/_1oZEOU3p5o See What's INSIDE the Book & see the Table of Contents http: //evetterose.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/M_A-Version-2_0-TOC.pdf/ In this 1.5 KG, 7 x 10 inches, 790 page book AND 679 medical conditions you will find: Understand causes of emotional, mental and physical ailments that stem from your ancestry, conception, birth and childhood. If you are an alternative practitioner you will quickly sharpen your skills, learn more powerful approaches to emotional, mental and physical ailments. As a practitioner you will understand and work more efficiently with your clients. Under each disease you will find emotional components and accurate key points guiding you to effective alternative ways to heal and how to find core issues. Understanding trauma. Beliefs and emotions are often only symptoms of our problems and not the cause Find out why In Metaphysical Anatomy I wrote about diseases from A to Z, the emotional components related to those diseases as well as key points as to how to approach the condition with the intention to improve ones quality of life. Metaphysical Anatomy includes step-by-step guide for identifying the origin of the disease process, whether it be in your ancestry, conception, womb, birth or childhood. The information shared in this book is not just your average, 'oh I have seen this before' research, this is something new and unique. It will take you on a deep journey that you never once thought was possible Metaphysical Anatomy represents the connection between mind and body. Based on the principle of "as above so below, as within so without," you can connect the dots between the health of your body and the health of your environment. Our relationships and past experiences influence our body, not in a vague or "spiritual" way, but in a concrete and deterministic way. With the skills shared in this book, you can read a body like a book. This book is written for the benefit of therapists seeking guidance to improve their clients' quality of life. It is also easily accessible by the general public in search of answers for their own health, emotional and mental wellbeing. This book is an invaluable reference that will support, guide and help those that have the willingness to change their lives and understand the language of their body. So you think you understand the language of your body? Think again T E S T I M O N I A L This book is like a bible I was almost overwhelmed by the detail and great content shared in this book. I found the emotional components related to each disease to be very accurate and the key points shared in the book to be extremely helpful Evette also clearly explained the Key Points under each disease and emotional components, which issues and blocks to focus on when approaching certain diseases. The Key Points are explained very well. If you are a an alternative practitioner then you will find that in the a session with a client has already been mapped out for you in the Key Points under each illness. This was so helpful, as Evette recorded all the right questions to ask a client. I particularly loved the first 4 chapters in the book, where Evette explains the history and foundation of Metaphysical Anatomy and a little bit about their personal development seminars content, which was high level information but easy to understand and interesting. This book is a must-have for all holistic healthcare and well-being professionals and I look forward to working with it for many years to come. Ellen D, Australia For more information you can visit www.EvetteRose.com or www.MetaphysicalAnatomy.com Follow me on Twitter: https: //twitter.com/EvetteRose1 |
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