Reveals how the physical laws of nature control the physiological functions of all animals and influence their size. Shows why the size of living things is of such fundamental importance.

The studies described here were carried out in the Neuroregul ation Group, Department of Physiology, University of Leiden, the Netherlands. Over the last decade, this group, in close collaboration with the Department of Neurosurgery of the Academic Hospital of Leiden, has studied the development of the central nervous system from a neuroanatomical as well as a clinical perspective. During this period, the expression of several morphore gulators in the developing rat spinal cord was extensively investigated. Parallel studies focused on the development of the spinal cord fiber systems, which was studied by means of the intrauterine use of neuronal tracers. The main goal of these studies was to extend our knowledge about the (normal) generation of the spinal cord and to contribute to the under standing of clinical problems related to regeneration and degeneration in the mammalian central nervous system. The studies on morphoregulators, in particular, appeared to benefit two different scientific areas. Firstly, the correlation between morphoregulator expression patterns and known anatomy contributed to our knowledge about spinal cord development. Secondly, the correlation between morpho regulator expression patterns and known developmental processes may help to understand their precise function(s). This volume of Advances in Anatomy, Embryology and Cell Biology presents these particular studies on the development of the rat spinal cord performed over the last decade. As well as integrating the results of the tracer studies, this volume also provides an update on the development of the rat spinal cord.

In this text, the author reviews reproductive function in humans and wild and domestic mammals, highlighting the loci suitable for manipulation. Topics covered and discussed include: the needs and potential value of manipulating reproduction - including population control/family planning, increasing fertility, out of season breeding and conservation of wild species; the current methods of controlling reproduction, and their advantages and disadvantages; and the future potential of new methods.

In this, our Second Edition of Reproduction in Mammals, we are responding to numerous requests for a more up-to-date and rather more detailed treatment of the subject. The First Edition was accorded an excellent reception, but the first five books were written ten years ago and inevitably there have been advances on many fronts since then. As before, the manner of presentation is intended to make the subject matter interesting to read and readily comprehensible to undergraduates in the biological sciences, and yet with sufficient depth to provide a valued source of information to graduates engaged in both teaching and research. Our authors have been selected from among the best known in their respective fields. This volume discusses the manifold ways in which hormones control the reproductive processes in male and female mammals. The hypothalamus regulates both the anterior and posterior pituitary glands, whilst the pineal can exert a modulating influence on the hypothalamus. The pituitary gonadotrophins regulate the endocrine and gametogenic activities of the gonads, and there are important local feedback effects of hormones within the gonads themselves. Non-pregnant females display many different types of oestrous or menstrual cycles, and there are likewise great species differences in the endocrinology of pregnancy. But the hallmark of mammals is lactation, and this also exerts a major control on subsequent reproductive activity.

This book presents animal cytology as a science of seeing and interpreting chromosome form and behaviour, and of appreciating its evolutionary significance. Its principal objective is to help students develop a basic understanding and confidence on all matters relating to animal chromosomes.

How do bats catch insects in the dark? How do bees learn which flowers to visit? How do food-storing birds remember where their hoards are? Questions like these are addressed by neuroethology, the branch of behavioral neuroscience concerned with analyzing the neural bases of naturally occurring behaviors.This book brings together thirteen chapters presenting findings on perceptual and cognitive processes in some of the most active areas of neuroethological research, including auditory localization by bats and owls, song perception and learning in birds, pitch processing by frogs and toads, imprinting in birds, spatial memory in birds, learning in bees and in "Aplysia, " and electroreception in fish. A variety of approaches are represented, such as field studies, psychophysical tests, electrophysiological experiments, lesion studies, comparative neuroanatomy, and studies of development.Each chapter gives an up-to-date overview of a particular author's research and places it within the broader context of issues about animal perception and cognition. The book as a whole exemplifies how studying species and their particular specializations can inform general issues in psychology, ethology, and neuroscience.

L-------------------------------------------~ Kathy Ruppel, Ken Niebling and JeffFiner for their help and comments on the first draft. I am also grateful for discussions with and comments from Dr Neil Miliar, Professor Bob Simmons, Dr Roger Cooke, Dr Tosbio Yanagida, Dr John Kendrick-Jones, Dr Rob Cross, Dr Ian Trayer, Dr John Sparrow, Dr Michael Geeves, Dr Bernhard Brennerand Dr Peter K. night. The task of illustrating the book was made much easier by the photographs and diagrams kindly provided by Professor Ken Holmes, Dr Ron Milligan, Professor Basil Northover, Dr Hans Warrick, Dr John Squire, Dr JetT Harford, Dr Mary Reedy, Dr A vril Somlyo, Dr Darl Swartz, Dr Marion Greaser, Dr Peter Knight, Dr Gerald OtTer, Dr Roger Craig, Dr Peter Vibert, Dr John Kendrick-Jones, Dr Andrew Jackson, Dr Don Winkelmann, Dr Andrew Sowerby and Dr Richard Ankrett. I am grateful to the Science and Engineering Research Council for funding my travel to Stanford University. Permission to reproduce copyrighted material from the following publishers is gratefully acknowledged. The Physiological Society (Figs 2. 6, 6. 1, 6. 11, 6. 12, 7. 6), The RockefeBer University Press (Figs 3. 5, 4. 8, 8. 3), Academic Press(Figs3. 4,4. 4,4. 15, 9. 1, 9. 2), MacmillanPress(Figs 4. 2, 4. 3, 4. 12, 4. 13, 6. 6, 6. 9, 7. 8, 9. 3), Longman Group (Fig. 6. 7), The Royal Society (Fig. 3. 7) and D. W. Fawcett (Fig. 3. 1).

This thoroughly updated text will continue to serve the needs of students in introductory neuroscience courses as well as many other readers. Among topics highlighted in the third edition are the superfamily of molecules responsible for membrane signalling, the molecular basis of sensory perception and the pasticity of both sensory and motor circuits. The twin themes of organizational levels and comparative systems provide a unifying conceptual framework.

Originally published in 1982, this book was designed to supplement Knut Schmidt-Nielsen's Animal Physiology. Using Schmidt-Nielsen's comparative approach to the study of animal form function, the text pursues in greater detail topics introduced in Animal Physiology. Like the textbook, the Companion is organised according to major environmental features: oxygen, food and energy, temperature, and water, concluding with a section on movement and structure. The papers brought together in this volume were presented in July 1980 to honour Smith-Nielsen's sixty-fifth birthday, at the Fifth International Conference on Comparative Physiology, held in Sandbjerg, Denmark.

This book describes the basic electrical properties of a variety of mammalian tissues in scientific terms that even a student who has had little formal training in the physics of electricity should find understandable. Familiarity with Ohm's Law is one of the few basic tenets of physics which a reader of this book is assumed to possess. Mathematical treatment is kept to a minimum and formal thermodynamic reasoning is avoided. Instead, reliance is placed upon intuitive ideas of energy with which any undergraduate student of biology who needs to study electric events should feel comfortable.

This book is a practical guide for researchers and advanced graduate students in biology and biophysics who need a quantitative understanding of acoustical systems such as hearing, sound production, and vibration detection in animals at the physiological level. It begins with an introduction to physical acoustics, covering the fundamental concepts and showing how they can be applied quantitatively to understand auditory and sound-producing systems in animals. Only after the relatively simple mechanical part of the system is explained does the author focus his attention on the underlying physiological processes. The book is written on three levels. For those wanting a brief survey of the field, each chapter begins with a nonmathematical synopsis which summarizes the content and refers to the figures, all of which are designed to be understood apart from the main text. At the next level, the reader can follow the main text, but need not give close attention to anything but the general concepts and techniques involved. At the third level, the reader should follow the mathematical arguments in detail and attempt the discussion of questions at the end of each chapter. The author has provided detailed solutions which serve to expand the discussions of particular cases.

The North American opossum (Didelphis virginiana) generally is regarded as an important animal, phylogenetically. It is considered to represent a prototype marsupial and closely resembles fossil didelphids (Tyndale-Biscoe 1973). Numerous studies concerning the reproductive biology, embryology, and neurobiology of the opossum have been published. More recently, Didelphis has become popular as an animal model for gastroenterological studies because of the remarkable anatomical and physiological similarities of the esophagus as compared to that of man. Most of the studies of early development have concentrated on early cleavage stages and the formation of the three primary germ layers (Hartman 1916, 1919) and fetal membranes (Selenka 1887; McCrady 1938). The ova of Didelphis remain in the oviduct only for about 24 h before entering the uterus. A corona radiata is absent and each oocyte is surrounded only by a perivitel- line space and a zona pellucida (Talbot and DiCarlantonio 1984). During the short transit period, the egg is fertilized by a single spermatozoon (Rodger and Bedford 1982a,b).

1. 1 Historical Aspects and Terminology Granulated metrial gland (GMG) cells are readily identified by their cytoplasmic granules and were observed a number of years before the term "metrial gland" was introduced. A series of papers by Duval in 1891 provided a comprehensive description and a critical review of earlier studies of the placenta of rodents, but it was not until 1902 that the first convincing illustrations of GMG cells appeared in the literature (Jenkinson 1902). Jenkinson described "maternal glycogen cells" in the pregnant mouse uterus and noted that they contained cytoplasmic granules which stained with a variety of dyes. From his detailed description of the appearance and distribution of these maternal glycogen cells it is clear that he had observed what are now called granulated metrial gland cells. In 1911 Ancel and Bouin used the phrase une glande myometriale endocrine to describe a structure appearing between the muscle layers of the uterus at the insertion site of the placenta in rabbits. They described one of the cell types present in the glande myometriale as having the characteristics of glandular cells and noted their content of safraninophilic cytoplasmic granules. A glande myometriale endo crine was also described in the pregnant rat uterus by Weill (1919). He reported that the cellules granuleuses contained acidophilic inclusions and despite the absence of any illustrations in his paper it is apparent that he also had observed GMG cells."

The basic thesis for this study was that the telencephalon is needed to make decisions in new situations. Subsidary hypotheses were that the telencephalon consists of: (a) a sensorimotor system which generates motor activity from sensory input and (b) a selection system which makes choices from possible motor programs. It was postulated that the selection system should fulfil the following requirements: be accessible for past and present events, have the capacity to process this information in a nondetermined way with a possibility for ordering, and have access to motor-affecting systems (the sensorimotor system). The ability of the selection system to correlate information in a nonpredetermined way was considered most important. In short: The selection system should be able to associate any information in any combination, and have the capability for internal control of neuronal activity and external selection of motor programs (see Fig. IA. ) Xenopus laevis was chosen as a subject, since it has a relatively simple tel encephalon, with characteristics that it shares with "primitive" species of different vertebrate classes, and because it is easy to maintain as a laboratory animal. The main method used was the determination of connections with HRP. The pallium was in the focus of attention, since it was considered to be the core of the selection system. Immunohistochemistry was used as an additional parameter to compare Xenopus laevis forebrain with those of other vertebrates.

Histological observations of human embryos hitherto have been carried out using paraffin sections of 5 to 10 Am thickness, stained with the H-E method or simply with carmine. Because of the thickness, cells are arranged in 2 or 3 layers in one section and the histological details are not always clear. This book provides detailed morphological features of a very well preserved human embryo with fifteen somites. The sections are about 0.75 Am thick and stained with toluidine blue. The thinness of sections and clearness of staining reveal the histological details of this embryo very accurately. A complete set of high quality photomicrographs are presented for each of the selected sections. The high resolution of the photomicrographs will enable easy comparison with the literature. The clear presentation in this book of embryonic development is increasingly important and highly relevant for in-vitro fertilization, and thus of interest to reproductive biologists as well as anatomists.

Not since the early 1970s has there been an attempt to describe and illustrate the anatomy of the developing mouse embryo. More than ever such material is needed by biologists as they begin to unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying development and differentiation. After more than ten years of painstaking work, Matt Kaufman has completed The Atlas of Mouse Development--the definitive account of mouse embryology and development.
For all those researching or studying mammalian development, The Atlas of Mouse Development will be the standard reference work for many years to come.
Key Features
* Provides a comprehensive sequential account of the development of the mouse from pre-implantation to term
* Contains clear and concise descriptions of the anatomical features relevant to each stage of development
* Large format for easy use
* Contains explanatory notes and legends, and more than 180 meticulously labeled plates, 1,300 photographs of individual histological sections, and 200 electron micrographs, illustrating:
* Intermittent serial histological sections through embryos throughout embryogenesis and organogenesis
* Differentiation of specific organs and organ systems, including the spinal cord, eyes, gonads, kidneys, lungs and skeletal system
* External appearance of intact embryos throughout development

In the animal world, pigments and colour pigment patterns play an important role. Pigments in the epidermis offer protection against solar radiation, and the various colour patterns provide the animals with concealment, advertisement and disguise (Cott 1940). The study of pigment cells and colour patterns is a multidisciplinary research field which includes developmental biology (determination, differenti ation, migration), genetics (phenotypic gene expression, colour mutants), cell biology (ultrastructure, organelles, cell surface), biochemistry (enzymes, metabo lism), physiology (control of colour changes) and dermatology, as well as ecology and evolution. In the present study we investigate the development of two different amphibian larval pigment patterns. These patterns might serve as specific models for the arrangement of cells derived from the neural crest (NC), involving their migration, differentiation and interaction with each other and the embryonic environment. Because of the NC origin of pigment cells, we consider first some general aspects of NC development, before turning to pigment cells and specific problems in pigment pattern formation. The NC arises during neurulation, an early process in vertebrate embryoge nesis. In amphibians, the crest lies on top of the neural tube as a flat epithelial sheet or strand of cells (Detwiler 1937; Schroeder 1970; L6fberg and Ahlfors 1978; Spieth and Keller 1984). Here the term 'crest' is much more appropriate than in birds or mammals (Newgreen and Erickson 1986), where the crest cells start to migrate before a true crest has formed.

8 References . 95 Subject Index 101 VIII 1 Introduction Mast cells and basophils were first described by Ehrlich (1877, 1878, 1879). Although these cells share many functional properties, they can readily be distinguished using morphological criteria (Dvorak 1986a; Dvorak et al. 1983a, 1983c; Galli et al. 1984). The identification of immunoglobulin E (IgE) and high affinity IgE receptors on mast cells and basophils was instrumental to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the role of these cells in immediate hypersensitivity reactions (Ishizaka and Ishizaka 1979; Ishizaka et al. 1966, 1972, 1973; Tomioka and Ishizaka 1971). We now know that these IgE-mediated mechanisms as well as a number of other stimuli can cause the rapid release of many preformed mediators of inflammation from both mast cells and basophils (Galli et al. 1984). The most well-known of these is histamine. Potent mediators that are not preformed are also stimulated and released from these cells. Recently, products of arachidonic acid metabolism, such as the prostaglandins and leukotrienes, have been found to be generated either by the cyclooxygenase pathway or the lipoxy- genase pathway in mast cells and basophils (Lewis and Austen 1981, 1984; Peters et al. 1984, 1987). Detailed studies and reviews of the biochemistry of these mediators and their immunologically mediated reactions have been published (Lewis and Austen 1981, 1984; Lichtenstein et al. 1979; MacGlashan et al. 1982b; Paterson et al. 1976; Peters et al. 1984, 1987). Mast cells and basophils contain other important biochemicals.

The study of the avian chondrocranium commenced with the classic and ex cellent monographs of W.K. Parker (1866, 1869, 1875, 1876, 1890) who described the development in the ostrich tribe, the Gallinaceae and various other birds. T.J. Parker (1888, 1891) continued these investigations in Apteryx. The next milestone was the detailed study of the development of Tinnunculus (Suschkin 1899), followed by contributions from Tonkoff (1900), Gaupp (1906) and Sonies (1907). With improved techniques, Sonies (1907) could elucidate various new aspects of the chondrocrania of Gallus and Anas. A major contribution was made by de Beer and Barrington (1934), who not only gave a detailed description of the development of the chondrocranium of Anas but also standardised the nomenclature and elaborated on the various morphological problems of the avian chondrocranium. After Brock's (1937) study of the morphology of the chondrocranium of the ostrich, contributions came from Kesteven (1941, 1942), Hofer (1945, 1949, 1954), Slaby (1951 a, b, 1952, 1958), Barnikol (1952), Starck (1941, 1955, 1960), Lang (1955,1956), May (1961), Muller (1961,1963), Macke (1969), Goldschmid (1972) and Smit and Frank (1979)."

This fully-revised new edition of the best-selling Equine Clinical Medicine, Surgery and Reproduction is supported by over 1800 illustrations of the highest quality: colour photographs, diagnostic images including MRI and CT, and diagrams. System-based, the chapters introduce each individual system with precise information on the relevant basic anatomy and physiology, standard clinical examination techniques and useful differential diagnostic aids. This is followed by diseases and disorders that are pertinent to that system, grouped together either anatomically or based on presenting clinical signs. Each condition is described using consistent headings: definition/overview, etiology and pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, differential diagnoses, management/treatment, and prognosis. Additional chapters deal with the foal and wounds. New to the second edition: - All chapters are updated throughout - Additional chapters on the axial musculoskeletal system (neck, back and pelvis) and muscle diseases and problems - A whole new section on soft tissue injuries of the foot - More information on diagnostic tests including over-ground endoscopy, chest and liver ultrasonography, head CT, and foot MRI - Material on equine dentistry, neurology, endocrine system, the foal, and the liver has been considerably expanded - All illustrations and photographs have been reviewed and many replaced with higher quality images. The focus throughout remains on providing clinically relevant information required for practical case management, plus sufficient background on causes and disease processes to enable readers to understand the conditions and the rationale for diagnostic and treatment options. An international group of respected clinicians have come together under the editorship of Dr Graham Munroe to create a textbook that will be of lasting value as a teaching and training resource for equine clinical teachers and their students in veterinary medicine and related equine courses, as well as a ready reference for non-specialist mixed or equine clinical practitioners

This book gives a survey of the architecture of the Golgi apparatus, as revealed by morphological and cytochemical studies with a variety of cell types. The results presented include demonstrations of Golgi architecture in the course of cell differentiation, at varying functional cellular states, and under the influence of microtubule-disrupting agents. Emphasis is particularly placed on the organization of subsections of the Golgi apparatus and the questions of how Golgi subsections may be related to functional subcompartments of the Golgi system. By means of affinity-cytochemical approaches, using a palette of lectins of diverse sugar specificities, it is shown that functional subcompartments can be distributed in the complex Golgi system irrespective of the morphological subdivision in cis-medial-trans-transmost subsections. The use of pre- and post-embedment lectin-cytochemical approaches as a tool for the localization of functional Golgi subcompartments is of particular interest, especially as some of the lectins have been used in these approaches for the first time. This book intends to provide synoptic information on the architecture of the Golgi apparatus, its wide variability and possible arrangements of Golgi subcompartments.

The study of the avian chondrocranium began in 1866 with W.K. Parker's "On the structure and development of the skull in the ostrich tribe." With this and other excellent papers, W.K. Parker (1866, 1869, 1875, 1876) laid the foundation for the study of the bird's skull. W.K. Parker's work was continued by T.J. Parker (1888, 1891), who investigated the skull of Apteryx. Apart from the studies of the Parkers, the most important contribution to the study of the development of the bird's skull published before 1900 is Suschkin's (1899) excellent and detailed account of Tinnunculus. At the beginning of the twentieth century, Sonies (1907) made a further contribution with his study on the development of the chondrocrania of Anas and Gallus. The first major work to appear after that of Sonies was De Beer and Barr ington's (1934) study on the segmentation and chondrification of the skull of Anas. This was an important contribution, because they not only standardized the nomenclature but also compared the avian chondrocranium with that of reptiles and mammals and discussed morphological problems on the basis of these comparisons."

According to Valentin (1833) and Luschka (1862), the first description of the structure now known as the carotid body must be ascribed to a Swiss physiolo gist - Albrecht von Haller - who, in 1762, called it the ganglion exiguum. This claim, however, may be erroneous, for Tauber (1743) described a struc ture at the bifurcation on the common carotid artery and called it the ganglion minutum. Andersch (1797) reprinted the text of a study made by his father between 1751 and 1755. The original printing of this work had apparently been sold as waste paper Andersch called the organ the ganglion intercaroticum on account of its location. He also specifically stated that the sympathetic chain, the glossopharyngeal and the vagus nerves sent branches into the organ. For a while the carotid body remained forgotten, to be rediscovered in 1833 by Mayer of Bonn who again remarked upon the branches of the sympathetic, glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves as sources of a nerve plexus which innervated the ganglion intercaroticurtl. . Valentin (1833) clearly regarded the structure as part of the sympathetic nervous system, although he too recognised that the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves contributed conspicuously to its innervation. Thus it is evident that the anatomists of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries regarded the structure in the carotid bifurcation as one of the many ganglia which are interspersed in the course of the sympathetic nervous system."

With the introduction of modern neuroanatomical tract-tracing techniques (e. g. , Heimer and RoBards 1981; Mesulam 1982) and immunohistochemical methods (e. g. , Cuello 1983) powerful tools to study the circuitry of the central nervous system in vertebrates became available. These techniques have also been widely applied in "lower" vertebrates. A major task of comparative neurobiology is to sample the variations that exist in the brains of living taxa and to recognize common morphological patterns and their adaptive significance (Northcutt 1978, 1981). Reptiles, with their great variation in form and locomotion, are particularly interesting objects for neurobiologic research. They were the first vertebrates to be truly terrestrial and each reptilian radiation has solved many of the major obstacles to successful land invasion in strikingly different ways (Gans 1974). Among reptiles, the most encephalized species (as regards brain- body weight relationship, e. g. , Jerison 1973; Ebbesson and Northcutt 1976; Platel1979) are the dracomorphs (e. g. teiids, varanids and iguanids). The brains of dracomorphs can best be described as the most complex among living lizards with increase in both size and differentiation of most sensory modalities (North- cutt 1978). In the present study, the structure and fiber connections of the brain stem of such a highly developed dracomorph, the savanna monitor lizard, Varanus exanthematicus (Fig. 1), are analyzed. The brain stem plays a key role within the central nervous system.

This volume provides a comprehensive, highly detailed topographical description of the entire tail apparatus of the pigeon including a functional analysis of the movements of the entire tail and its appendages, namely the flight feathers. The manner in which the flight feathers are incorporated into the uropygium has never before been so carefully studied. Foremost among the features of the tail described here for the first time is the bulb of the rectrices. The topographic relationships of the bulb, its external and internal architecture, the attachments and arrangements of its flight feathers, and its socket are described. Also included are accounts of the components of the tail, its skeleton, joints, intrinsic and extrinsic musculature, vasculature, and innervation. There is an analysis of the movements of the entire tail and its various elements, as well as a discussion of the topographic and functional relationships of the tail and cloaca, of the neural control of the tail and of its functions in flight, braking and balance. A preliminary comparative survey of the tail apparatus in representatives of several avian orders has been made. Finally, the unexpected influence of the tail apparatus in visceral functions such as defecation, respiration and vocalization is considered.