The basic thesis for this study was that the telencephalon is needed to make decisions in new situations. Subsidary hypotheses were that the telencephalon consists of: (a) a sensorimotor system which generates motor activity from sensory input and (b) a selection system which makes choices from possible motor programs. It was postulated that the selection system should fulfil the following requirements: be accessible for past and present events, have the capacity to process this information in a nondetermined way with a possibility for ordering, and have access to motor-affecting systems (the sensorimotor system). The ability of the selection system to correlate information in a nonpredetermined way was considered most important. In short: The selection system should be able to associate any information in any combination, and have the capability for internal control of neuronal activity and external selection of motor programs (see Fig. IA. ) Xenopus laevis was chosen as a subject, since it has a relatively simple tel encephalon, with characteristics that it shares with "primitive" species of different vertebrate classes, and because it is easy to maintain as a laboratory animal. The main method used was the determination of connections with HRP. The pallium was in the focus of attention, since it was considered to be the core of the selection system. Immunohistochemistry was used as an additional parameter to compare Xenopus laevis forebrain with those of other vertebrates.

Histological observations of human embryos hitherto have been carried out using paraffin sections of 5 to 10 Am thickness, stained with the H-E method or simply with carmine. Because of the thickness, cells are arranged in 2 or 3 layers in one section and the histological details are not always clear. This book provides detailed morphological features of a very well preserved human embryo with fifteen somites. The sections are about 0.75 Am thick and stained with toluidine blue. The thinness of sections and clearness of staining reveal the histological details of this embryo very accurately. A complete set of high quality photomicrographs are presented for each of the selected sections. The high resolution of the photomicrographs will enable easy comparison with the literature. The clear presentation in this book of embryonic development is increasingly important and highly relevant for in-vitro fertilization, and thus of interest to reproductive biologists as well as anatomists.

In the animal world, pigments and colour pigment patterns play an important role. Pigments in the epidermis offer protection against solar radiation, and the various colour patterns provide the animals with concealment, advertisement and disguise (Cott 1940). The study of pigment cells and colour patterns is a multidisciplinary research field which includes developmental biology (determination, differenti ation, migration), genetics (phenotypic gene expression, colour mutants), cell biology (ultrastructure, organelles, cell surface), biochemistry (enzymes, metabo lism), physiology (control of colour changes) and dermatology, as well as ecology and evolution. In the present study we investigate the development of two different amphibian larval pigment patterns. These patterns might serve as specific models for the arrangement of cells derived from the neural crest (NC), involving their migration, differentiation and interaction with each other and the embryonic environment. Because of the NC origin of pigment cells, we consider first some general aspects of NC development, before turning to pigment cells and specific problems in pigment pattern formation. The NC arises during neurulation, an early process in vertebrate embryoge nesis. In amphibians, the crest lies on top of the neural tube as a flat epithelial sheet or strand of cells (Detwiler 1937; Schroeder 1970; L6fberg and Ahlfors 1978; Spieth and Keller 1984). Here the term 'crest' is much more appropriate than in birds or mammals (Newgreen and Erickson 1986), where the crest cells start to migrate before a true crest has formed.

Discovering the secrets of animal movement and what they can teach us Insects walk on water, snakes slither, and fish swim. Animals move with astounding grace, speed, and versatility: how do they do it, and what can we learn from them? How to Walk on Water and Climb up Walls takes readers on a wondrous journey into the world of animal motion. From basement labs at MIT to the rain forests of Panama, David Hu shows how animals have adapted and evolved to traverse their environments, taking advantage of physical laws with results that are startling and ingenious. In turn, the latest discoveries about animal mechanics are inspiring scientists to invent robots and devices that move with similar elegance and efficiency. Integrating biology, engineering, physics, and robotics, How to Walk on Water and Climb up Walls demystifies the remarkable secrets behind animal locomotion.

8 References . 95 Subject Index 101 VIII 1 Introduction Mast cells and basophils were first described by Ehrlich (1877, 1878, 1879). Although these cells share many functional properties, they can readily be distinguished using morphological criteria (Dvorak 1986a; Dvorak et al. 1983a, 1983c; Galli et al. 1984). The identification of immunoglobulin E (IgE) and high affinity IgE receptors on mast cells and basophils was instrumental to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the role of these cells in immediate hypersensitivity reactions (Ishizaka and Ishizaka 1979; Ishizaka et al. 1966, 1972, 1973; Tomioka and Ishizaka 1971). We now know that these IgE-mediated mechanisms as well as a number of other stimuli can cause the rapid release of many preformed mediators of inflammation from both mast cells and basophils (Galli et al. 1984). The most well-known of these is histamine. Potent mediators that are not preformed are also stimulated and released from these cells. Recently, products of arachidonic acid metabolism, such as the prostaglandins and leukotrienes, have been found to be generated either by the cyclooxygenase pathway or the lipoxy- genase pathway in mast cells and basophils (Lewis and Austen 1981, 1984; Peters et al. 1984, 1987). Detailed studies and reviews of the biochemistry of these mediators and their immunologically mediated reactions have been published (Lewis and Austen 1981, 1984; Lichtenstein et al. 1979; MacGlashan et al. 1982b; Paterson et al. 1976; Peters et al. 1984, 1987). Mast cells and basophils contain other important biochemicals.

The study of the avian chondrocranium commenced with the classic and ex cellent monographs of W.K. Parker (1866, 1869, 1875, 1876, 1890) who described the development in the ostrich tribe, the Gallinaceae and various other birds. T.J. Parker (1888, 1891) continued these investigations in Apteryx. The next milestone was the detailed study of the development of Tinnunculus (Suschkin 1899), followed by contributions from Tonkoff (1900), Gaupp (1906) and Sonies (1907). With improved techniques, Sonies (1907) could elucidate various new aspects of the chondrocrania of Gallus and Anas. A major contribution was made by de Beer and Barrington (1934), who not only gave a detailed description of the development of the chondrocranium of Anas but also standardised the nomenclature and elaborated on the various morphological problems of the avian chondrocranium. After Brock's (1937) study of the morphology of the chondrocranium of the ostrich, contributions came from Kesteven (1941, 1942), Hofer (1945, 1949, 1954), Slaby (1951 a, b, 1952, 1958), Barnikol (1952), Starck (1941, 1955, 1960), Lang (1955,1956), May (1961), Muller (1961,1963), Macke (1969), Goldschmid (1972) and Smit and Frank (1979)."

This book gives a survey of the architecture of the Golgi apparatus, as revealed by morphological and cytochemical studies with a variety of cell types. The results presented include demonstrations of Golgi architecture in the course of cell differentiation, at varying functional cellular states, and under the influence of microtubule-disrupting agents. Emphasis is particularly placed on the organization of subsections of the Golgi apparatus and the questions of how Golgi subsections may be related to functional subcompartments of the Golgi system. By means of affinity-cytochemical approaches, using a palette of lectins of diverse sugar specificities, it is shown that functional subcompartments can be distributed in the complex Golgi system irrespective of the morphological subdivision in cis-medial-trans-transmost subsections. The use of pre- and post-embedment lectin-cytochemical approaches as a tool for the localization of functional Golgi subcompartments is of particular interest, especially as some of the lectins have been used in these approaches for the first time. This book intends to provide synoptic information on the architecture of the Golgi apparatus, its wide variability and possible arrangements of Golgi subcompartments.

The study of the avian chondrocranium began in 1866 with W.K. Parker's "On the structure and development of the skull in the ostrich tribe." With this and other excellent papers, W.K. Parker (1866, 1869, 1875, 1876) laid the foundation for the study of the bird's skull. W.K. Parker's work was continued by T.J. Parker (1888, 1891), who investigated the skull of Apteryx. Apart from the studies of the Parkers, the most important contribution to the study of the development of the bird's skull published before 1900 is Suschkin's (1899) excellent and detailed account of Tinnunculus. At the beginning of the twentieth century, Sonies (1907) made a further contribution with his study on the development of the chondrocrania of Anas and Gallus. The first major work to appear after that of Sonies was De Beer and Barr ington's (1934) study on the segmentation and chondrification of the skull of Anas. This was an important contribution, because they not only standardized the nomenclature but also compared the avian chondrocranium with that of reptiles and mammals and discussed morphological problems on the basis of these comparisons."

According to Valentin (1833) and Luschka (1862), the first description of the structure now known as the carotid body must be ascribed to a Swiss physiolo gist - Albrecht von Haller - who, in 1762, called it the ganglion exiguum. This claim, however, may be erroneous, for Tauber (1743) described a struc ture at the bifurcation on the common carotid artery and called it the ganglion minutum. Andersch (1797) reprinted the text of a study made by his father between 1751 and 1755. The original printing of this work had apparently been sold as waste paper Andersch called the organ the ganglion intercaroticum on account of its location. He also specifically stated that the sympathetic chain, the glossopharyngeal and the vagus nerves sent branches into the organ. For a while the carotid body remained forgotten, to be rediscovered in 1833 by Mayer of Bonn who again remarked upon the branches of the sympathetic, glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves as sources of a nerve plexus which innervated the ganglion intercaroticurtl. . Valentin (1833) clearly regarded the structure as part of the sympathetic nervous system, although he too recognised that the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves contributed conspicuously to its innervation. Thus it is evident that the anatomists of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries regarded the structure in the carotid bifurcation as one of the many ganglia which are interspersed in the course of the sympathetic nervous system."

With the introduction of modern neuroanatomical tract-tracing techniques (e. g. , Heimer and RoBards 1981; Mesulam 1982) and immunohistochemical methods (e. g. , Cuello 1983) powerful tools to study the circuitry of the central nervous system in vertebrates became available. These techniques have also been widely applied in "lower" vertebrates. A major task of comparative neurobiology is to sample the variations that exist in the brains of living taxa and to recognize common morphological patterns and their adaptive significance (Northcutt 1978, 1981). Reptiles, with their great variation in form and locomotion, are particularly interesting objects for neurobiologic research. They were the first vertebrates to be truly terrestrial and each reptilian radiation has solved many of the major obstacles to successful land invasion in strikingly different ways (Gans 1974). Among reptiles, the most encephalized species (as regards brain- body weight relationship, e. g. , Jerison 1973; Ebbesson and Northcutt 1976; Platel1979) are the dracomorphs (e. g. teiids, varanids and iguanids). The brains of dracomorphs can best be described as the most complex among living lizards with increase in both size and differentiation of most sensory modalities (North- cutt 1978). In the present study, the structure and fiber connections of the brain stem of such a highly developed dracomorph, the savanna monitor lizard, Varanus exanthematicus (Fig. 1), are analyzed. The brain stem plays a key role within the central nervous system.

AAP Prose Award Finalist 2018/19 Management of Animal Care and Use Programs in Research, Education, and Testing, Second Edition is the extensively expanded revision of the popular Management of Laboratory Animal Care and Use Programs book published earlier this century. Following in the footsteps of the first edition, this revision serves as a first line management resource, providing for strong advocacy for advancing quality animal welfare and science worldwide, and continues as a valuable seminal reference for those engaged in all types of programs involving animal care and use. The new edition has more than doubled the number of chapters in the original volume to present a more comprehensive overview of the current breadth and depth of the field with applicability to an international audience. Readers are provided with the latest information and resource and reference material from authors who are noted experts in their field. The book: - Emphasizes the importance of developing a collaborative culture of care within an animal care and use program and provides information about how behavioral management through animal training can play an integral role in a veterinary health program - Provides a new section on Environment and Housing, containing chapters that focus on management considerations of housing and enrichment delineated by species - Expands coverage of regulatory oversight and compliance, assessment, and assurance issues and processes, including a greater discussion of globalization and harmonizing cultural and regulatory issues - Includes more in-depth treatment throughout the book of critical topics in program management, physical plant, animal health, and husbandry. Biomedical research using animals requires administrators and managers who are knowledgeable and highly skilled. They must adapt to the complexity of rapidly-changing technologies, balance research goals with a thorough understanding of regulatory requirements and guidelines, and know how to work with a multi-generational, multi-cultural workforce. This book is the ideal resource for these professionals. It also serves as an indispensable resource text for certification exams and credentialing boards for a multitude of professional societies Co-publishers on the second edition are: ACLAM (American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine); ECLAM (European College of Laboratory Animal Medicine); IACLAM (International Colleges of Laboratory Animal Medicine); JCLAM (Japanese College of Laboratory Animal Medicine); KCLAM (Korean College of Laboratory Animal Medicine); CALAS (Canadian Association of Laboratory Animal Medicine); LAMA (Laboratory Animal Management Association); and IAT (Institute of Animal Technology).

This volume provides a comprehensive, highly detailed topographical description of the entire tail apparatus of the pigeon including a functional analysis of the movements of the entire tail and its appendages, namely the flight feathers. The manner in which the flight feathers are incorporated into the uropygium has never before been so carefully studied. Foremost among the features of the tail described here for the first time is the bulb of the rectrices. The topographic relationships of the bulb, its external and internal architecture, the attachments and arrangements of its flight feathers, and its socket are described. Also included are accounts of the components of the tail, its skeleton, joints, intrinsic and extrinsic musculature, vasculature, and innervation. There is an analysis of the movements of the entire tail and its various elements, as well as a discussion of the topographic and functional relationships of the tail and cloaca, of the neural control of the tail and of its functions in flight, braking and balance. A preliminary comparative survey of the tail apparatus in representatives of several avian orders has been made. Finally, the unexpected influence of the tail apparatus in visceral functions such as defecation, respiration and vocalization is considered.

The development of the breast-shoulder apparatus in the Marsupialia was inves tigated and compared with the conditions in Monotremata and Placentalia. The results were achieved by the investigation of material comprising altogether 109 histological serial sections of intrauterine embryos, neonates, and pouch young from 11 marsupial species. Additionally, 54 skeletons of subadult and adult marsupials from 25 species were included for comparison. The embryonic states show a strong similarity to the developmental stage of the breast-shoulder apparatus in the monotremes. In contrast, the adult breast-shoulder apparatus generally corresponds to that in placentals. The following elements can be observed in the marsupial breast-shoulder apparatus during embryogenesis: scapula, metacoracoid, procoracoid, first rib, paired sternal elements, unpaired sternal element, and clavicle. All the elements mentioned together form a compact, continuous arch in both the intrauterine embryos and the neonates. In the pouch young, this arch is reduced rather soon after birth, so that a compact connection between the left and the right half of the body no longer exists. All that remains is a loose connection via the clavicle. The metacoracoid becomes the processus coracoideus scapulae. The procoracoid becomes the praeclavium. The unpaired sternal element fuses with the paired sternal element, generating the uniform manubrium sterni. The first rib takes its usual position in the thorax. In the pouch young, the breast shoulder apparatus as a whole already shows all the typical characteristics that can be determined in adults.

Many mammalian species living at medium or higher latitudes show marked annual cycles in various morphological and functional properties. There is a clear cycle of the reproductive activity ranging from a fertile to an infertile state in both the male and female. Such an annual periodicity can be regarded as an adaptation to seasonal changes of environmental conditions such as cli mate and nutrition, ensuring that birth and development of the litter are re stricted to a favorable season. These annual cycles consist of cyclic changes of exocrine and endocrine gonadal function, in the hormone-dependent organs (accessory glands, etc.) and in the hormonal hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal system (for literature, see Hoffmann 1981). Such a seasonal cycle of reproductive activity was found in species from all vertebrate groups (i.e., birds, see Hoffmann 1981; Breucker 1982; reptiles, amphibians, and teleosts, see Hoffmann 1981). In those primate species of the Macaca family which are seasonal breeders (Zamboni et al. 1974), it was demonstrated by Richter et al. (1978) and Wickings and Nieschlag (1980) that these cycles are also evident under constant laboratory conditions, suggest ing that these cycles are based upon endogenous rhythms which are modulated and synchronized in the natural habitat by exogenous factors."

This up-to-the-minute Second Edition of an incomparable resource describes in detail the bases for developing dosage forms for use in animals-highlighting the data necessary to meet regulatory approval. Demonstrates the successful characterization, control, and registration of new veterinary medicines! Thoroughly rewritten and enlarged to reflect the technical advances that have occurred since the previous edition, Development and Formulation of Veterinary Dosage Forms, Second Edition discusses the reasons for dosage form selection explains the latest available technologies examines new drug therapeutics reveals up-to-date techniques and applications for pharmacokinetic data covers the formulation of products derived from biotechnology elucidates recent analytical methods shows how to determine the type of dosage form appropriate for particular species and more! Written by a team of international authorities from North America and Europe and containing over 1100 bibliographic citation, figures, and tables, Development and Formulation of Veterinary Dosage Forms, Second Edition is an essential reference for pharmaceutical, animal, and quality control scientists; research pharmacists and pharmacologists; veterinarians; drug quality assurance and regulatory personnel in government and industry; pathologists; microbiologists; virologists; physiologists; toxicologists; and upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in these disciplines.

An elegant analysis of how animals work and function. Professor Schmidt-Nielsen’s incisive account gives a clear understanding of comparative physiology in relation to body size, form and function, energy supply, and environment. The author is concerned with principles. For example, he explains how difficult it may be to lose heat and water from the respiratory tract. This leads to a consideration of the mechanism of panting as a means of heat loss. The author describes the centuries-old problem of how birds breathe, which now has been solved in his laboratory. He then discusses energy expenditure for swimming, running, and flying, and the effects of activity on heat balance. The ability of mammals to maintain different parts of the body at different temperatures is explained on the basis of counter-current heat exchange; a related mechanism permits the fast-swimming tuna to enjoy some of the advantages of being warm-blooded. The problems raised by being small in size, or large, are considered in detail. It is shown that many physiological variables can be placed on a scale which permits the derivation of non-dimensional numbers to describe the interrelations between different parameters. This interesting and stimulating account was written primarily for students, but since it brings together and synthesizes much new and up-to-date information it will interest all biologists and physiologists.

The nervous system is particularly fascinating for many biologists because it controls animal characteristics such as movement, behavior, and coordinated thinking. Invertebrate neurobiology has traditionally been studied in specific model organisms, whilst knowledge of the broad diversity of nervous system architecture and its evolution among metazoan animals has received less attention. This is the first major reference work in the field for 50 years, bringing together many leading evolutionary neurobiologists to review the most recent research on the structure of invertebrate nervous systems and provide a comprehensive and authoritative overview for a new generation of researchers. Presented in full colour throughout, Structure and Evolution of Invertebrate Nervous Systems synthesizes and illustrates the numerous new findings that have been made possible with light and electron microscopy. These include the recent introduction of new molecular and optical techniques such as immunohistochemical staining of neuron-specific antigens and fluorescence in-situ-hybridization, combined with visualization by confocal laser scanning microscopy. New approaches to analysing the structure of the nervous system are also included such as micro-computational tomography, cryo-soft X-ray tomography, and various 3-D visualization techniques. The book follows a systematic and phylogenetic structure, covering a broad range of taxa, interspersed with chapters focusing on selected topics in nervous system functioning which are presented as research highlights and perspectives. This comprehensive reference work will be an essential companion for graduate students and researchers alike in the fields of metazoan neurobiology, morphology, zoology, phylogeny and evolution.

This book attempts to explore the contribution that biochemistry has made, thus far, to our understanding of the endocrine pancreas and its relationship to diabetes mellitus. It was written with the aim of using an important clinical problem to illustrate, to medical students, that there are many aspects of the biochemistry taught in the early years which have direct relevance to clinical medicine. Furthermore, it is hoped that such information might provide biochemistry students with a frame work on which to base further studies. To this end a selection of recent references has been placed at the end of each chapter. In spite of considerable advances in our understanding of diabetes mellitus, it is still a disease which many physicians do not seem to com prehend. This is in part related to their lack of understanding of the molecular biology of the disease. Advances in this area have been dramatic in recent years and we are now able to offer a molecular basis for a rational approach to therapy. It may be therefore that this book will provide some physicians with the information they require to help them gain a deeper understanding of the disease. I hope that everyone who reads this book is able to capture some of the fascination that the islets of Langerhans hold for myself and the many other workers actively engaged in trying to unravel their mys teries."

The student of biological science in his final years as an undergraduate and his first years as a graduate is expected to gain some familiarity with current research at the frontiers of his discipline. New research work is published in a perplexing diversity of publications and is inevitably concerned with the minutiae of the subject. The sheer number of research journals and papers also causes confusion and difficulties of assimilation. Review articles usually presuppose a background know ledge of the field and are inevitably rather restricted in scope. There is thus a need for short but authoritative introductions to those areas of modern biological research which are either not dealt with in standard introductory textbooks or are not dealt with in sufficient detail to enable the student to go on from them to read scholarly reviews with profit. This series of books is designed to satisfy this need. The authors have been asked to produce a brief outline of their subject assuming that their readers will have read and remembered much of a standard introductory textbook on biology. This outline then sets out to provide by building on this basis, the conceptual framework within which modern research work is progressing and aims to give the reader an indication of the problems, both conceptual and practical, which must be overcome if progress is to be maintained."

Isoenzymes were 'discovered' 20 years ago and were at first regarded as interesting but rare occurrences. Since then a wealth of information on enzyme heterogeneity has accrued and it now seems likely that at least half of all enzymes exist as isoenzymes. This is important in many areas of biological and medical science. Thus isoenzyme studies have provided the main experimental substance for the neutral drift controversy in genetics and evolution; they have greatly extended our understanding of metabolic regulation not only in animals but also in bacteria and plants; their existence has made available a multitude of highly sensitive markers for the study of differentiation and development, as well as providing indices of aberrant gene expression in carcinogenesis and other pathological processes. Iso enzymes are also being used increasingly in diagnostic clinical bio chemistry. It is surprising that this phenomenon which affects such a high pro portion of enzymes and is clearly important in biochemistry should receive such scant attention in the standard textbooks of that subject, the formal treatment of isoenzymology in these rarely exceeding one or two pages. This may be because the 'pure biochemist' has tended to regard variation in enzyme properties between tissues more as an unwanted complication than as a potential source of insight into diversity of biological function."

In this book we present a largely biochemical look at the metals of life and their functions, which we hope will be of interest to chemists and biologists as well as biochemists. The field of 'inorganic bio chemistry' is one of rapid change. Recent developments in our know ledge of the activity of calcium, and of the iron-sulphur proteins, are two examples, and increasing attention is being paid to non-metals as well 3]. For reasons of space, we shall restrict ourselves to the normal biological activities of metals. We must ignore, on the one hand, the gross physiological effects of metal deficiency or toxicity, and on the other, the many model studies which have been stimulated by the unusual properties of metals in biological systems. Usually the synthesis of model metal compounds follows rather than anticipates the dis covery of novel biological configurations. However, such studies give us a firm basis for an understanding of the biological systems, and sometimes answer questions that cannot be tackled any other way (for instance, what is the net charge on an iron-sulphur cluster?). As a result, we can refer to new and interesting information on the metals oflife at a chemical level. We gratefully acknowledge the help of Professor P. Banks and Dr D. Fenton who have read and criticized the manuscript, though any errors or misconceptions remain our own responsibility. We thank Mr P. Elliot for preparing Fig. 5.2."

It is known that the medial geniculate body (MGB) is the last relay center in the audi- tory system. Its projections to the auditory cortex have been studied extensively in the cat using retrograde cell degeneration and the Marchi technique. The auditory cortex has also been defined electrophysiologically and cytoarchitecturally by many authors (Fig. 1). Woolsey and Walzl (1942) first defined the primary (AI) and secondary (All) auditory areas by electrical stimulation of cochlear nerve fibers. Later studies have dem- onstrated other cortical areas responsive to auditory stimulation: the posterior ecto- sylvian area (Ep), the suprasylvian fringe (SF), the third auditory'area (AlII) in the sec- ond somatic sensory area (SII), the insular area (Ins) or the fourth auditory area (AIV), and the temporal area (Temp). Classic anatomic methods, such as the Marchi and retrograde cell degeneration methods, were not suitable for studying the precise organization of the cortical pro- jections of MGB, however, the Nauta method has been useful in the study of these pro- jections (Wilson and Cragg, 1969; Niimi and Naito, 1972, 1974; Sousa-Pinto, 1973). These studies indicated that parts of MGB send differential projections to individual auditory areas, although considerable overlap of the projections is seen. Furthermore, some authors showed that the pulvinar nuclear group also projects to the auditory cor- tex (Graybiel, 1973; Niimi et aI. , 1974a; Rosenquist et aI. , 1974).

How are sights and sounds and smells converted into electrical signals in a form that can be interpreted by the nervous system? Although this process, called sensory transduction, began to be understood only relatively recently, so much progress has been made that it is now possible to say at least in outline (but in most cases in remarkable detail) how transduction occurs for all of the major sense organs of the body. Since the first edition was published in 2003, many new experiments have radically changed some of our previously-held views.This new edition fulfils the book's original aims, both as an accessible textbook and a general introduction to the senses, by bringing the contents fully up to date with the new information acquired over the last 15 years. In so doing, it continues to provide a comprehensive survey of one of the greatest achievements of modern biology and neuroscience - the unravelling of the mechanism of sensation. Sensory Transduction is written for advanced undergraduates, graduate students, and researchers in neurophysiology and sensory neuroscience. It is also of relevance and use to a broader audience of neuro, evolutionary, integrative, and comparative biologists.