Heliophysics is a fast-developing scientific discipline that integrates studies of the Sun's variability, the surrounding heliosphere, and the environment and climate of planets. This volume, the fourth in the Heliophysics collection, explores what makes the conditions on Earth 'just right' to sustain life, by comparing Earth to other solar system planets, by comparing solar magnetic activity to that of other stars, and by looking at the properties of evolving exoplanet systems. By taking an interdisciplinary approach and using comparative heliophysics, the authors illustrate how we can learn about our local cosmos by looking beyond it, and in doing so, also enable the converse. Supplementary online resources are provided, including lecture presentations, problem sets and exercise labs, making this ideal as a textbook for advanced undergraduate- and graduate-level courses, as well as a foundational reference for researchers in the many subdisciplines of helio- and astrophysics.

Since the publication of the popular first edition, stellar and planetary scientists have produced numerous new observations, theories, and interpretations, including the "demotion" of our former ninth planet Pluto as a dwarf planet. Covering all of these new discoveries, Planetary Science: The Science of Planets around Stars, Second Edition explains the science associated with the planets, the stars they orbit, and the interactions between them. It examines the formation, evolution, and death of stars and the properties of the Sun that influence the planets of the Solar System. Along with more problems, this second edition adds new material and improves some analytical treatments. The book consists of two main components. For students unfamiliar with stellar properties or the overall structure of the Solar System, the first part gives a general picture of the system as a whole and the interrelationships of the bodies within it. It presents an overview of the nature of stars and the Solar System as well as important results obtained by scientific analysis. The second component is a set of 43 appendices describing the majority of the underlying science required to explain the main features of the Solar System. These appendices cover a variety of specialized topics, from mineralogy to the mechanical interactions of radiation and matter. End-of-chapter problems give students a quantitative understanding of stellar and solar system phenomena. The text shows how useful estimates of various quantities can be made even when characteristics of the system are not known with any precision. While the problems can be completed with a hand calculator, students are encouraged to use the Fortran computer programs provided on the book's CRC Press web page. Avoiding excessive details, this textbook offers a comprehensive account of stellar and planetary topics. It is suitable for students from a

Long established as one of the premier references in the fields of astronomy, planetary science, and physics, the fourth edition of Orbital Motion continues to offer comprehensive coverage of the analytical methods of classical celestial mechanics while introducing the recent numerical experiments on the orbital evolution of gravitating masses and the astrodynamics of artificial satellites and interplanetary probes. Following detailed reviews of earlier editions by distinguished lecturers in the USA and Europe, the author has carefully revised and updated this edition. Each chapter provides a thorough introduction to prepare you for more complex concepts, reflecting a consistent perspective and cohesive organization that is used throughout the book. A noted expert in the field, the author not only discusses fundamental concepts, but also offers analyses of more complex topics, such as modern galactic studies and dynamical parallaxes. New to the Fourth Edition: Numerous updates and reorganization of all chapters to encompass new methods New results from recent work in areas such as satellite dynamics New chapter on the Caledonian symmetrical n-body problem Extending its coverage to meet a growing need for this subject in satellite and aerospace engineering, Orbital Motion, Fourth Edition remains a top reference for postgraduate and advanced undergraduate students, professionals such as engineers, and serious amateur astronomers.

Non-Local Astrophysics: Dark Matter, Dark Energy and Physical Vacuum highlights the most significant features of non-local theory, a highly effective tool for solving many physical problems in areas where classical local theory runs into difficulties. The book provides the fundamental science behind new non-local astrophysics, discussing non-local kinetic and generalized hydrodynamic equations, non-local parameters in several physical systems, dark matter, dark energy, black holes and gravitational waves.

Special Relativity: A Heuristic Approach provides a qualitative exposition of relativity theory on the basis of the constancy of the speed of light. Using Einstein's signal velocity as the defining idea for the notion of simultaneity and the fact that the speed of light is independent of the motion of its source, chapters delve into a qualitative exposition of the relativity of time and length, discuss the time dilation formula using the standard light clock, explore the Minkowski four-dimensional space-time distance based on how the time dilation formula is derived, and define the components of the two-dimensional space-time velocity, amongst other topics.

'Be brave, be curious, be determined, overcome the odds. It can be done' Will we survive on Earth? Should we colonise space? Throughout his extraordinary career, Stephen Hawking expanded our understanding of the universe and unravelled some of its greatest mysteries. In Will We Survive on Earth? the world-famous cosmologist and bestselling author of A Brief History of Time turns his attention to one of the most urgent issues for humankind and explores our options for survival. 'Effortlessly instructive, absorbing and witty' Guardian Brief Answers, Big Questions: this stunning paperback series offers electrifying essays from one of the greatest minds of our age, taken from the original text of the No. 1 bestselling Brief Answers to the Big Questions.

This review volume is motivated by the recent discovery of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos by IceCube. The aim of the book is to bring together chapters on the status of current and future neutrino observatories with chapters on the implications and possible interpretations of the present observations and their upper limits. Each chapter is a mini-review of one aspect of the subject by leading experts. Taken together, the chapters constitute an up-to-date review of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos and their potential sources.

This textbook provides an introduction to gravitational lensing, which has become an invaluable tool in modern astrophysics, with applications that range from finding planets orbiting distant stars to understanding how dark matter and dark energy conspired to form the cosmic structures we see today. Principles of Gravitational Lensing begins with Einstein's prediction that gravity bends light, and shows how that fundamental idea has spawned a rich field of study over the past century. The gravitational deflection of light was first detected by Eddington during a solar eclipse in May 1919, launching Einstein and his theory of relativity into public view. Yet the possibility of using the phenomenon to unlock mysteries of the Universe seemed remote, given the technology of the day. Theoretical work was carried out sporadically over the next six decades, but only with the discovery of the system Q0957+561 in 1979 was gravitational lensing transformed from a curiosity of general relativity into a practical observational tool. This book describes how the three subfields known as strong lensing, weak lensing, and microlensing have grown independently but become increasingly intertwined. Drawing on their research experience, Congdon and Keeton begin with the basic physics of light bending, then present the mathematical foundations of gravitational lensing, building up to current research topics in a clear and systematic way. Relevant background material from physics and mathematics is included, making the book self-contained. The derivations and explanations are supplemented by exercises designed to help students master the theoretical concepts as well as the methods that drive current research. An extensive bibliography guides those wishing to delve more deeply into particular areas of interest. Principles of Gravitational Lensing is ideal for advanced students and seasoned researchers looking to penetrate this thriving subject and even contribute research of their own.

One approach to learning about stellar populations is to study them at three different levels of resolution. First in our own galaxy; secondly from nearby galaxies where stars can still be resolved; and thirdly in remote galaxies in which the stellar population can only be studied in integrated light. This International Astronomical Union Symposium covered the range of galaxies in its study of their stellar populations. Interspersed with theoretical papers, the observational papers provide a presentation of the progress that has been made in the field.

The idea for organizing an Advanced Study Institute devoted largely to neutron star timing arose independently in three places, at Istanbul, Garching and Amster dam; when we became aware of each other's ideas we decided to join forces. The choice of a place for the Institute, in Turkey, appealed much to us all, and it was then quickly decided that Qe me would be an excellent spot. When the preparations for the Institute started, early in 1987, we could not have guessed how timely the subject actually was. Of course, the recently dis covered QPO phenomena in accreting neutron stars and half a dozen binary and millisecond radio pulsars known at the time formed one of the basic motivations for organizing this Institute. But none of us could have guessed that later in 1987 we were to witness the wonderful discovery of the binary and millisecond radio pulsars in globular clusters and, -as if Nature wished to give us a special present for this the discovery in March 1988 of a millisecond pulsar in an eclipsing binary Institu- system, the first eclipsing radio pulsar ever found, and the second fastest in the sky The discussion of this pulsar, its formation and fate was one of the highlights of this meeting, especially since its discoverers were among the participants of the Institute and could provide us with first-hand information."

This book is an original study aimed at understanding how vacuum magnetic fields change with time. Specifically, it describes the waves that radiate from a sphere when the electric current on its surface is turned on or off, either suddenly, gradually, or periodically. Numerical simulations are an invaluable source of information about this and related subjects, but they are often more difficult to interpret than exact, closed-form solutions that can easily be applied to a variety of situations. Thus, the objective here is to obtain an exact solution of Maxwell's equations in closed form-something simple, yet rigorous, which can be used as a model for understanding transient magnetic fields in more complicated situations. The work therefore stands as a self-contained solution of Maxwell's equations for an electric current wrapped around the surface of a sphere. This study assumes a strong background in electromagnetism or a related research area. Online animations are available for each figure to better illustrate the motions of magnetic field lines.

This book contains the Proceedings of the Seventh Meeting on CPT and Lorentz Symmetry, held at Indiana University in Bloomington on June 20-24, 2016. The meeting focused on tests of these fundamental symmetries and on related theoretical issues, including scenarios for possible violations.Topics covered at the meeting include experimental and observational searches for CPT and Lorentz violation involving: accelerator and collider experiments; astrophysical birefringence, dispersion, and anisotropy; atomic and molecular spectroscopy; clock-comparison measurements; CMB polarization; decays of atoms, nuclei, and particles; equivalence-principle tests with matter and antimatter; exotic atoms, muonium, positronium; gauge and Higgs particles; gravimetry; gravitational waves; high-energy astrophysical observations; hydrogen and antihydrogen; matter interferometry; neutrino oscillations and propagation, neutrino-antineutrino mixing; oscillations and decays of K, B, D mesons; particle-antiparticle comparisons; post-Newtonian gravity in the solar system and beyond; resonant cavities lasers; second and third-generation particles; sidereal and annual time variations, compass asymmetries; space-based missions; spin-polarized matter; spin precession; tests of short-range gravity; and time-of-flight measurements. Theoretical and phenomenological discussions include: physical effects at the level of the Standard Model, General Relativity, and beyond; origins and mechanisms for violations; classical and quantum field theory, gravitation, particle physics, and strings; mathematical foundations; and Finsler geometry.

This book focuses on the most recent, relevant, comprehensive and significant aspects in the well-established multidisciplinary field Laboratory Astrophysics. It focuses on astrophysical environments, which include asteroids, comets, the interstellar medium, and circumstellar and circumplanetary regions. Its scope lies between physics and chemistry, since it explores physical properties of the gas, ice, and dust present in those systems, as well as chemical reactions occurring in the gas phase, the bare dust surface, or in the ice bulk and its surface. Each chapter provides the necessary mathematical background to understand the subject, followed by a case study of the corresponding system. The book provides adequate material to help interpret the observations, or the computer models of astrophysical environments. It introduces and describes the use of spectroscopic tools for laboratory astrophysics. This book is mainly addressed to PhD graduates working in this field or observers and modelers searching for information on ice and dust processes.

Cosmical Aerodynamics - Why was it so Difficult?.- Shaping Planetary Nebulae.- Investigating the Kinematics of the Faint Giant Haloes of Planetary Nebulae.- Shock Modelling of Planetary Nebulae.- Imaging Polarimetry of Proto-Planetary Nebulae.- IRAS 17423-1755: a BQ[ ] Star with a Variable Velocity Outflow.- Spectroscopic Constraints on Outflows from BN-type Objects.- First Wavelet Analysis of Emission Line Variations in Wolf-Rayet Stars-Turbulence in Hot-Star Outflows.- Complex Structure Associated with the Wolf-Rayet Star WR147.- The Importance of Continuum Radiation for the Stellar Wind Hydrodynamics of Hot Stars.- Herbig Ae/Be Stars.- 3-D Radiative Line Transfer for Be Star Envelopes.- Radiatively Driven Winds Using Lagrangian Hydrodynamics.- Parametric Determination of the Inclination of Keplerian Circumstellar Discs from Spectropolarimetric Profiles of Scattered Lines.- Observational Evidence for Global Oscillations in Be Star Disks.- Coupled Stellar Jet/Molecular Outflow Models.- Modelling Jet-Driven Molecular Outflows.- Jets.- A Simulation of a Jet with the Hiccups.- Interactions Between Molecular Outflows and Optical Jets.- Proper Motion Measurements in the HH 46/47 Outflow.- The Serpens Radio Jet: Evidence of Precession or Nutation.- Fragmentation and Heating of Streamers in Orion.- Highly Supersonic Molecular Flows in Wind-Clump Boundary Layers.- High Density Tracers in Outflow Regions: NH3 vs. CS.- Modelling the Constancy of X.- Gas-Grain Interaction in the Low Mass Star-Forming Region B335.- The Structure and Dynamics of M17SW.- The Hydrodynamics of Bipolar Explosions.- Shock-Heated Gas in the Outbursts of Classical Novae.- The Crab Nebula Revisited.- Pulsar Magnetospheres: Classical and Quasi-Classical Descriptions.- The Global Structure of the Insterstellar Medium.- A Power Spectrum Description of Galactic Neutral Hydrogen.- A Statistical Description of Astrophysical Turbulence.- Rosat Wide Field Camera Data and the Temperature of the Interstellar Medium.- Hierarchial Galactic Dynamo and Seed Magnetic Field Problem.- Cosmic Ray Diffusion at Energies of 1 MeV to 105 GeV.- Alfvenic Waves and Alignment of Large Grains.- An Interstellar Thermostat: Gas Temperature Regulated by Grain Charge.- Recent Optical Observations of Circumstellar and Interstellar Phenomena.- Internal Motions of HII Regions and Giant HII Regions.- High-Speed Flows in the Vicinity of the Trapezium Stars.- The Orion Nebula: Structure, Dynamics, and Population.- An Evolutionary Model for the Wolf Rayet Nebula NGC 2539.- Supersonic Turbulence in Giant Extragalactic HII Regions.- The Dynamics of the Ring Nebula Surrounding the LBV Candidate He 3-519.- Turbulent Mixing in Wind-Blown HII Regions.- Shock Wave Structure in the Cygnus Loop.- Catastrophic Cooling Diagnostics.- Star Formation in Shocked Layers.- Binary and Multiple Star Formation.- Galactic Fountains.- The Solution Topology of Galactic Winds.- Galactic Scale Gas Flows in Colliding Galaxies: 3-Dimensional, N-Body/Hydrodynamics Experiments.- Gas Flow in a Two Component Galactic Disk.- How Faithful Are N-Body Simulations of Disc Galaxies? - Artificial Suppression of Gaseous Dynamical Instabilities.- Long-Lived Spiral Structure in N-Body Simulations: Work in Progress.- The Use of Gravitational Microlensing to Scan the Structure of BAL QSOs.- Anomalous Component Motion in the MAS Double Radio Source 0646+600.- Effects of Dense Medium Surrounding Galactic-Sized Radio Sources.- 8.4 Ghz Vla Observations of the CfA Seyfert Sample.- Relativistic Jet Simulations.- Active Galactic Nuclei Flow Velocities and the Highest Energy Cosmic Rays.- Hidden Broad Line Regions and Anisotropy in AGN.- The Starburst Galaxy NGC1808: Another M82?.- List of Forthcoming Papers.- The 'KLUWER' LaTeX Style File.

Features * Provides a self-contained introduction to General Relativity and to its standar applications. * Presents readers with all the tools necessary for further learning and research in the field. * Accessible to readers with just foundational knowledge of linear algebra and Lagrangian mechanics.

This book characterizes the kinematic and chemical structures of disk-forming regions around low-mass protostellar sources and their interplay based on Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations. It describes the chemical evolution of molecules formed in an interstellar gas using the ALMA observations of 5 Sun-like protostars at a spatial resolution of a few tens au scale, which unveils the physical mechanism of star and planetary formation. The book reviews the author's successful works, focusing on two key findings: (i) A drastic change in the chemical composition of the gas around the centrifugal barrier of the infalling-rotating envelopes, and (ii) the chemical composition in the disk-forming regions, which varies from source to source depending on the chemical characteristics of the parent molecular cloud. These findings are based on the fine characterization of physical structures based on careful kinematic analyses. An additional attraction is the inclusion of the skillful reviews of ALMA observatory and its observation and physical models to describe the observed gas structure.

Theory of Orbits treats celestial mechanics as well as stellar dynamics from the common point of view of orbit theory, making use of concepts and techniques from modern geometric mechanics. It starts with elementary Newtonian mechanics and ends with the dynamics of chaotic motion. The two volumes are meant for students in astronomy and physics alike. Prerequisite is a physicist's knowledge of calculus and differential geometry.

As a result of significant research over the past 20 years, black holes are now linked to some of the most spectacular and exciting phenomena in the Universe, ranging in size from those that have the same mass as stars to the super-massive objects that lie at the heart of most galaxies, including our own Milky Way. This book first introduces the properties of simple isolated holes, then adds in complications like rotation, accretion, radiation, and magnetic fields, finally arriving at a basic understanding of how these immense engines work.

Black Hole Astrophysics

reviews our current knowledge of cosmic black holes and how they generate the most powerful observed pheonomena in the Universe;

highlights the latest, most up-to-date theories and discoveries in this very active area of astrophysical research;

demonstrates why we believe that black holes are responsible for important phenomena such as quasars, microquasars and gammaray bursts;

explains to the reader the nature of the violent and spectacular outfl ows (winds and jets) generated by black hole accretion.

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The book begins at the Sun then travels through the solar system to see the stars, how they work, and ultimately what they mean to us. The idea is to provide an integrated view of the galaxy and its contents. Along the way we look at spectra, atmospheric phenomena, gravity and the laws of motion, telescopes and how they work, interstellar gas and dust, star birth and death, and planets orbiting other stars. Most popular books tend to focus on one particular topic. From the Sun to the Stars is one of the few that tells the story of the Sun against the background of other stars and other planets and, for that matter, of stars and other planets against the background of the Sun and solar system. This presents the subject with a breadth that few other books can match.This book grew out of the OLLI (Osher Lifelong Learning Institute) lectures given by the author at the University of Illinois. It doesn't require any prior knowledge and is suitable for anyone who is interested in astronomy.

The book begins at the Sun then travels through the solar system to see the stars, how they work, and ultimately what they mean to us. The idea is to provide an integrated view of the galaxy and its contents. Along the way we look at spectra, atmospheric phenomena, gravity and the laws of motion, telescopes and how they work, interstellar gas and dust, star birth and death, and planets orbiting other stars. Most popular books tend to focus on one particular topic. From the Sun to the Stars is one of the few that tells the story of the Sun against the background of other stars and other planets and, for that matter, of stars and other planets against the background of the Sun and solar system. This presents the subject with a breadth that few other books can match.This book grew out of the OLLI (Osher Lifelong Learning Institute) lectures given by the author at the University of Illinois. It doesn't require any prior knowledge and is suitable for anyone who is interested in astronomy.

The aim of this book is to teach undergraduate college or university students, and adults interested in astronomy and astrophysics, the basic mathematics and physics concepts needed to understand the evolution of the universe, and based on this to teach the astrophysical theories behind evolution from the very early times to the present. The book does not require extensive knowledge of mathematics, like calculus, and includes material that explains concepts such as velocity, acceleration, and force. Based on this, fascinating topics such as Dark Matter, measuring Dark Energy via supernovae velocities, and the creation of mass via the Higgs mechanism are explained. All college students with an interest in science, especially astronomy, without extensive mathematical backgrounds, should be able to use and learn from this book. Adults interested in topics like Dark Energy, the Higgs boson, and detection of Gravitational Waves, which are in the news, can make use of this book as well.

The aim of this book is to teach undergraduate college or university students, and adults interested in astronomy and astrophysics, the basic mathematics and physics concepts needed to understand the evolution of the universe, and based on this to teach the astrophysical theories behind evolution from the very early times to the present. The book does not require extensive knowledge of mathematics, like calculus, and includes material that explains concepts such as velocity, acceleration, and force. Based on this, fascinating topics such as Dark Matter, measuring Dark Energy via supernovae velocities, and the creation of mass via the Higgs mechanism are explained. All college students with an interest in science, especially astronomy, without extensive mathematical backgrounds, should be able to use and learn from this book. Adults interested in topics like Dark Energy, the Higgs boson, and detection of Gravitational Waves, which are in the news, can make use of this book as well.

This interesting book provides the physical and mathematical background for a theory describing the universe as a quantum superfluid, and how dark energy and dark matter arise. Presenting a novel theory spanning many different fields in physics, the key concepts in each field are introduced.The reader is only expected to know the rudiments of condensed matter physics, quantum field theory and general relativity to explore this fascinating new model of dark matter and dark energy as facets of a cosmic superfluid.

An almost complete collection of the papers given at the International Workshop on Imaging in High Energy Astronomy (Anacapri, Italy, 1994). These proceedings, which concentrate on imaging above 10 keV, represent the state of the art in the field, resulting from the success of many missions (I.C. Granat and CGRO) carrying detectors for high energy astronomy with imaging capabilities. The main topics of the book are Bragg concentrators, coded mask-modulation collimators, double Compton telescopes, the occultation method, tracking chambers, and new experimental techniques. The book also contains some papers dealing with image reconstruction and processing, with an emphasis on the above techniques.

The reader will find in this volume the Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute held in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy between August 3 and August 13, 1987 under the title "Long Term Dynamical Behaviour of Natural and Artificial N-body Systems." The Institute was the latest in a series held in 1972, 1975, 1978, 1981, 1984 in dynamical astronomy, theoretical mechanics and celestial mechanics under the Directorship of Professor Victor Szebehely. These previous institutes, held in high esteem by the international community of research workers, have resulted in a series of well-received and valuable Proceedings. In correspondence with Professor Szebehely and in long discussions with him in Colorado in August 1985, I agreed to his request that I undertake the preparation of a new ASI. I was happy to do so knowing I could call upon his vast experience in overseeing such ASI's. The last quarter century has been a period in which increasingly rapid progress has been made in celestial mechanics and related subjects not only because of the appearance of new problems urgently requiring solution but also because of the advent of new analytical techniques and powerful computer hardware and software.