This monograph explores the early development of the calculus of variations in continental Europe during the Eighteenth Century by illustrating the mathematics of its founders. Closely following the original papers and correspondences of Euler, Lagrange, the Bernoullis, and others, the reader is immersed in the challenge of theory building. We see what the founders were doing, the difficulties they faced, the mistakes they made, and their triumphs. The authors guide the reader through these works with instructive commentaries and complements to the original proofs, as well as offering a modern perspective where useful. The authors begin in 1697 with Johann Bernoulli's work on the brachystochrone problem and the events leading up to it, marking the dawn of the calculus of variations. From there, they cover key advances in the theory up to the development of Lagrange's -calculus, including: * The isoperimetrical problems * Shortest lines and geodesics * Euler's Methodus Inveniendi and the two Additamenta Finally, the authors give the readers a sense of how vast the calculus of variations has become in centuries hence, providing some idea of what lies outside the scope of the book as well as the current state of affairs in the field. This book will be of interest to anyone studying the calculus of variations who wants a deeper intuition for the techniques and ideas that are used, as well as historians of science and mathematics interested in the development and evolution of modern calculus and analysis.

These proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Difference Equations and Applications cover the areas of difference equations, discrete dynamical systems, fractal geometry, difference equations and biomedical models, and discrete models in the natural sciences, social sciences and engineering. The conference was held at the Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hubei, China), under the auspices of the International Society of Difference Equations (ISDE) in July 2014. Its purpose was to bring together renowned researchers working actively in the respective fields, to discuss the latest developments, and to promote international cooperation on the theory and applications of difference equations. This book will appeal to researchers and scientists working in the fields of difference equations, discrete dynamical systems and their applications.

This book is the Proceedings of the Second ISAAC Congress. ISAAC is the acronym of the International Society for Analysis, its Applications and Computation. The president of ISAAC is Professor Robert P. Gilbert, the second named editor of this book, e-mail: [email protected]. The Congress is world-wide valued so highly that an application for a grant has been selected and this project has been executed with Grant No. 11-56 from *the Commemorative Association for the Japan World Exposition (1970). The finance of the publication of this book is exclusively the said Grant No. 11-56 from *. Thus, a pair of each one copy of two volumes of this book will be sent to all contributors, who registered at the Second ISAAC Congress in Fukuoka, free of charge by the Kluwer Academic Publishers. Analysis is understood here in the broad sense of the word, includ ing differential equations, integral equations, functional analysis, and function theory. It is the purpose of ISAAC to promote analysis, its applications, and its interaction with computation. With this objective, ISAAC organizes international Congresses for the presentation and dis cussion of research on analysis. ISAAC welcomes new members and those interested in joining ISAAC are encouraged to look at the web site http: //www .math. udel.edu/ gilbert/isaac/index.html vi and http: //www.math.fu-berlin.de/ rd/ ag/isaac/newton/index.html."

As Lord Kelvin said, "Fourier's theorem is not only one of the most beautiful results of modern analysis, but it may be said to furnish an indispensable instrument in the treatment of nearly every recondite question in modern physics." This has remained durable knowledge for a century, and has extended its applicability to topics as diverse as medical imaging (CT scanning), the presentation of images on screens and their digital transmission, remote sensing, geophysical exploration, and many branches of engineering. Fourier Analysis and Imaging is based on years of teaching a course on the Fourier Transform at the senior or early graduate level, as well as on Prof. Bracewell's 1995 text Two-Dimensional Imaging. It is an excellent textbook and will also be a welcome addition to the reference library of those many professionals whose daily activities involve Fourier analysis in its many guises.

There are many problems in nonlinear partial differential equations with delay which arise from, for example, physical models, biochemical models, and social models. Some of them can be formulated as nonlinear functional evolutions in infinite-dimensional abstract spaces. Since Webb (1976) considered autonomous nonlinear functional evo lutions in infinite-dimensional real Hilbert spaces, many nonlinear an alysts have studied for the last nearly three decades autonomous non linear functional evolutions, non-autonomous nonlinear functional evo lutions and quasi-nonlinear functional evolutions in infinite-dimensional real Banach spaces. The techniques developed for nonlinear evolutions in infinite-dimensional real Banach spaces are applied. This book gives a detailed account of the recent state of theory of nonlinear functional evolutions associated with accretive operators in infinite-dimensional real Banach spaces. Existence, uniqueness, and stability for 'solutions' of nonlinear func tional evolutions are considered. Solutions are presented by nonlinear semigroups, or evolution operators, or methods of lines, or inequalities by Benilan. This book is divided into four chapters. Chapter 1 contains some basic concepts and results in the theory of nonlinear operators and nonlinear evolutions in real Banach spaces, that play very important roles in the following three chapters. Chapter 2 deals with autonomous nonlinear functional evolutions in infinite-dimensional real Banach spaces. Chapter 3 is devoted to non-autonomous nonlinear functional evolu tions in infinite-dimensional real Banach spaces. Finally, in Chapter 4 quasi-nonlinear functional evolutions are con sidered in infinite-dimensional real Banach spaces."

The main focus of this book is on different topics in probability theory, partial differential equations and kinetic theory, presenting some of the latest developments in these fields. It addresses mathematical problems concerning applications in physics, engineering, chemistry and biology that were presented at the Third International Conference on Particle Systems and Partial Differential Equations, held at the University of Minho, Braga, Portugal in December 2014. The purpose of the conference was to bring together prominent researchers working in the fields of particle systems and partial differential equations, providing a venue for them to present their latest findings and discuss their areas of expertise. Further, it was intended to introduce a vast and varied public, including young researchers, to the subject of interacting particle systems, its underlying motivation, and its relation to partial differential equations. This book will appeal to probabilists, analysts and those mathematicians whose work involves topics in mathematical physics, stochastic processes and differential equations in general, as well as those physicists whose work centers on statistical mechanics and kinetic theory.

Many physical phenomena are described by nonlinear evolution equation. Those that are integrable provide various mathematical methods, presented by experts in this tutorial book, to find special analytic solutions to both integrable and partially integrable equations. The direct method to build solutions includes the analysis of singularities a la Painleve, Lie symmetries leaving the equation invariant, extension of the Hirota method, construction of the nonlinear superposition formula. The main inverse method described here relies on the bi-hamiltonian structure of integrable equations. The book also presents some extension to equations with discrete independent and dependent variables.
The different chapters face from different points of view the theory of exact solutions and of the complete integrability of nonlinear evolution equations. Several examples and applications to concrete problems allow the reader to experience directly the power of the different machineries involved."

For the first time in the mathematical literature this two-volume work introduces a unified and general approach to the asymptotic analysis of elliptic boundary value problems in singularly perturbed domains. While the first volume is devoted to perturbations of the boundary near isolated singular points, this second volume treats singularities of the boundary in higher dimensions as well as nonlocal perturbations.
At the core of this book are solutions of elliptic boundary value problems by asymptotic expansion in powers of a small parameter that characterizes the perturbation of the domain. In particular, it treats the important special cases of thin domains, domains with small cavities, inclusions or ligaments, rounded corners and edges, and problems with rapid oscillations of the boundary or the coefficients of the differential operator. The methods presented here capitalize on the theory of elliptic boundary value problems with nonsmooth boundary that has been developed in the past thirty years.
Moreover, a study on the homogenization of differential and difference equations on periodic grids and lattices is given. Much attention is paid to concrete problems in mathematical physics, particularly elasticity theory and electrostatics.
To a large extent the book is based on the authors work and has no significant overlap with other books on the theory of elliptic boundary value problems.
"

The articles in this volume summarize the research results obtained in the former SFB 359 "Reactive Flow, Diffusion and Transport" which has been supported by the DFG over the period 1993-2004. The main subjects are physical-chemical processes sharing the difficulty of interacting diffusion, transport and reaction which cannot be considered separately. Typical examples are the chemical processes in flow reactors and in the catalytic combustion at surfaces. Further examples are models of star formation including diffusive mass transport, energy radiation and dust formation and the polluting transport in soil and waters. For these complex processes mathematical models are established and numerically simulated. The modeling uses multiscale techniques for nonlinear differential equations while for the numerical simulation and optimization goal-oriented mesh and model adaptivity, multigrid techniques and advanced Newton-type methods are developed combined with parallelization. This modeling and simulation is accompanied by experiments.

Singularities arise naturally in a huge number of different areas of mathematics and science. As a consequence, singularity theory lies at the crossroads of paths that connect many of the most important areas of applications of mathematics with some of its most abstract regions. The main goal in most problems of singularity theory is to understand the dependence of some objects of analysis, geometry, physics, or other science (functions, varieties, mappings, vector or tensor fields, differential equations, models, etc.) on parameters. The articles collected here can be grouped under three headings. (A) Singularities of real maps; (B) Singular complex variables; and (C) Singularities of homomorphic maps.

The international workshop on which this proceedings volume is based on brought together leading researchers in the field of elliptic and parabolic equations. Particular emphasis was put on the interaction between well-established scientists and emerging young mathematicians, as well as on exploring new connections between pure and applied mathematics. The volume contains material derived after the workshop taking up the impetus to continue collaboration and to incorporate additional new results and insights.

This self-contained volume in honor of John J. Benedetto covers a wide range of topics in harmonic analysis and related areas. These include weighted-norm inequalities, frame theory, wavelet theory, time-frequency analysis, and sampling theory. The chapters are clustered by topic to provide authoritative expositions that will be of lasting interest. The original papers collected are written by prominent researchers and professionals in the field. The book pays tribute to John J. Benedetto 's achievements and expresses an appreciation for the mathematical and personal inspiration he has given to so many students, co-authors, and colleagues.

Delay differential and difference equations serve as models for a range of processes in biology, physics, engineering and control theory. In this volume, the participants of the International Conference on Delay Differential and Difference Equations and Applications, Balatonfured, Hungary, July 15-19, 2013 present recent research in this quickly-evolving field. The papers relate to the existence, asymptotic and oscillatory properties of the solutions; stability theory; numerical approximations; and applications to real world phenomena using deterministic and stochastic discrete and continuous dynamical systems."

The asymptotic theory deals with the problern of determining the behaviour of a function in a neighborhood of its singular point. The function is replaced by another known function ( named the asymptotic function) close (in a sense) to the function under consideration. Many problems of mathematics, physics, and other divisions of natural sci ence bring out the necessity of solving such problems. At the present time asymptotic theory has become an important and independent branch of mathematical analysis. The present consideration is mainly based on the theory of asymp totic spaces. Each asymptotic space is a collection of asymptotics united by an associated real function which determines their growth near the given point and (perhaps) some other analytic properties. The main contents of this book is the asymptotic theory of ordinary linear differential equations with variable coefficients. The equations with power order growth coefficients are considered in detail. As the application of the theory of differential asymptotic fields, we also consider the following asymptotic problems: the behaviour of explicit and implicit functions, improper integrals, integrals dependent on a large parameter, linear differential and difference equations, etc .. The obtained results have an independent meaning. The reader is assumed to be familiar with a comprehensive course of the mathematical analysis studied, for instance at mathematical departments of universities. Further necessary information is given in this book in summarized form with proofs of the main aspects."

For the first time in the mathematical literature this two-volume work introduces a unified and general approach to the asymptotic analysis of elliptic boundary value problems in singularly perturbed domains. This first volume is devoted to domains whose boundary is smooth in the neighborhood of finitely many conical points. In particular, the theory encompasses the important case of domains with small holes. The second volume, on the other hand, treats perturbations of the boundary in higher dimensions as well as nonlocal perturbations.
The core of this book consists of the solution of general elliptic boundary value problems by complete asymptotic expansion in powers of a small parameter that characterizes the perturbation of the domain. The construction of this method capitalizes on the theory of elliptic boundary value problems with nonsmooth boundary that has been developed in the past thirty years.
Much attention is paid to concrete problems in mathematical physics, for example in elasticity theory. In particular, a study of the asymptotic behavior of stress intensity factors, energy integrals and eigenvalues is presented.
To a large extent the book is based on the authors work and has no significant overlap with other books on the theory of elliptic boundary value problems."

This book addresses the need for an accessible comprehensive exposition of the theory of uniform measures; the need that became more critical when recently uniform measures reemerged in new results in abstract harmonic analysis. Until now, results about uniform measures have been scattered through many papers written by a number of authors, some unpublished, written using a variety of definitions and notations. Uniform measures are certain functionals on the space of bounded uniformly continuous functions on a uniform space. They are a common generalization of several classes of measures and measure-like functionals studied in abstract and topological measure theory, probability theory, and abstract harmonic analysis. They offer a natural framework for results about topologies on spaces of measures and about the continuity of convolution of measures on topological groups and semitopological semigroups. The book is a reference for the theory of uniform measures. It includes a self-contained development of the theory with complete proofs, starting with the necessary parts of the theory of uniform spaces. It presents diverse results from many sources organized in a logical whole, and includes several new results. The book is also suitable for graduate or advanced undergraduate courses on selected topics in topology and functional analysis. The text contains a number of exercises with solution hints, and four problems with suggestions for further research. "

During the past decade model predictive control (MPC), also referred to as receding horizon control or moving horizon control, has become the preferred control strategy for quite a number of industrial processes. There have been many significant advances in this area over the past years, one of the most important ones being its extension to nonlinear systems. This book gives an up-to-date assessment of the current state of the art in the new field of nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC). The main topic areas that appear to be of central importance for NMPC are covered, namely receding horizon control theory, modeling for NMPC, computational aspects of on-line optimization and application issues. The book consists of selected papers presented at the International Symposium on Nonlinear Model Predictive Control - Assessment and Future Directions, which took place from June 3 to 5, 1998, in Ascona, Switzerland.
The book is geared towards researchers and practitioners in the area of control engineering and control theory. It is also suited for postgraduate students as the book contains several overview articles that give a tutorial introduction into the various aspects of nonlinear model predictive control, including systems theory, computations, modeling and applications.

This volume consists of papers presented in the special sessions on "Complex and Numerical Analysis," "Value Distribution Theory and Complex Domains," and "Use of Symbolic Computation in Mathematics Education" of the ISAAC'97 Congress held at the University of Delaware, during June 2-7, 1997. The ISAAC Congress coincided with a U.S.-Japan Seminar also held at the University of Delaware. The latter was supported by the National Science Foundation through Grant INT-9603029 and the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science through Grant MTCS-134. It was natural that the participants of both meetings should interact and consequently several persons attending the Congress also presented papers in the Seminar. The success of the ISAAC Congress and the U.S.-Japan Seminar has led to the ISAAC'99 Congress being held in Fukuoka, Japan during August 1999. Many of the same participants will return to this Seminar. Indeed, it appears that the spirit of the U.S.-Japan Seminar will be continued every second year as part of the ISAAC Congresses. We decided to include with the papers presented in the ISAAC Congress and the U.S.-Japan Seminar several very good papers by colleagues from the former Soviet Union. These participants in the ISAAC Congress attended at their own expense.

This book focuses on the recent development of fractional differential equations, integro-differential equations, and inclusions and inequalities involving the Hadamard derivative and integral. Through a comprehensive study based in part on their recent research, the authors address the issues related to initial and boundary value problems involving Hadamard type differential equations and inclusions as well as their functional counterparts. The book covers fundamental concepts of multivalued analysis and introduces a new class of mixed initial value problems involving the Hadamard derivative and Riemann-Liouville fractional integrals. In later chapters, the authors discuss nonlinear Langevin equations as well as coupled systems of Langevin equations with fractional integral conditions. Focused and thorough, this book is a useful resource for readers and researchers interested in the area of fractional calculus.

Stochastic differential equations (SDEs) are a powerful tool in science, mathematics, economics and finance. This book will help the reader to master the basic theory and learn some applications of SDEs. In particular, the reader will be provided with the backward SDE technique for use in research when considering financial problems in the market, and with the reflecting SDE technique to enable study of optimal stochastic population control problems. These two techniques are powerful and efficient, and can also be applied to research in many other problems in nature, science and elsewhere.

This handbook is volume II in a series collecting mathematical state-of-the-art surveys in the field of dynamical systems. Much of this field has developed from
interactions with other areas of science, and this volume shows how concepts of dynamical systems further the understanding of mathematical issues that arise in applications. Although modeling issues are addressed, the central theme is the mathematically rigorous investigation of the resulting differential equations and their dynamic behavior. However, the authors and editors have made an effort to ensure readability on a non-technical level for mathematicians from other fields and for other scientists and engineers.

The eighteen surveys collected here do not aspire to encyclopedic completeness, but present selected paradigms. The surveys are grouped into those emphasizing finite-dimensional methods, numerics, topological methods, and partial differential equations. Application areas include the dynamics of neural networks, fluid flows, nonlinear optics, and many others.

While the survey articles can be read independently, they deeply share recurrent themes from dynamical systems. Attractors, bifurcations, center manifolds, dimension reduction, ergodicity, homoclinicity, hyperbolicity, invariant and inertial manifolds, normal forms, recurrence, shift dynamics, stability, to name
just a few, are ubiquitous dynamical concepts throughout the articles.

Providing readers with the very basic knowledge necessary to begin research on differential equations with professional ability, the selection of topics here covers the methods and results that are applicable in a variety of different fields. The book is divided into four parts. The first covers fundamental existence, uniqueness, smoothness with respect to data, and nonuniqueness. The second part describes the basic results concerning linear differential equations, while the third deals with nonlinear equations. In the last part the authors write about the basic results concerning power series solutions. Each chapter begins with a brief discussion of its contents and history, and hints and comments for many problems are given throughout. With 114 illustrations and 206 exercises, the book is suitable for a one-year graduate course, as well as a reference book for research mathematicians.

This is a proceedings of the international conference "Painleve Equations and Related Topics" which was taking place at the Euler International Mathematical Institute, a branch of the Saint Petersburg Department of the Steklov Institute of Mathematics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, in Saint Petersburg on June 17 to 23, 2011. The survey articles discuss the following topics: General ordinary differential equations Painleve equations and their generalizations Painleve property Discrete Painleve equations Properties of solutions of all mentioned above equations: - Asymptotic forms and asymptotic expansions - Connections of asymptotic forms of a solution near different points - Convergency and asymptotic character of a formal solution - New types of asymptotic forms and asymptotic expansions - Riemann-Hilbert problems - Isomonodromic deformations of linear systems - Symmetries and transformations of solutions - Algebraic solutions Reductions of PDE to Painleve equations and their generalizations Ordinary Differential Equations systems equivalent to Painleve equations and their generalizations Applications of the equations and the solutions

Integral equations have wide applications in various fields, including continuum mechanics, potential theory, geophysics, electricity and magnetism, kinetic theory of gases, hereditary phenomena in physics and biology, renewal theory, quantum mechanics, radiation, optimization, optimal control systems, communication theory, mathematical economics, population genetics, queueing theory, and medicine.

Computational Methods for Linear Integral Equations presents basic theoretical material that deals with numerical analysis, convergence, error estimates, and accuracy. The unique computational aspect leads the reader from theoretical and practical problems all the way through to computation with hands-on guidance for input files and the execution of computer programs.

Features:

* Offers all supporting MathematicaA(R) files related to the book via the Internet at the authors' Web sites: www.math.uno.edu/fac/pkythe.html or www.math.uno.edu/fac/ppuri.html

* Contains identification codes for problems, related methods, and computer programs that are cross-referenced throughout the book to make the connections easy to understand

* Illustrates a how-to approach to computational work in the development of algorithms, construction of input files, timing, and accuracy analysis

* Covers linear integral equations of Fredholm and Volterra types of the first and second kinds as well as associated singular integral equations, integro-differential equations, and eigenvalue problems

* Provides clear, step-by-step guidelines for solving difficult and complex computational problems

This book is an essential reference and authoritative resource for all professionals, graduate students, and researchers in mathematics, physical sciences, and engineering. Researchers interested in the numerical solution of integral equations will find its practical problem-solving style both accessible and useful for their work.

The present lecture note is dedicated to the study of the optimality conditions and the duality results for nonlinear vector optimization problems, in ?nite and in?nite dimensions. The problems include are nonlinear vector optimization problems, s- metric dual problems, continuous-time vector optimization problems, relationships between vector optimization and variational inequality problems. Nonlinear vector optimization problems arise in several contexts such as in the building and interpretation of economic models; the study of various technolo- cal processes; the development of optimal choices in ?nance; management science; production processes; transportation problems and statistical decisions, etc. In preparing this lecture note a special effort has been made to obtain a se- contained treatment of the subjects; so we hope that this may be a suitable source for a beginner in this fast growing area of research, a semester graduate course in nonlinear programing, and a good reference book. This book may be useful to theoretical economists, engineers, and applied researchers involved in this area of active research. The lecture note is divided into eight chapters: Chapter 1 brie?y deals with the notion of nonlinear programing problems with basic notations and preliminaries. Chapter 2 deals with various concepts of convex sets, convex functions, invex set, invex functions, quasiinvex functions, pseudoinvex functions, type I and generalized type I functions, V-invex functions, and univex functions.