This reference details valuable results that lead to improvements in existence theorems for the Loewner differential equation in higher dimensions, discusses the compactness of the analog of the Caratheodory class in several variables, and studies various classes of univalent mappings according to their geometrical definitions. It introduces the infinite-dimensional theory and provides numerous exercises in each chapter for further study. The authors present such topics as linear invariance in the unit disc, Bloch functions and the Bloch constant, and growth, covering and distortion results for starlike and convex mappings in Cn and complex Banach spaces.

Contents:
1. Fuzzy Sets 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Fuzzy Sets 1.3 The Hausdirfi Metric 1.4 Support Functions 1.5 The Space E^Tn 1.6 The Metric Space (En; d) 1.7 Notes and Comments 2. Calculations of Fuzzy Functions 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Convergence of Fuzzy Sets 2.3 Measurability 2.4 Integrability 2.5 Differentiability 2.6 Notes and Comments 3. Fundamental Theory 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Initial Value Problem 3.3 Existence 3.4 Comparision Theorems 3.5 Convergence of Successive Approximations 3.6 Continuous Dependence 3.7 Global Existence 3.8 Approximate Solutions 3.9 Stability Criteria 3.10 Notes and Comments 4. Lyapunov-like Functions 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Lyapunov Like Functions 4.3 Stability Criteria 4.4 Nonuniform Stability Criteria 4.5 Criteria for Boundedness 4.6 Fuzzy Differential Systems 4.7 The Method of Vector Lyapunov Functions 4.8 Linear Variation of Parameters Formula 4.9 Notes and Comments 5. Miscellaneous Topics 5.1 Introduction 5..2 Fuzzy Difference Equations 5.3 Impulsive Fuzzy Differential Equations 5.4 Fuzzy DEs with Delay 5.5 Hybrid Fuzzy Differential Equations 5.6 Fixed Points of Fuzzy Mappings 5.7 Boundary Value Problem 5.8 Fuzzy Equations of Volterra Type 5.9 A New Concept of Stability 5.10 Notes and Comments 6. Fuzzy Differential Inclusions 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Fornulation of FDIs 6.3 Differential Inclusions 6.4 Fuzzy Differential Inclusions 6.5 Variation of Constants Formula 6.6 Fuzzy Voltera Integral Equations 6.7 Notes and Comments Bibliography

Contents:
I. Complex Numbers II. Complex Functions III. Derivatives IV. Integrals V. Evaluation of Finite Real Integrals VI. Evaluation of Infinite Real Integrals VII. Summation of Series VIII Fundamental Theorm of Algebra Solutions to Examples Appendicies Index of Symbols General Index Bibliography

This text is a practical course in complex calculus that covers the applications, but does not assume the full rigour of a real analysis background. Topics covered include algebraic and geometric aspects of complex numbers, differentiation, contour integration, evaluation of finite and infinite real integrals, summation of series and the fundamental theorm of algebra. The Residue Theorem for evaluatting complex integrals is presented in such a way that those wishing to study the subject at a deeper level should not need to unlearn anything presented here. A working knowledge of real calculus is assumed as is an acquaintance with complex numbers. This book is accessible to a any student who has studied calculus at upper school level and will be of interest to undergraduate students of applied mathematics, physical sciences and engineering.

Sturm-Liouville problems arise naturally in solving technical problems in engineering, physics, and more recently in biology and the social sciences. These problems lead to eigenvalue problems for ordinary and partial differential equations. Sturm-Liouville Problems: Theory and Numerical Implementation addresses, in a unified way, the key issues that must be faced in science and engineering applications when separation of variables, variational methods, or other considerations lead to Sturm-Liouville eigenvalue problems and boundary value problems.

This volume presents lectures given at the Wisła 20-21 Winter School and Workshop: Groups, Invariants, Integrals, and Mathematical Physics, organized by the Baltic Institute of Mathematics. The lectures were dedicated to differential invariants – with a focus on Lie groups, pseudogroups, and their orbit spaces – and Poisson structures in algebra and geometry and are included here as lecture notes comprising the first two chapters. Following this, chapters combine theoretical and applied perspectives to explore topics at the intersection of differential geometry, differential equations, and category theory. Specific topics covered include: The multisymplectic and variational nature of Monge-Ampère equations in dimension four Integrability of fifth-order equations admitting a Lie symmetry algebra Applications of the van Kampen theorem for groupoids to computation of homotopy types of striped surfaces A geometric framework to compare classical systems of PDEs in the category of smooth manifolds Groups, Invariants, Integrals, and Mathematical Physics is ideal for graduate students and researchers working in these areas. A basic understanding of differential geometry and category theory is assumed.

This book is an approachable introduction to the theory of distributions and integral transforms. The principle intention of the book is to emphasize the remarkable connections of distribution theory with the classical analysis and the theory of differential equations. First of all it covers the theory of the Lebesque integral as a fundamental tool in the proofs of many theorems. The theory develops from its beginning to the point where many fundamental theorems are proved. It gives practical hints on using the theory of distributions in cases where classical analysis is insufficient. The seven chapters of the book naturally connect general theory, examples and applications and the authors attempt to answer natural questions related to topics presented in the text.

This book focusing on Metric fixed point theory is designed to provide an extensive understanding of the topic with the latest updates. It provides a good source of references, open questions and new approaches. While the book is principally addressed to graduate students, it is also intended to be useful to mathematicians, both pure and applied.

First published in 1990.

This book targets graduate students and researchers who want to learn about Lebesgue spaces and solutions to hyperbolic equations. It is divided into two parts. Part 1 provides an introduction to the theory of variable Lebesgue spaces: Banach function spaces like the classical Lebesgue spaces but with the constant exponent replaced by an exponent function. These spaces arise naturally from the study of partial differential equations and variational integrals with non-standard growth conditions. They have applications to electrorheological fluids in physics and to image reconstruction. After an introduction that sketches history and motivation, the authors develop the function space properties of variable Lebesgue spaces; proofs are modeled on the classical theory. Subsequently, the Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator is discussed. In the last chapter, other operators from harmonic analysis are considered, such as convolution operators and singular integrals. The text is mostly self-contained, with only some more technical proofs and background material omitted. Part 2 gives an overview of the asymptotic properties of solutions to hyperbolic equations and systems with time-dependent coefficients. First, an overview of known results is given for general scalar hyperbolic equations of higher order with constant coefficients. Then strongly hyperbolic systems with time-dependent coefficients are considered. A feature of the described approach is that oscillations in coefficients are allowed. Propagators for the Cauchy problems are constructed as oscillatory integrals by working in appropriate time-frequency symbol classes. A number of examples is considered and the sharpness of results is discussed. An exemplary treatment of dissipative terms shows how effective lower order terms can change asymptotic properties and thus complements the exposition.

The volume is based on the Sobolev-Schwartz concept of Generalized Functions. It presents general theory including the Fourier, Laplace, Mellin, Hilbert, Cauchy-Bochner, Poisson integral transforms and operational calculus. Traditional material is supplemented by the theory of Fourier series, abelian theorems, boundary values of helomorphic functions for one and several variables. There is detailed study of convolution theory, convolution algebras and convolution equations in them, homogenous generalized functions and multiplication of generalized functions and some trends in these problems. Methods of the theory of generalized functions are applied to some problems in mathematical physics, for example: fundamental solutions of partial differential equations and Cauchy problems. This volume also includes numerous problems, exercises, examples and figures.

The history of mathematics is, to a considerable extent, connected with the study of solutions of the equation f(x)=a=const for functions f(x) of one real or complex variable. Therefore, it is surprising that we know very little about solutions of u(x,y)=A=const. for functions of two real variables. These two solutions, called level of sets, are very important with regard to applications in physics, biology and economics as they make a map of appropriate processes described by the function u(x,y) for given parameters (x,y). In the present volume we study a concept, Gamma-lines which generalizes the concept of levels of sets and, at the same time, the concept of a-points. The aim of the authors is to provide a book on Gamma-lines for the broad specialist and to show the large range of their field of applications. One can expect that the general methods proposed in this volume will be of great use to both physicists and engineers.

Addressing algebraic problems found in biomathematics and energy, Free and Moving Boundaries: Analysis, Simulation and Control discusses moving boundary and boundary control in systems described by partial differential equations (PDEs). With contributions from international experts, the book emphasizes numerical and theoretical control of moving boundaries in fluid structure couple systems, arteries, shape stabilization level methods, family of moving geometries, and boundary control. Using numerical analysis, the contributors examine the problems of optimal control theory applied to PDEs arising from continuum mechanics. The book presents several applications to electromagnetic devices, flow, control, computing, images analysis, topological changes, and free boundaries. It specifically focuses on the topics of boundary variation and control, dynamical control of geometry, optimization, free boundary problems, stabilization of structures, controlling fluid-structure devices, electromagnetism 3D, and inverse problems arising in areas such as biomathematics. Free and Moving Boundaries: Analysis, Simulation and Control explains why the boundary control of physical systems can be viewed as a moving boundary control, empowering the future research of select algebraic areas.

This textbook is a thorough, accessible introduction to digital Fourier analysis for undergraduate students in the sciences. Beginning with the principles of sine/cosine decomposition, the reader walks through the principles of discrete Fourier analysis before reaching the cornerstone of signal processing: the Fast Fourier Transform.

Saturated with clear, coherent illustrations, "Digital Fourier Analysis" includes practice problems and thorough Appendices for the advanced reader. As a special feature, the book includes interactive applets (available online) that mirror the illustrations. These user-friendly applets animate concepts interactively, allowing the user to experiment with the underlying mathematics.

For example, a real sine signal can be treated as a sum of clockwise and counter-clockwise rotating vectors. The applet illustration included with the book animates the rotating vectors and the resulting sine signal. By changing parameters such as amplitude and frequency, the reader can test various cases and view the results until they fully understand the principle.

Additionally, the applet source code in Visual Basic is provided online, allowing this book to be used for teaching simple programming techniques.

A complete, intuitive guide to the basics, "Digital Fourier Analysis - Fundamentals" is an essential reference for undergraduate students in science and engineering.

The Navier-Stokes equations: fascinating, fundamentally important, and challenging,. Although many questions remain open, progress has been made in recent years. The regularity criterion of Caffarelli, Kohn, and Nirenberg led to many new results on existence and non-existence of solutions, and the very active search for mild solutions in the 1990's culminated in the theorem of Koch and Tataru that, in some ways, provides a definitive answer.

Recent Developments in the Navier-Stokes Problem brings these and other advances together in a self-contained exposition presented from the perspective of real harmonic analysis. The author first builds a careful foundation in real harmonic analysis, introducing all the material needed for his later discussions. He then studies the Navier-Stokes equations on the whole space, exploring previously scattered results such as the decay of solutions in space and in time, uniqueness, self-similar solutions, the decay of Lebesgue or Besov norms of solutions, and the existence of solutions for a uniformly locally square integrable initial value. Many of the proofs and statements are original and, to the extent possible, presented in the context of real harmonic analysis.

Although the existence, regularity, and uniqueness of solutions to the Navier-Stokes equations continue to be a challenge, this book is a welcome opportunity for mathematicians and physicists alike to explore the problem's intricacies from a new and enlightening perspective.

This book contains about 3,000 first order partial differential equations with solutions. A lot of new exact solutions to linear and nonlinear equations are included.
The text pays special attention to equations of the general form, showing their dependence upon arbitrary functions. At the beginning of each section, basic solution methods for the corresponding types of differential equations are outlined and specific examples are considered. It presents equations and their applications; these include differential geometry, nonlinear mechanics, gas dynamics, heat and mass transfer, wave theory and much more.
This handbook is an invaluable reference source for researchers, engineers and students of applied mathematics, mechanics, control theory and the engineering sciences.

This volume presents a comprehensive treatment of hypersingular integrals and their applications. Hypersingular integrals arise as constructions inverse to potential type operators and are realised by these approaches: method of regularization; method of finite differences. The development of these approaches together with the presentation of many results and applications will be of interest to graduate students and researchers working in mathematical analysis.

Here is an unsurpassed resource-important accounts of a variety of dynamic systems topics related to number theory. Twelve distinguished mathematicians present a rare complete analyticsolution of a geodesic quantum problem on a negatively curved surface...and explicit determination of modular function growth near a real point applications of number theory to dynamical systems and applications of mathematical physics to number theory...tributes to the often-unheralded pioneers in the field... an examination of completely integrableand exactly solvable physical models .. . and much more! Classical and Quantum Models and Arithmetic Problems is certainly a major source of information, advancing the studies of number theorists, algebraists, and mathematical physicistsinterested in complex mathematical properties of quantum field theory, statistical mechanics,and dynamic systems. Moreover, the volume is a superior source of supplementary readingfor graduate-level courses in dynamic systems and application of number theory.

"Contains proceedings of Varenna 2000, the international conference on theory and numerical methods of the navier-Stokes equations, held in Villa Monastero in Varenna, Lecco, Italy, surveying a wide range of topics in fluid mechanics, including compressible, incompressible, and non-newtonian fluids, the free boundary problem, and hydrodynamic potential theory."

Provides comprehensive coverage of the most recent developments in the theory of non-Archimedean pseudo-differential equations and its application to stochastics and mathematical physics--offering current methods of construction for stochastic processes in the field of p-adic numbers and related structures. Develops a new theory for parabolic equations over non-Archimedean fields in relation to Markov processes.

Inverse boundary problems are a rapidly developing area of applied mathematics with applications throughout physics and the engineering sciences. However, the mathematical theory of inverse problems remains incomplete and needs further development to aid in the solution of many important practical problems.

Inverse Boundary Spectral Problems develop a rigorous theory for solving several types of inverse problems exactly. In it, the authors consider the following:

"Can the unknown coefficients of an elliptic partial differential equation be determined from the eigenvalues and the boundary values of the eigenfunctions?"

Along with this problem, many inverse problems for heat and wave equations are solved.

The authors approach inverse problems in a coordinate invariant way, that is, by applying ideas drawn from differential geometry. To solve them, they apply methods of Riemannian geometry, modern control theory, and the theory of localized wave packets, also known as Gaussian beams. The treatment includes the relevant background of each of these areas.

Although the theory of inverse boundary spectral problems has been in development for at least 10 years, until now the literature has been scattered throughout various journals. This self-contained monograph summarizes the relevant concepts and the techniques useful for dealing with them.

Lie's group theory of differential equations unifies the many ad hoc methods known for solving differential equations and provides powerful new ways to find solutions. The theory has applications to both ordinary and partial differential equations and is not restricted to linear equations. Applications of Lie's Theory of Ordinary and Partial Differential Equations provides a concise, simple introduction to the application of Lie's theory to the solution of differential equations. The author emphasizes clarity and immediacy of understanding rather than encyclopedic completeness, rigor, and generality. This enables readers to quickly grasp the essentials and start applying the methods to find solutions. The book includes worked examples and problems from a wide range of scientific and engineering fields.

Presents a systematic study of the common zeros of polynomials in several variables which are related to higher dimensional quadrature. The author uses a new approach which is based on the recent development of orthogonal polynomials in several variables and differs significantly from the previous ones based on algebraic ideal theory. Featuring a great deal of new work, new theorems and, in many cases, new proofs, this self-contained work will be of great interest to researchers in numerical analysis, the theory of orthogonal polynomials and related subjects.

This text is an introduction to the use of vectors in a wide range of undergraduate disciplines. It is written specifically to match the level of experience and mathematical qualifications of students entering undergraduate and Higher National programmes and it assumes only a minimum of mathematical background on the part of the reader. Basic mathematics underlying the use of vectors is covered, and the text goes from fundamental concepts up to the level of first-year examination questions in engineering and physics. The material treated includes electromagnetic waves, alternating current, rotating fields, mechanisms, simple harmonic motion and vibrating systems. There are examples and exercises and the book contains many clear diagrams to complement the text. The provision of examples allows the student to become proficient in problem solving and the application of the material to a range of applications from science and engineering demonstrates the versatility of vector algebra as an analytical tool.

With a unique approach and presenting an array of new and intriguing topics, Mathematical Quantization offers a survey of operator algebras and related structures from the point of view that these objects are quantizations of classical mathematical structures. This approach makes possible, with minimal mathematical detail, a unified treatment of a variety of topics.

Detailed here for the first time, the fundamental idea of mathematical quantization is that sets are replaced by Hilbert spaces. Building on this idea, and most importantly on the fact that scalar-valued functions on a set correspond to operators on a Hilbert space, one can determine quantum analogs of a variety of classical structures. In particular, because topologies and measure classes on a set can be treated in terms of scalar-valued functions, we can transfer these constructions to the quantum realm, giving rise to C*- and von Neumann algebras.

In the first half of the book, the author quickly builds the operator algebra setting. He uses this as a unifying theme in the second half, in which he treats several active research topics, some for the first time in book form. These include the quantum plane and tori, operator spaces, Hilbert modules, Lipschitz algebras, and quantum groups.

For graduate students, Mathematical Quantization offers an ideal introduction to a research area of great current interest. For professionals in operator algebras and functional analysis, it provides a readable tour of the current state of the field.