How do you know what works and what doesn't? This book contains case studies highlighting the power of polytope projects for complex problem solving. Any sort of combinational problem characterized by a large variety of possibly complex constructions and deconstructions based on simple building blocks can be studied in a similar way. Although the majority of case studies are related to chemistry, the method is general and equally applicable to other fields for engineering or science.

This review volume, co-edited by Nobel laureate G Ertl, provides a broad overview on current studies in the understanding of design and control of complex chemical systems of various origins, on scales ranging from single molecules and nano-phenomena to macroscopic chemical reactors. Self-organizational behavior and the emergence of coherent collective dynamics in reaction diffusion systems, reactive soft matter and chemical networks are covered. Special attention is paid to the applications in molecular cell biology and to the problems of biological evolution, synthetic biology and design of artificial living cells. Starting with a detailed introduction on the history of research on complex chemical systems, its current state of the art and perspectives, the book comprises 19 chapters that survey the current progress in particular research fields. The reviews, prepared by leading international experts, yield together a fascinating picture of a rapidly developing research discipline that brings chemical engineering to new frontiers.

This book presents the latest findings on amino acid fermentation and reviews the 50-year history of their development. The book is divided into four parts, the first of which presents a review of amino acid fermentation, past and present. The second part highlights selected examples of amino acid fermentation in more detail, while the third focuses on recent advanced technologies. The last part introduces readers to several topics for future research directions in amino acid production systems. A new field, "amino acid fermentation", was created by the progress of academic research and industrial development. In 1908, the Japanese researcher Kikunae Ikeda discovered glutamate as an Umami substance. Then a new seasoning, MSG (monosodium glutamate), was commercialized. Although glutamate was extracted from the hydro-lysate of wheat or soybean in the early days, a new production method was subsequently invented - "fermentation" - in which glutamate is produced from sugars such as glucose by a certain bacterium called Corynebacterium. The topic of this volume is particularly connected in a significant way with biochemical, biotechnological, and microbial fields. Both professionals in industry and an academic audience will understand the importance of this volume.

Combustion technology has traditionally been dominated by air/fuel combustion. However, two developments have increased the significance of oxygen-enhanced combustion new technologies that produce oxygen less expensively and the increased importance of environmental regulations. Advantages of oxygen-enhanced combustion include less pollutant emissions as well as increased energy efficiency and productivity. Oxygen-Enhanced Combustion, Second Edition compiles information about using oxygen to enhance industrial heating and melting processes. It integrates fundamental principles, applications, and equipment design in one volume, making it a unique resource for specialists implementing the use of oxygen in combustion systems.

This second edition of the bestselling book has more than doubled in size. Extensively updated and expanded, it covers significant advances in the technology that have occurred since the publication of the first edition.

What s New in This Edition

• Expanded from 11 chapters to 30, with most of the existing chapters revised
• A broader view of oxygen-enhanced combustion, with more than 50 contributors from over 20 organizations around the world
• More coverage of fundamentals, including fluid flow, heat transfer, noise, flame impingement, CFD modeling, soot formation, burner design, and burner testing
• New chapters on applications such as flameless combustion, steel reheating, iron production, cement production, power generation, fluidized bed combustion, chemicals and petrochemicals, and diesel engines

This book offers a unified, up-to-date look at important commercialized uses of oxygen-enhanced combustion in a wide range of industries. It brings together the latest knowledge to assist those researching, engineering, and implementing combustion in power plants, engines, and other applications."

Computer-aided process engineering (CAPE) plays a key design and operations role in the process industries, from the molecular scale through managing complex manufacturing sites. The research interests cover a wide range of interdisciplinary problems related to the current needs of society and industry. ESCAPE 23 brings together researchers and practitioners of computer-aided process engineering interested in modeling, simulation and optimization, synthesis and design, automation and control, and education. The proceedings present and evaluate emerging as well as established research methods and concepts, as well as industrial case studies.
Contributions from the international community using computer-based methods in process engineeringReviews the latest developments in process systems engineering

Emphasis on industrial and societal challenges

Officially, the use of biomass for energy meets only 10-13% of the total global energy demand of 140 000 TWh per year. Still, thirty years ago the official figure was zero, as only traded biomass was included. While the actual production of biomass is in the range of 270 000 TWh per year, most of this is not used for energy purposes, and mostly it is not used very efficiently. Therefore, there is a need for new methods for converting biomass into refined products like chemicals, fuels, wood and paper products, heat, cooling and electric power. Obviously, some biomass is also used as food - our primary life necessity. The different types of conversion methods covered in this volume are biogas production, bio-ethanol production, torrefaction, pyrolysis, high temperature gasifi cation and combustion. This book covers the suitability of different methods for conversion of different types of biomass. Different versions of the conversion methods are presented - both existing methods and those being developed for the future. System optimization using modeling methods and simulation are analyzed to determine advantages and disadvantages of different solutions. Many international experts have contributed to provide an up-to-date view of the situation all over the world. These global perspectives and the inclusion of so much expertise of distinguished international researchers and professionals make this book unique. This book will prove useful and inspiring to professionals, engineers, researchers and students as well as to those working for different authorities and organizations.

In the past two decades, the field of nanoporous materials has undergone significant developments. As these materials possess high specific surface areas, well-defined pore sizes, and functional sites, they show a great diversity of applications such as molecular adsorption/storage and separation, sensing, catalysis, energy storage and conversion, drug delivery, and more. Nanoporous Materials: Synthesis and Applications surveys the key developments in the synthesis of nanoporous materials in a broad range from soft porous materials-such as porous organic and metal-organic frameworks-to hard porous materials, such as porous metals and metal oxides, and the significant advances in their applications to date. Topics Include: Synthetic approaches, characterization techniques, and applications of a variety of meso- and microporous polymers and organic frameworks Advances in the synthetic control of structures along with the function exploration of this new class of organic porous materials Synthesis and applications of nanoporous metal-organic frameworks, mesoporous silica, and nanoporous glass Synthesis of mesoporous carbons by a soft- and hard-templating method and their applications for supercapacitors and membrane separations Fabrication of nanoporous semiconductor materials Structural modification and functional improvement of layered zeolites Germanates and related materials with open-frameworks

This book covers a collection of topics that reflect the diversity of modern trends in chemistry and chemical engineering. It presents leading-edge research from some of the brightest and most well known scientists from around the world. Contributions range from new methods to novel applications of existing methods to give readers an understanding of the material and/or structural behavior of new and advanced systems. The book offers a broad scope of new research for academics, researchers, and engineering professionals, which has potential for applications in several disciplines of engineering and science. Topics include: Time evolution of the electronegativity and its various scales and the interrelationship between electronegativity and other periodic parameters The starch nanocomposite and nanoparticles and its biomedical applications The lamination of nanofiber at different temperatures Electrospinning of chitosan (CHT) and how it can be improved by the addition of synthetic materials including carbon nanotubes (CNTs) Smart nanofibers based on nylon 6,6/polyethylene glycol blend Nano-biocomposites with chitosan matrix and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) Polypyrrole-coated polyacrylonitrile electrospun nanofibers Semi-empirical AM-1 studies on porphyrin, which include global reactivity parameters, local reactivity parameters, and atomic charge

1 Automatisierung von Vakuumbeschichtungsanlagen.- 1.1 Vorbemerkungen.- 1.2 Steuerungssysteme.- 1.3 Materialfluss.- 1.3.1 Batch-Anlagen.- 1.3.2 Durchlauf-Anlagen (in-line-Anlagen).- 1.3.3 Cluster-Anlagen.- 1.3.4 Bandanlagen.- 1.4 Automatisierung von Teilsystemen.- 1.4.1 Pumpsatz-Steuerungen.- 1.4.2 Druckregelungen.- 1.4.2.1 Druckregelung durch Saugvermoegen.- 1.4.2.2 Druckregelung durch Gasfluss.- 1.4.3 Substrattransport.- 1.4.4 Substrattemperatur.- 1.4.4.1 Heizeinrichtungen.- 1.4.4.2 Messen und Regeln der Substrattemperatur.- 1.4.5 Automatisierung von Verdampfern.- 1.4.5.1 Widerstands-Verdampfer.- 1.4.5.2 Induktive Verdampfer.- 1.4.5.3 Elektronenstrahl-Verdampfer.- 1.4.6 Automatisierung von Sputterprozessen.- 1.4.6.1 Gleichstrom-Sputtern.- 1.4.6.2 Hochfrequenz-Sputtern.- 1.4.6.3 Magnetfeld-Verstellung.- 1.4.6.4 Plasma-Erkennung.- 1.4.7 Schichtdicke und Rate.- 1.4.7.1 Schichtdickenregelung.- 1.4.7.2 Abschalt-Kriterien.- 1.4.7.3 Ratenregelung.- 1.4.8 Reaktivprozesse.- 1.5 Beispiele fur die Automatisierung von Beschichtungsprozessen.- 1.5.1 Prozesssteuerung fur Aufdampfanlagen.- 1.5.2 Prozesssteuerung fur Sputter-Durchlauf-Anlagen.- 1.5.3 Automatisierung von CVD-Anlagen.- 2 Messungen an Dunnen Schichten wahrend des Beschichtungsprozesses.- 2.1 Bestimmung der Schichtdicke durch Widerstandsmessung.- 2.2 Ratenmessung durch Teilchen-Ionisierung und -Anregung.- 2.2.1 UEberblick.- 2.2.2 Ionensonde.- 2.2.3 Massenspektrometer.- 2.2.4 EIES.- 2.3 Schichtdicken und Aufdampfratemessung mit Schwingquarz.- 2.3.1 Einleitung und Ruckblick.- 2.3.1.1 Frequenz-Messmethode.- 2.3.1.2 Periodenzeit-Messmethode.- 2.3.1.3 Z-Match(R)-Verfahren.- 2.3.1.4 Zweifrequenz-oder Auto-Z-Match(R)-Verfahren.- 2.3.2 Sensor-Kennlinie (Massenempfindlichkeit).- 2.3.3 Grenzen der Genauigkeit und des Verwendungsbereichs.- 2.3.3.1 Einfluss des angewandten Verfahrens.- 2.3.3.2 Einfluss der Materialdichte.- 2.3.3.3 Schicht-Relaxation.- 2.3.3.4 Auswirkung intrinsischer Schichtspannungen.- 2.3.3.5 Temperatureinfluss.- 2.3.3.5.1 Frequenz-Temperaturkennlinie des Quarzes.- 2.3.3.5.2 Frequenz-Temperaturkennlinie des vollstandigen Messkopfes.- 2.3.3.6 Auftreten und Ursachen von Frequenzsprungen.- 2.3.3.6.1 Grenzschicht Quarz-Elektrode.- 2.3.3.6.2 Kopplung mit Nebenmoden.- 2.3.3.7 Anzeige der Messquarz-Restverwendungsdauer.- 2.3.3.7.1 Warnung bei Erreichen einer bestimmten Frequenzanderung.- 2.3.3.7.2 Dampfungs-bzw. materialabhangige Anzeige der Restverwendungsdauer.- 2.3.4 Schlussfolgerung und Zusammenfassung.- 2.4 Optische Messverfahren.- 2.4.1 Eilipsometer.- 2.4.2 Optische Prozesstechnik.- 2.4.2.1 Vorbemerkungen.- 2.4.2.2 Systematik der optischen Schichtdickenmessung.- 2.4.2.3 Monochromatische optische Schichtdickenmessung.- 2.4.2.3.1 Triggerpunktabschaltung/Extremwertabschaltung.- 2.4.2.3.2 Fehlerkompensation der direkten Messmethode bei Extremwertabschaltungen von ?/4-Schichtsystemen.- 2.4.2.3.3 Triggerpunktabschaltung mit On-Line-Korrektur.- 2.4.2.3.4 Probleme bei der Umsetzung der monochromatischen Schichtdickenmessung in die Praxis.- 2.4.2.3.5 Prozessfotometer fur die monochromatische optische Schichtdickenmessung.- 2.4.2.4 Breitbandige optische Schichtdickenmessung/ On-line-Nachoptimierung.- 2.4.3 Beispiele fur die Berechnung und Realisierung von Systemen aus dunnen Schichten.- 2.4.3.1 Matrixmethode zur Berechnung optischer Schichtsysteme.- 2.4.3.2 Eigenschaften einer Einfachschicht.- 2.4.3.3 Symmetrische Schichtsysteme.- 2.4.3.4 Schichtsysteme aus ?/4-und ?/2-Schichten.- 2.4.3.5 Rechnerunterstutzter Entwurf von Schichtsystemen.- 2.5 Schichtdickenbestimmung durch Wagung im Vakuum.- 2.6 Bestimmung der Schichtdicke und der Schichtzusammensetzung durch Roentgenemission und Roentgenfluoreszenz.- 2.7 Atomemissionsspektroskopie.- 3 Messungen an dunnen Schichten nach beendetem Beschichtungsprozess.- 3.1 Messung der thermischen Leitfahigkeit.- 3.1.1 Allgemeines.- 3.1.2 Experimentelle Bestimmung.- 3.2 Elektrische Leitfahigkeit.- 3.2.1 Definition.- 3.2.2 Bestimmungs

Optimal Control for Chemical Engineers gives a detailed treatment of optimal control theory that enables readers to formulate and solve optimal control problems. With a strong emphasis on problem solving, the book provides all the necessary mathematical analyses and derivations of important results, including multiplier theorems and Pontryagin's principle. The text begins by introducing various examples of optimal control, such as batch distillation and chemotherapy, and the basic concepts of optimal control, including functionals and differentials. It then analyzes the notion of optimality, describes the ubiquitous Lagrange multipliers, and presents the celebrated Pontryagin principle of optimal control. Building on this foundation, the author examines different types of optimal control problems as well as the required conditions for optimality. He also describes important numerical methods and computational algorithms for solving a wide range of optimal control problems, including periodic processes. Through its lucid development of optimal control theory and computational algorithms, this self-contained book shows readers how to solve a variety of optimal control problems.

Photoresponsive polymers that can be manipulated with specific frequency of light Designing of polymers for vibration damping Smart manipulations of hydrophic and superhydrophobic polymers Biopolymers including hydrogel for smart application, drug delivery etc. Smart paints Self-healing and shape memory polymers Holography for data storage Phase change polymers and solid polymer electrolyte for thermal and electrochemical energy Molecularly imprinting polymers for sub ppm sensing and removal of undesired materials Smart textile covering the concept of advanced textiles

A proper understanding of diffusion and mass transfer theory is critical for obtaining correct solutions to many transport problems. Diffusion and Mass Transfer presents a comprehensive summary of the theoretical aspects of diffusion and mass transfer and applies that theory to obtain detailed solutions for a large number of important problems. Particular attention is paid to various aspects of polymer behavior, including polymer diffusion, sorption in polymers, and volumetric behavior of polymer-solvent systems. The book first covers the five elements necessary to formulate and solve mass transfer problems, that is, conservation laws and field equations, boundary conditions, constitutive equations, parameters in constitutive equations, and mathematical methods that can be used to solve the partial differential equations commonly encountered in mass transfer problems. Jump balances, Green's function solution methods, and the free-volume theory for the prediction of self-diffusion coefficients for polymer-solvent systems are among the topics covered. The authors then use those elements to analyze a wide variety of mass transfer problems, including bubble dissolution, polymer sorption and desorption, dispersion, impurity migration in plastic containers, and utilization of polymers in drug delivery. The text offers detailed solutions, along with some theoretical aspects, for numerous processes including viscoelastic diffusion, moving boundary problems, diffusion and reaction, membrane transport, wave behavior, sedimentation, drying of polymer films, and chromatography. Presenting diffusion and mass transfer from both engineering and fundamental science perspectives, this book can be used as a text for a graduate-level course as well as a reference text for research in diffusion and mass transfer. The book includes mass transfer effects in polymers, which are very important in many industrial processes. The attention given to the proper setup of numerous problems along with the explanations and use of mathematical solution methods will help readers in properly analyzing mass transfer problems.

Dieses beliebte Lehrbuch vereint die vier Fachrichtungen der Chemietechnik: Chemie, thermische und mechanische Verfahrenstechnik, chemische Reaktionstechnik und allgemeine Chemietechnik. Die 2. Auflage wurde aktualisiert und spiegelt neue Entwicklungen des Fachgebiets wider.

This new volume, Physical Chemistry for Engineering and Applied Sciences: Theoretical and Methodological Implications, introduces readers to some of the latest research applications of physical chemistry. The compilation of this volume was motived by the tremendous increase of useful research work in the field of physical chemistry and related subjects in recent years, and the need for communication between physical chemists, physicists, and biophysicists. This volume reflects the huge breadth and diversity in research and the applications in physical chemistry and physical chemistry techniques, providing case studies that are tailored to particular research interests. It examines the industrial processes for emerging materials, determines practical use under a wide range of conditions, and establishes what is needed to produce a new generation of materials. The chapter authors, affiliated with prestigious scientific institutions from around the world, share their research on new and innovative applications in physical chemistry. The chapters in the volume are divided into several areas, covering developments in physical chemistry of modern materials polymer science and engineering nanoscience and nanotechnology

This book covers many important aspects of applied chemistry and chemical engineering, focusing on three main aspects: principles, methodology and evaluation methods. It presents a selection of chapters on recent developments of theoretical, mathematical, and computational conceptions, as well as chapters on modeling and simulation of specific research themes covering applied chemistry and chemical engineering. This book attempts to bridge the gap between classical analysis and modern applications. Covering a selection of topics within the field of applied chemistry and chemical engineering, the book is divided into several parts: polymer chemistry and technology bioorganic and biological chemistry nanoscale technology selected topics This book is the second of the two-volume series Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering. The first volume is Volume 1: Mathematical and Analytical Techniques.

Understanding mathematical modeling is fundamental in chemical engineering. This book reviews, introduces, and develops the mathematical models that are most frequently encountered in sophisticated chemical engineering domains. The volume provides a collection of models illustrating the power and richness of the mathematical sciences in supplying insight into the operation of important real-world systems. It fills a gap within modeling texts, focusing on applications across a broad range of disciplines. The first part of the book discusses the general components of the modeling process and highlights the potential of modeling in the production of nanofibers. These chapters discuss the general components of the modeling process and the evolutionary nature of successful model building in the electrospinning process. Electrospinning is the most versatile technique for the preparation of continuous nanofibers obtained from numerous materials. This section of book summarizes the state-of-the art in electrospinning as well as updates on theoretical aspects and applications. Part 2 of the book presents a selection of special topics on issues in applied chemistry and chemical engineering, including nanocomposite coating processes by electrocodeposition method, entropic factors conformational interactions, and the application of artificial neural network and meta-heuristic algorithms. This volume covers a wide range of topics in mathematical modeling, computational science, and applied mathematics. It presents a wealth of new results in the development of modeling theories and methods, advancing diverse areas of applications and promoting interdisciplinary interactions between mathematicians, scientists, engineers and representatives from other disciplines.

Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Volume 4: Experimental Techniques and Methodical Developments provides a detailed yet easy-to-follow treatment of various techniques useful for characterizing the structure and properties of engineering materials. This timely volume provides an overview of new methods and presents experimental research in applied chemistry using modern approaches. Each chapter describes the principle of the respective method as well as the detailed procedures of experiments with examples of actual applications and then goes on to demonstrate the advantage and disadvantages of each physical technique. Thus, readers will be able to apply the concepts as described in the book to their own experiments. The book is broken into several subsections: Polymer Chemistry and Technology Computational Approaches Clinical Chemistry and Bioinformatics Special Topics This volume presents research and reviews and information on implementing and sustaining interdisciplinary studies in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.

This volume, Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Volume 5: Research Methodologies in Modern Chemistry and Applied Science, is designed to fulfill the requirements of scientists and engineers who wish to be able to carry out experimental research in chemistry and applied science using modern methods. Each chapter describes the principle of the respective method, as well as the detailed procedures of experiments with examples of actual applications. Thus, readers will be able to apply the concepts as described in the book to their own experiments. This book traces the progress made in this field and its sub-fields and also highlight some of the key theories and their applications and will be a valuable resource for chemical engineers in Materials Science and others.

Quantitative Process Control Theory explains how to solve industrial system problems using a novel control system design theory. This easy-to-use theory does not require designers to choose a weighting function and enables the controllers to be designed or tuned for quantitative engineering performance indices such as overshoot. In each chapter, a summary highlights the main problems and results and exercises improve and test your understanding of the material. Mathematical proofs are provided for almost all the results while examples are based on actual situations in industrial plants involving a paper-making machine, heat exchanger, hot strip mill, maglev, nuclear reactor, distillation column/heavy oil fractionator, jacket-cooled reactor, missile, helicopter/plane, and anesthesia. Developed from the author's many years of research, this book takes a unique, practical approach for efficiently solving single-input and single-output (SISO) and multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) control system design issues for quantitative performance indices. With much of the material classroom-tested, the text is suitable for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in engineering, beginning researchers in robust control, and more seasoned engineers wanting to learn new design techniques.

This volume presents a selection of important information and discussion on the new scientific trend of chemical mesoscopics and also sheds new knowledge on the science of nanomaterials, processes of nanochemistry, and nanoengineering. The volume explores nanomaterial development as well as investigations of processes and modeling. It provides new perspectives on processes, while also discussing new methods of treatment polymeric materials and different material modification, including by super small quantities of metal/carbon nanocomposites. This volume will be a valuable resource on new trends on chemical mesoscopics, nanotechnology, and nanoengineering for researchers, scientists, professors, postgraduate students, and others.

In chemical processes, the progressive deactivation of solid catalysts is a major economic concern and mastering their stability has become as essential as controlling their activity and selectivity. For these reasons, there is a strong motivation to understand the mechanisms leading to any loss in activity and/or selectivity and to find out the efficient preventive measures and regenerative solutions that open the way towards cheaper and cleaner processes. This book covers the fundamental and applied aspects of solid catalyst deactivation in a comprehensive way and encompasses the state of the art in the field of reactions catalyzed by zeolites. This particular choice is justified by the widespread use of molecular sieves in refining, petrochemicals and organic chemicals synthesis processes, by the large variety in the nature of their active sites (acid, base, acid-base, redox, bifunctional) and especially by their peculiar features, in terms of crystallinity, structural order and textural properties, which make them ideal models for heterogeneous catalysis. The aim of this book is to be a critical review in the field of zeolite deactivation and regeneration by collecting contributions from experts in the field which describe the factors, explain the techniques to study the causes and suggest methods to prevent (or limit) catalyst deactivation. At the same time, a selection of commercial processes and exemplar cases provides the reader with theoretical insights and practical hints on the deactivation mechanisms and draws attention to the key role played by the loss of activity on process design and industrial practice.

This book focuses on the nanofiber membrane's fabrication, characterization, and performance for medical, environment and energy applications. Topics include polymer, inorganic and composite-form nanofiber membrane materials. Top Research teams from varied disciplines and continents outline applied nanofiber membrane fabrication techniques and characterizations. Promising nanofiber membranes for improving and enhancing technologies used in drug delivery, wound healing, tissue engineering, water and wastewater treatment and purification, gas separation and purification, air purification, and fuel cells are discussed along with the likely path forward for commercial usage. Key Features: Shares the most recent discovery solutions from experts all over the globe for the numerous problems in medical, environmental and energy applications. Provides a holistic cycle of nanofiber membrane development which comprehensively discusses the membrane preparation, characterizations, performance and the way forward for a specific process and application. Explains the mechanism of separation and purification. Focuses on the nanofiber membrane's fabrication, characterizations, and performance in various scenarios and commercial applications.

With focus on the practical use of modern biotechnology for environmental sustainability, this book provides a thoughtful overview of molecular aspects of environmental studies to create a new awareness of fundamental biological processes and sustainable ecological concerns. It covers the latest research by prominent scientists in modern biology and delineates recent and prospective applications in the sub-areas of environmental biotechnology with special focus on the biodegradation of toxic pollutants, bioremediation of contaminated environments, and bioconversion of organic wastes toward a green economy and sustainable future.

The science of chemistry is so broad that it is normally broken into fields or branches of specialization. The manufacture of drugs and dyes is one of the most practical industrial applications of chemistry. This collection presents the reader with a broad spectrum of chapters on drugs and dyes, thereby demonstrating key developments in this rapidly changing field. It examines dyes in chemical interaction and production of drugs for pharmaceutical use as well as in forensic work and in the production of materials.

This new work, Functional Polymeric Composites: Macro to Nanoscales, focuses on new challenges, findings, opportunities, and applications in the area of polymer composites. The chapters, written prominent researchers from academia, industry, and research institutes from around the world, present contemporary research and developments on advanced polymeric materials, including polymer blends, polymer electrolytes, bio-based polymer, polymer nanocomposites, etc. Several chapters also cover the applications of the polymeric systems in current industry development and synthesis and characterization of the products.