This book summarizes the various microfluidic-based approaches for single-cell capture, isolation, manipulation, culture and observation, lysis, and analysis. Single-cell analysis reveals the heterogeneities in morphology, functions, composition, and genetic performance of seemingly identical cells, and advances in single-cell analysis can overcome the difficulties arising due to cell heterogeneity in the diagnostics for a targeted model of disease. This book provides a detailed review of the state-of-the-art techniques presenting the pros and cons of each of these methods. It also offers lessons learned and tips from front-line investigators to help researchers overcome bottlenecks in their own studies. Highlighting a number of techniques, such as microfluidic droplet techniques, combined microfluidics-mass-spectrometry systems, and nanochannel sampling, it describes in detail a new microfluidic chip-based live single-cell extractor (LSCE) developed in the editor's laboratory, which opens up new avenues to use open microfluidics in single-cell extraction, single-cell mass spectrometric analysis, single-cell adhesion analysis and subcellular operations. Serving as both an elementary introduction and advanced guidebook, this book interests and inspires scholars and students who are currently studying or wish to study microfluidics-based cell analysis methods.

Describes the methodologies and best practices of the sterile manufacture of drug products Thoroughly trained personnel and carefully designed, operated, and maintained facilities and equipment are vital for the sterile manufacture of medicinal products using aseptic processing. Professionals in pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical manufacturing facilities must have a clear understanding of current good manufacturing practice (cGMP) and preapproval inspection (PAI) requirements. Sterile Processing of Pharmaceutical Products: Engineering Practice, Validation, and Compliance in Regulated Environments provides up-to-date coverage of aseptic processing techniques and sterilization methods. Written by a recognized expert with more than 20 years of industry experience in aseptic manufacturing, this practical resource illustrates a comprehensive approach to sterile manufacturing engineering that can achieve drug manufacturing objectives and goals. Topics include sanitary piping and equipment, cleaning and manufacturing process validation, computerized automated systems, personal protective equipment (PPE), clean-in-place (CIP) systems, barriers and isolators, and guidelines for statistical procedure. Offering authoritative guidance on the key aspects of sterile manufacturing engineering, this volume: Covers fundamentals of aseptic techniques, quality by design, risk assessment and management, and operational requirements Addresses various regulations and guidelines instituted by the FDA, ISPE, EMA, MHRA, and ICH Provides techniques for systematic process optimization and good manufacturing practice Emphasizes the importance of attention to detail in process development and validation Features real-world examples highlighting different aspects of drug manufacturing Sterile Processing of Pharmaceutical Products: Engineering Practice, Validation, and Compliance in Regulated Environments is an indispensable reference and guide for all chemists, chemical engineers, pharmaceutical professionals and engineers, and other professionals working in pharmaceutical sciences and manufacturing.

As pharmaceutical companies strive to develop safer medicines at a lower cost, they must keep pace with the rapid growth of technology and research methodologies. Defying the misconception of process chemistry as mere scale-up work, Process Chemistry in the Pharmaceutical Industry, Vol. 2: Challenges in an Ever Changing Climate explores novel applications of synthetic, physical, and analytical chemistry in drug discovery and development. It offers an accurate depiction of the most up-to-date process research and development methods applied to synthesis, clinical trials, and commercializing drug candidates. The second installment in this progressive series, this volumereviews the latest breakthroughs to advance process chemistry, including asymmetric synthesis, crystallization, morphology, enzymatic intervention, green chemistry, macromolecules (monoclonal antibodies, biological molecules, polymers), enantioselectivity, organometallic chemistry, process analytical tools, chemical engineering controls, regulatory compliance, and outsourcing/globalization. It explores new approaches to synthetic processes, examines the latest safety methods and experiment design, and suggests realistic solutions to problems encountered in manufacturing and process development. Significant topics include atom economy, ease of synthesis, instrumentation, automization, quality control, cost considerations, green practices, and future trends. Jointly edited by the founder/president of Delphian Pharmaceuticals and the director of Chemical R&D at Pfizer, this book brings together contributions byreputed scientists, technologists, engineers, and professors from leading academic institutions, such as the Imperial College, UK, the University of Tokyo, ETH, Switzerland, the International University at Bermen, Germany, and the University of Connecticut, USA, and from principal pharmaceutical companies that include Merck, Bristol Myers Squibb, Pfizer, Novartis, Eli Lilly, Astrazeneca and DSM.

Surface and colloid chemistry principles impact many aspects of our daily lives, ranging from the cleaners and cosmetics we use to combustion engines and cement. Exploring the range of this field of study, Surface and Colloid Chemistry provides a detailed analysis of its principles and applications and demonstrates how they relate to natural phenomena and industrial processes. Surface and colloid chemistry at work in nature and industry: rain drops combustion engines soap bubbles foam food products air pollution waste-water treatment washing and cleaning cosmetics painting and printing oil and gas production oil spills plastics and polymers biology and pharmaceuticals milk products cement adhesive coal The book begins with an introduction to surfaces and colloids. It describes basic considerations regarding liquids and capillarity, and examines the liquid-solid interface phenomena. It explores the physicochemical properties of surfactants, Langmuir-Blodgett films, adsorption on solid surfaces, and adsorption as it relates to cleaning processes. Then the author examines colloidal systems and thin liquid films before moving on to emulsion science and technology. The final chapter provides examples of applications in science and a range of industries. Examples and Illustrations Integrating real-world examples throughout the text, this volume stimulates readers to consider both fundamental theory and industrial applications. More than 100 figures elucidate the concepts described in the text. Sample questions and answers are provided where appropriate, along with detailed data and discussions. Pertinent references are offered to facilitate further study.

This book covers recent advancements in the field of polymer science and technology. Frontiers areas, such as polymers based on bio-sources, polymer based ferroelectrics, polymer nanocomposites for capacitors, food packaging and electronic packaging, piezoelectric sensors, polymers from renewable resources, superhydrophobic materials and electrospinning are topics of discussion. The contributors to this book are expert researchers from various academic institutes and industries from around the world.

Handbook of Refinery Desulfurization describes the operation of the various desulfurization process units in a petroleum refinery. It also explains the processes that produce raw materials for the petrochemical industry. It illustrates all the possible processes to lower the sulfur contents in petroleum and its fractions to decrease emissions of sulfur oxides. This book introduces you to desulfurization concepts, including biodesulfurization, as well as technology, giving guidance on how to accomplish desulfurization in various refining processes. It contains background chapters on the composition and evaluation of feedstocks and includes diagrams and tables of feedstocks and their respective produce. It also outlines how to decide which method should be employed to remove sulfur from different feedstocks. A practical and thorough discussion of the field, Handbook of Refinery Desulfurization gives you a strong grasp of the various processes involved with industrial desulfurization while giving you pointers on which procedures to use under certain conditions.

Membrane technologies play an increasingly important role in unit operations for resource recovery, pollution prevention, and energy production, as well as environmental monitoring and quality control. They are also key component technologies of fuel cells and bioseparation applications. Membrane Technologies and Applications provides essential data and background information on various dimensions of membrane technologies, with a major focus on their practical application. Membranes of inorganic materials offer cost-effective solutions for simple to complex separation problems. This book is designed for anyone interested in water and wastewater treatment, membrane suppliers, as well as students and academics studying the field.

Although there is a shortage of light petroleum, there is plenty of heavy petroleum rich in macromolecules available, creating an increasing interest for processes that can convert heavy oils to light oils. Process Chemistry of Petroleum Macromolecules provides the scientific basis for such processes, presenting methods to determine improvement potential. Topics include characterization, thermal kinetics, phase behavior, and separation. Revealing that the science of petroleum macromolecules is simpler and more exciting than imagined, it also discusses macromolecules that self-associate, liquid crystalline phases, reactions triggered by phase separation, and both dispersed and dissolved solutes.

Many oil refineries employ hydroprocessing for removing sulfur and other impurities from petroleum feedstocks. Capable of handling heavier feedstocks than other refining techniques, hydroprocessing enables refineries to produce higher quality products from unconventional - and formerly wasted - sources. Hydroprocessing of Heavy Oils and Residua illustrates how to obtain maximum yields of high-value products from heavy oils and residue using hydroprocessing technologies. While most resources on hydroprocessing concentrate ongas oil and lower boiling products, this book details the chemistry involved and the process modifications required for the hydroprocessing of heavy crude oils and residua. Emphasizing the use of effective catalysts to ensure cleaner and more efficient industrial fuel processes, the book presents key principles of heterogeneous catalyst preparation, catalyst loading, and reactor systems. It explains how to evaluate and account for catalysts, reactor type, process variables, feedstock type, and feedstock composition in the design of hydroprocessing operations. The text concludes with examples of commercial processes and discusses methods of hydrogen production. To meet the growing demand for transportation fuels and fuel oil, modern oil refineries must find ways to produce high quality fuel products from increasingly heavy feedstocks. Hydroprocessing of Heavy Oils and Residua contains the fundamental concepts, technologies, and process modifications refineries need to adapt current hydroprocessing technologies for processing heavier feedstocks.

Improving the effectiveness of catalysts is the best way to ensure cleaner, more efficient industrial processes for a wide range of applications. Catalyst Preparation: Science and Engineering explores the optimization of catalytic materials through traditional and novel methods of catalyst preparation, characterization, and monitoring on laboratory and industrial scales. The book presents many key principles of heterogeneous catalyst preparation and the methods used to synthesize a catalyst with a particular composition and morphology. The first chapters examine the synthesis of bulk materials including amorphous and mesoporous oxide supports, heteropolyacids, and colloidal metals. Subsequent chapters focus on the syntheses of heterogeneous nanoscale materials, including those based on metal complex-substrate interactions and those using non-interacting precursors via viscous drying. The final chapters concentrate on pretreatment, drying, and finishing effects before concluding with a prognosis on future applications involving catalyst preparation and the technological advances necessary for continued progress. An ideal companion for scientists exploring the preparation of application-specific catalysts based on desired catalytic properties, Catalyst Preparation: Science and Engineering provides a balanced overview of important synthesis parameters to consider for good catalyst design.

Interest in structured catalysts is steadily increasing due to the already proven, as well as potential, advantages of these catalysts. Updating the comprehensive coverage of the first edition published in 1998 with the latest science and applications, Structured Catalysts and Reactors, Second Edition gives detailed information on all aspects of structured catalysts and reactors, including: materials, mass transfer, selectivity, activity, and stability; catalyst preparation, design, and characterization; process development; modeling and optimization; reactor design; and operation costs and considerations. The book first examines how monolithic catalysts are used to clean exhaust gas from gasoline engines, treat industrial off-gases, burn fuels in commercial settings, and synthesize chemicals in two- and three-phase processes. It discusses configurations, microstructure, physical properties, and manufacture of ceramic and metallic monoliths before directing its focus to arranged catalysts and structured packings in terms of mass transfer. The book then explores catalytically active membranes and filters, featuring metallic membranes, permeation mechanisms, preparation and modeling, commercial membranes, and the latest applications, such as zeolitic membranes. Finally, several chapters present techniques for incorporating catalytic species into the structured catalyst support and controlling catalyst nanoporosity. This book conveys the scientific as well as economic advantages of using these unconventional catalytic techniques. With over 1500 references, tables, drawings, and photographs, as well as in-depth discussions and a new approach to catalytic processes, Structured Catalysts and Reactors, Second Edition is an essential reference for anyone working with or studying catalysis.

An in-depth review of important preparative methods for the synthesis and chemical modification of polymers, this authoritative second edition examines the advantages and limitations of various polymerization applications and procedures. It features new approaches and innovative strategies from the most prominent industry and academic laboratories, reflecting the burgeoning role of polymers in modern science and technology. The book analyzes biodegradable polymers for biomedical applications; investigates the use of polyolefins, polymeric dienes, aromatic polyethers, polymides, and metal-containing macromolecules; and covers polymers of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, and maleic acid.

Catalytic Naphtha Reforming, Second Edition presents modern, crystal-clear explanations of every aspect of this critical process for generating high-octane reformate products for gasoline blending and production of benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) aromatics. The book details the chemistry of naphtha reforming, the preparation and characterization of catalysts, and the very latest commercial technologies and industrial applications. With more than 300 tables and figures, it addresses the development of new catalysts and revamp process improvements propelled by regulations on sulfur, benzene, and oxygenate content in gasoline and refinery pressure to maximize utilization of existing assets.

This comprehensive handbook provides up-to-date knowledge and practical advice from established authorities in aerosol science. It covers the principles and practices of bioaerosol sampling, descriptions and comparisons of bioaerosol samplers, calibration methods, and assay techniques, with an emphasis on practicalities, such as which sampler to use and where it should be placed. The text also offers critiques concerning handling the samples to provide representative and meaningful assays for their viability, infectivity, and allergenicity. A wide range of microbes-viz., viruses, bacteria, fungi and pollens, and their fragments-are considered from such perspectives. Bioaerosols Handbook is divided into four parts, providing a wide-ranging reference work, as well as a practical guide on how best to sample and assay bioaerosols using current technology.

Lead Poisoning discusses one of the most critical and preventable environmentally induced illnesses. The actual toll lead poisoning takes on society cannot be measured fully due to the "silent" nature of health effects, such as subtle intellectual deficits and neurological damage, caused by chronic low-level exposures. This book covers every major topic on the subject, including lead poisoning in children, sources of contamination, state-of-the-art sampling and analytical measurement methods, the newest studies on low-cost abatement methods, and much more. This reference is the most comprehensive presentation of issues currently available under one cover. The text is divided into three major parts. Part I provides insights from studies assessing lead exposures from paint, dust, soil, and lead battery recycling operations. The second part is a unique collection of strategic federal policy statements from the U.S. EPA, HUD, and HEW-CDC. It details the National Implementation Plan as well as a local government's efforts to provide low-cost effective risk communication and public outreach to the community. The next part offers seven chapters on analytical issues in the measurement of lead in blood, paint, dust, and soils. Part IV, Sampling Methods and Statistical Issues, rounds out the technical portion of the volume. The relationships among lead levels in biological and environmental media are investigated and the interpretive problems discussed. The use of multi-element analysis of environmental samples as an approach to investigate sources is described. The book finishes with its most unique feature-OPPT's Check Our Kids for Lead Program, one organization's effort to empower its employees to make a personal difference in confronting the problem of lead poisoning in children. The Program serves as a model for other government organizations (federal, state, and local), university and community organizations, and corporations to educate them and take personal and corporate responsibility for addressing this important and environmental health problem.

The book presents concepts and equations of equilibrium thermodynamics or thermostatics. Key features that distinguish this book from others on chemical engineering thermodynamics are: a mathematical treatment of the developments leading to the discovery of the internal energy and entropy; a clear distinction between the classical thermodynamics of Carnot, Clausius and Kelvin and the thermostatics of Gibbs; an intensive/specific variable formalism from which the extensive variable formalism is obtained as a special case; a systematic method of obtaining the central equations of thermostatics with the use of the implicit/inverse function theorems and the chain rule. Please note: Taylor & Francis does not sell or distribute the Hardback in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.

This text examines the thermal and catalytic processes involved in the refining of petroleum including visbreaking, coking, pyrolysis, catalytic cracking, oligomerization, alkylation, hydrofining, hydroisomerization, hydrocracking, and catalytic reforming. It analyzes the thermodynamics, reaction mechanisms, and kinetics of each process, as well as the effects of operating conditions and reactor design on process performance and product quality. This is a valuable resource for chemists who wish to improve their knowledge of some of the real world issues that must be addressed in hydrocarbon conversion. Topics include processes on metallic catalysts, processes using bifunctional catalysts, and catalytic reforming.

Ludwig's Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants Incorporating Process Safety Incidents, Fifth Edition, Volume One is ever evolving and provides improved techniques and fundamental design methodologies to guide the practicing engineer in designing process equipment and applying chemical processes to properly detailed hardware. Like its predecessor, this new edition continues to present updated information for achieving optimum operational and process conditions and avoiding problems caused by inadequate sizing and lack of internally detailed hardware. The volume provides both fundamental theories, where applicable, and direct application of these theories to applied equations essential in the design effort. This approach in presenting design information is essential for troubleshooting process equipment and in executing system performance analysis. Volume 1 covers process planning, flow-sheeting, scheduling, cost estimation, economic factors, physical properties of liquids and gases, fluid flow, mixing of liquids, mechanical separations, process safety, pressure-relieving devices, metallurgy and corrosion, and process optimization. The book builds upon Ludwig’s classic text to further enhance its use as a chemical engineering process design manual of methods and proven fundamentals. This new edition includes new content on three-phase separation, ejectors and mechanical vacuum systems, process safety management, HAZOP and hazard analyses, and optimization of chemical process/blending.

In the past few decades, marine organisms, including macroalgae and microalgae, have been extensively explored as potential sources of bioactive compounds with applications in various fields such as pharmaceuticals, biomedicine, cosmetics and foodstuffs. Marine polysaccharides, such as chitin/chitosan, ulvans, fucans, alginates and carrageenans, are biochemical compounds with several important properties such as anticoagulant and/or antithrombotic, immunomodulatory, antitumor, antilipidemic, hypoglycemic, antibiotic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Due to their biocompatible, nontoxic and biodegradable nature, marine polysaccharides offer a better alternative to be used in advancement of the biomedical field. This book focuses on marine polysaccharides; their derivatives, blends, composites and hydrogels; and their multifaceted applications in various fields. The book also discusses the various aspects of marine polysaccharides from the point of view of chemistry and related applications. It is an important reference for marine biotechnologists, natural product scientists, students, researchers and academicians working in the area of materials science, marine science and polymer chemistry.

Faster, cheaper and environmentally friendly, these are the criteria for designing new reactions and this is the challenge faced by many chemical engineers today. Based on courses thaught by the authors, this advanced textbook discusses opportunities for carrying out reactions on an industrial level in a technically controllable, sustainable, costeffective and safe manner. Adopting a practical approach, it describes how miniaturized devices (mixers, reactors, heat exchangers, and separators) are used successfully for process intensification, focusing on the engineering aspects of microstrctured devices, such as their design and main chracteristics for homogeneous and multiphase reactions. It adresses the conditions under which microstructured devices are beneficial, how they should be designed, and how such devices can be integrated in an existing chemical process. Case studies show how the knowledge gained can be applied for particular processes. The textbook is essential for master and doctoral students, as well as for professional chemists and chemical engineers working in this area.

Based on the International Workshop on Controlled Life-Cycle of Polymeric Materials held in Stockholm, this work examines degradable polymers and the recycling of plastic materials. It highlights recent results on recycling and waste management, including topics such as renewable resources, degradation, processing and products, and environmental issues.

Molecular and Colloidal Electro-Optics presents cohesive coverage from internationally recognized experts on new approaches and developments in both theoretical and experimental areas of electro-optic science. It comprises a well-integrated yet multi-disciplinary treatment of fundamental principles, strategies, and applications of electro-optic techniques for the characterization of macromolecular, small-particle, and nanomolecular systems. Following a historical review of post-war advances in electro-optics of disperse systems, the first part of the book focuses on the latest achievements in electro-optic theory, particularly low-frequency relaxation. It offers comparative discussions and experimental data to accompany different viewpoints on the origin of the low-frequency effects and multiple theoretical constructions. The second part highlights the unique advantage of using electro-optics as an alternative to conventional characterization and analysis of colloidal systems. Demonstrating the sensitivity of electro-optic methods to interparticle interactions, the book explains how these methods are used to analyze particle surface electric states, evaluate phase transitions, and determine physical properties. As the first treatment of this subject to surface in more than fifteen years, Molecular and Colloidal Electro-Optics is a definitive, up-to-date portrait of modern colloidal electro-optic science. This one-stop reference to the latest theory, methods, and applications is ideal for advanced graduate students and researchers in biophysical chemistry, microbiology, polymer, colloid, and nanoscience.

After a day's work is finished, take a look around at your company. Do standard production processes and day-to-day operations leave you with loaded trash bins from the front office to the factory floor-and every place inbetween? Such "solid waste" does far more than squander resources and imperil the environment... it's undoubtedly eating up countless dollars of your profits. Corporations throughout the nation are learning to tame solid waste, by implementing improved management of materials. Preventing Waste at the Source demonstrates how more than 50 companies have effectively reduced solid waste throughout all departments-and achieved dramatic reductions in operating costs. Beginning with a strategic framework, readers can then zero in on wasteful practices affecting all aspects of a business. Paper reduction measures for administrative offices, for instance. Ways to minimize packing materials over in the shipping department, while still protecting the product. There's also steps where suppliers and customers can take part in waste minimization efforts. Case histories prove it can be done, to everyone's advantage. Researched and compiled by the Indiana Institute on Recycling, Preventing Waste at the Source offers practical, on-the-job assistance to environmental managers, plant managers, manufacturing and quality engineers. Put its techniques and real-life guidance to work. You'll save more than money: you'll help save the environment.

This book provides an overview of the chemical and physical concepts of instability and incompatibility of petroleum and liquid fuels. It helps the petroleum refinery personnel to handle liquid fuels from other sources as feedstocks for the refinery system.

Spark ablation has been used worldwide for decades. However, in many fields, the special properties of nanoparticles, which come into play especially for sizes <20 nm, are just beginning to be exploited. The technique offers unprecedented flexibility regarding composition and size, and revolutions in the domains of catalysis and sensor technology, and more are to be expected. This book is the first review of spark ablation as a unique, scalable source of building blocks for nanotechnology and a powerful tool to promote this development. The introductory chapters give an overview of the technological fields that can exploit size effects, and explain the process of spark ablation in the gas phase, as well as principles of immobilizing particles to create novel products and materials. Fundamentals of the spark ablation process are then discussed, in addition to the characteristics of the particles formed. The rest of the book deals with a selection of application fields that profit from the spark ablation source from the perspective of research. With the authors' many years of experience in spark ablation and its applications, all the chapters complement one another and contain numerous cross-references in order to enable the reader to obtain a complete picture of the subject.