Nanomaterials are becoming ubiquitous; microbes similarly are everywhere. This book focuses on various ways the diverse nanomaterials interact with microbial communities and implications of such interactions. Both toxicity and beneficial effects of nanomaterial-microbe interactions have been covered. This includes areas such as fate and bioavailability of nanomaterials in environments, microbial synthesis of nanomaterials and antimicrobial action of nanomaterials. Fairly comprehensive but with narrow focus, the book provides useful insights into these interactions which need to be factored in while designing nanoscience based new technologies.

This volume of Pharmaceutical Biocatalysis starts with a discussion on the importance of biocatalytic synthesis approaches for a sustainable and environmentally friendly production of pharmaceuticals and active pharmaceutical ingredients. Among the enzymes discussed in detail with respect to their pharmaceutical relevance are cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases playing an important role in modulating signal transduction in various cell types; human DOPA decarboxylase, related to Parkinson's disease and aromatic amino acid decarboxylase deficiency; and phospholipase D enzymes as drug targets. Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 mutations are novel therapeutic targets in acute myeloid leukemia. An additional chapter is devoted to the use of enzymes for prodrug activation in cancer therapy. The other topics include small-molecule inhibitors targeting receptor tyrosine kinases in cancer, -Lactams and related compounds as antibacterials, non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants for the treatment of thromboembolic diseases, and the molecular mechanisms for statin pleiotropy and its clinical relevance in cardiovascular diseases. The last chapter is a review of lysosomal storage disorders with an overview of approved drugs for treating these disorders by enzyme replacement therapy.

Non-thermal operations in food processing are an alternative to thermal operations and similarly aimed at retaining the quality and organoleptic properties of food products. This volume covers different non-thermal processing technologies such as high-pressure processing, ultrasound, ohmic heating, pulse electric field, pulse light, membrane processing, cryogenic freezing, nanofiltration, and cold plasma processing technologies. The book focuses both on fundamentals and on recent advances in non-thermal food processing technologies. It also provides information with the description and results of research into new emerging technologies for both the academy and industry. Key features: Presents engineering focus on non-thermal food processing technologies. Discusses sub-classification for recent trends and relevant industry information/examples. Different current research-oriented results are included as a key parameter. Covers high-pressure processing, pulse electric field, pulse light technology, irradiation, and ultrasonic techniques. Includes mathematical modeling and numerical simulations. Food Processing: Advances in Non-Thermal Technologies is aimed at graduate students, professionals in food engineering, food technology, and biological systems engineering.

Textiles and Their Use in Microbial Protection: Focus on COVID-19 and Other Viruses provides readers with vital information about disinfection mechanisms used in textile applications in the fight against dangerous microbes and viruses. KEY FEATURES: Introduces the basics of textile materials used for medical applications Features key information on virology, characterization, indication, and passivation of COVID-19 Describes UV, photocatalysis, photooxidation, application of TiO2, copper-based viral inhibition, and activated carbon Discusses antiviral finishes for the protection against SARS-CoV-2, particle penetration in dense cotton fabrics under swollen state, and the impact of moisture on face masks and their designs Aimed at textile and materials engineers as well as readers in medical fields, this text offers a comprehensive view of fundamentals and solutions in the use of textiles for microbial protection.

Subcritical water is a green extraction solvent compared to conventional extraction solvents. While experimental results on subcritical water extraction (SWE) technology have been published piecemeal, there has been no comprehensive review of the state of the art. Green Extraction in Separation Technology fills that gap, serving to cover extracting with subcritical water as an environmentally friendly solvent. FEATURES Presents new technologies for extracting natural compounds from plants and compares the advantages and disadvantages versus SWE Explains research on SWE over the last 15 years Offers an overview of the solubility of different compounds in SWE and related theoretical content Discusses modeling of SWE and describes the development of a new model for this process This monograph is aimed at researchers and advanced students in chemical and biochemical engineering.

The aim of this text is to provide a comprehensive set of calculations relating to mass and energy balances for an entire process plant. An ammonia synthesis plant will be taken as a calculation model to develop the relevant mass and energy balances necessary for the design and subsequent production, as the production of ammonia synthesis gas is an internationally used process. Instead of teaching the basics of mass and energy balances, the text aims to give a detailed series of process integrated and illustrated calculations to help readers develop and design a process plant. * Details complete mass and energy calculations related to a manufacturing plant and includes stepwise procedures for mass and energy balances * Demonstrates how the series of integrated calculations will lead to the production of a specified amount of final product * Features "teaching" appendices that lay out applications of prior-assumed knowledge, which can be used in conjunction with the main text where more detailed explanation may be needed * Contains problems linked to various manufacturing sections covered in the text to help readers consolidate their knowledge This book will serve undergraduate Chemical Engineering students as a teaching aid in capstone design and related courses and gives useful insights to advanced students, researchers, and industry personnel within the Chemical Engineering field.

The aim of this text is to provide a comprehensive set of calculations relating to mass and energy balances for an entire process plant. An ammonia synthesis plant will be taken as a calculation model to develop the relevant mass and energy balances necessary for the design and subsequent production, as the production of ammonia synthesis gas is an internationally used process. Instead of teaching the basics of mass and energy balances, the text aims to give a detailed series of process integrated and illustrated calculations to help readers develop and design a process plant. * Details complete mass and energy calculations related to a manufacturing plant and includes stepwise procedures for mass and energy balances * Demonstrates how the series of integrated calculations will lead to the production of a specified amount of final product * Features "teaching" appendices that lay out applications of prior-assumed knowledge, which can be used in conjunction with the main text where more detailed explanation may be needed * Contains problems linked to various manufacturing sections covered in the text to help readers consolidate their knowledge This book will serve undergraduate Chemical Engineering students as a teaching aid in capstone design and related courses and gives useful insights to advanced students, researchers, and industry personnel within the Chemical Engineering field.

Membrane Contactors: Fundamentals, Applications and Potentialities, Volume 11 covers new operations that could be efficiently used to improve the performance of a variety of industrial production cycles in applications ranging from biotechnology to agrofood. This book focuses on the basic "principles of work": required membrane materials and properties; major operating parameters; the importance of module configuration and design and; the performance of membrane contactors in specific processes. The authors dynamic approach to this subject makes Membrane Contactors: Fundamentals, Applications and Potentialities, Volume 11 the most comprehensive book currently available on all aspects related to the 'membrane contactor world.
* Describes new unit operations in process engineering
* Covers a wide variety of industrial applications, from biotechnology to agrofood
* Applicable to process intensification and sustainable growth strategies

Functionalized polymers are macromolecules to which chemically bound functional groups are attached which can be used as catalysts, reagents, protective groups, etc. Functionalized polymers have low cost, ease of processing and attractive features for functional organic molecules. Chemical reactions for the introduction of functional groups in polymers and the conversion of functional groups in polymers depend on different properties. Such properties are of great importance for functionalization reactions for possible applications of reactive polymers. This book deals with the synthesis and design of various functional polymers, the modification of preformed polymer backbones and their various applications.

Industrial Biotechnology offers a comprehensive overview of biochemical processes, technologies, and practical applications of industrial biotechnology. The work comprises of chapters that discuss medium preparation, inoculum preparation using industrial strain and upstream processing, various fermentation processes, and physico-chemical separation processes for the purification of products and packaging. Analyzes problems within biochemical processes Discusses stoichiometry of bioprocesses Covers upstream and downstream processing Offers a wealth of case studies of different biochemical production processes, including those in development of food products, vaccines and medicines, single cell proteins, amino acids, cheese, biodiesel, biopesticides, and more This book is aimed at advanced students, industrial practitioners, and researchers in biotechnology, food engineering, chemical engineering, and environmental engineering.

Gallstone and other diseases of the biliary tract affect more than around 20% of the adult population. The complications of gallstones, acute pancreatitis and obstructive jaundice, can be lethal. This is the first book to systematically treat biliary tract and gallbladder modelling with physiological and clinical information in a biomechanical context. The book provides readers with detailed biomechanical modelling procedures for the biliary tract and gallbladder based on physiological information, clinical observations and experimental data and with the results properly interpreted in terms of clinical diagnosis and with biomechanical mechanisms for biliary diseases. The text can be used as a reference book for university undergraduates, postgraduates and professional researchers in applied mathematics, biomechanics, biomechanical engineering and biomedical engineering, as well as related surgeons.

This book introduces the fundamental concepts of inverse heat transfer solutions and their applications for solving problems in convective, conductive, radiative, and multi-physics problems. Inverse Heat Transfer: Fundamentals and Applications, Second Edition includes techniques within the Bayesian framework of statistics for the solution of inverse problems. By modernizing the classic work of the late Professor M. Necati OEzisik and adding new examples and problems, this new edition provides a powerful tool for instructors, researchers, and graduate students studying thermal-fluid systems and heat transfer. FEATURES Introduces the fundamental concepts of inverse heat transfer Presents in systematic fashion the basic steps of powerful inverse solution techniques Develops inverse techniques of parameter estimation, function estimation, and state estimation Applies these inverse techniques to the solution of practical inverse heat transfer problems Shows inverse techniques for conduction, convection, radiation, and multi-physics phenomena M. Necati OEzisik (1923-2008) retired in 1998 as Professor Emeritus of North Carolina State University's Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department. Helcio R. B. Orlande is a Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), where he was the Department Head from 2006 to 2007.

This book focuses on chemical syntheses and processes for biofuel production mediated by microwave energy. This is the first contribution in this area serving as a resource and guidance manual for understanding the principles, mechanisms, design, and applications of microwaves in biofuel process chemistry. Green chemistry of microwave-mediated biofuel reactions and thermodynamic potentials for the process biochemistry are the focus of this book. Microwave generation, wave propagation, process design, development and configurations, and biofuel applications are discussed in detail.

Carbon Dioxide Reduction through Advanced Conversion and Utilization Technologies covers fundamentals, advanced conversion technologies, economic feasibility analysis, and future research directions in the field of CO2 conversion and utilization. This book emphasizes principles of various conversion technologies for CO2 reduction such as enzymatic conversion, mineralization, thermochemical, photochemical, and electrochemical processes. It addresses materials, components, assembly and manufacturing, degradation mechanisms, challenges, and development strategies. Applications of conversion technologies for CO2 reduction to produce useful fuels and chemicals in energy and industrial systems are discussed as solutions to reduce greenhouse effects and energy shortages. Particularly, the advanced materials and technology of high temperature co-electrolysis of H2O and CO2 to produce sustainable fuels using solid oxide cells (SOCs) are reviewed and the introduction, fundamentals, and some significant topics regarding this CO2 conversion process are discussed. This book provides a comprehensive and clear picture of advanced technologies in CO2 conversion and utilization. Written in a clear and detailed manner, it is suitable for students as well as industry professionals, researchers, and academics.

Based on the author's decades of years of experience in oil refining, Catalytic Naphtha Reforming Process conveys essential information on key concepts, operations, and practices of catalytic naphtha reforming technologies and associated oil refining processes. The book reviews collective technical and operational advancements with respect to efficient use of catalysts and catalytic reformers in oil refining and incorporates key advancements from recent developments in catalytic reforming technologies and processes. High octane reformate gasoline blendstock production via the use of high performing continuous catalyst regenerative processes is emphasized for regulated, environmentally friendly gasoline. The benefits of timely, effective process unit monitoring are covered in this book. Some of the principal objectives of this book include the need to emphasize more proactive approaches in the planning, operations and maintenance of catalytic reforming units and oil refineries. A number of recommendations are provided for enhancing the operations, reliability, and productivity of catalytic reformers and oil refineries.

This book discusses conventional as well as unconventional wood drying technologies. It covers fundamental thermophysical and energetic aspects and integrates two complex thermodynamic systems, conventional kilns and heat pumps, aimed at improving the energy performance of dryers and the final quality of dried lumber. It discusses advanced components, kiln energy requirements, modeling, and software and emphasizes dryer/heat pump optimum coupling, control, and energy efficiency. Problems are included in most chapters as practical, numerical examples for process and system/components calculation and design. The book presents promising advancements and R&D challenges and future requirements.

"the present book will be of great value for both newcomers to the field and mature active researchers by serving as a coherent and timely introduction to some of the modern approaches, ideas, results, emerging understanding, and many open questions in this fascinating field of polymer glasses, supercooled liquids, and thin films" -Kenneth S. Schweizer, Morris Professor of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (from the Foreword) This book provides a timely and comprehensive overview of molecular level insights into polymer glasses in confined geometries and under deformation. Polymer glasses have become ubiquitous to our daily life, from the polycarbonate eyeglass lenses on the end of our nose to large acrylic glass panes holding water in aquarium tanks, with advantages over glass in that they are lightweight and easy to manufacture, while remaining transparent and rigid. The contents include an introduction to the field, as well as state of the art investigations. Chapters delve into studies of commonalities across different types of glass formers (polymers, small molecules, colloids, and granular materials), which have enabled microscopic and molecular level frameworks to be developed. The authors show how glass formers are modeled across different systems, thereby leading to treatments for polymer glasses with first-principle based approaches and molecular level detail. Readers across disciplines will benefit from this topical overview summarizing the key areas of polymer glasses, alongside an introduction to the main principles and approaches.

Addresses a Growing Need for the Development of Cellular and Porous Materials in Industry Building blocks used by nature are motivating researchers to create bio-inspired cellular structures that can be used in the development of products for the plastic, food, and biomedical industry. Representing a unified effort by international experts, Biofoams: Science and Applications of Bio-Based Cellular and Porous Materials highlights the latest research and development of biofoams and porous systems, and specifically examines the aspects related to the formation of gas bubbles in drink and food. The book offers a detailed analysis of bio-polymers and foaming technologies, biodegradable and sustainable foams, biomedical foams, food foams, and bio-inspired foams. Explores the Generation of New Materials with Wide-Ranging Technological Applicability This book introduces the science, technologies, and applications related to the use of biopolymers and biomaterials in the development of porous structures. It presents topics that include bio-based polymers for the development of biodegradable and sustainable polymeric foams, foams in food, foams in biomedical applications, biohybrids, and bio-inspired cellular and porous systems. It also includes recent studies on the design of polymer-based composites and hybrid scaffolds, weighs in on the challenges related to the production of porous polymers, and presents relevant examples of cellular architecture present in nature. In addition, this book: Focuses on materials compatible with natural tissues Discusses the engineering of bio-inspired scaffolds with the ability to mimic living tissue Reveals how to use renewable resources to develop more sustainable lightweight materials Illustrates the state of the art of porous scaffold and process techniques A book dedicated to material science, Biofoams: Science and Applications of Bio-Based Cellular and Porous Materials focuses on food technology, polymers and composites, biomedical, and chemical engineering, and examines how the principles used in the creation of cellular structures can be applied in modern industry.

Metal-air batteries (MABs) have attracted attention because of their high specific energy, low cost, and safety features. This book discusses science and technology including material selection, synthesis, characterization, and their applications in MABs. It comprehensively describes various composite bifunctional electrocatalysts, corrosion/oxidation of carbon-containing air cathode catalysts, and how improvements can be achieved in the catalytic activities of oxygen reduction reaction and oxygen evolution reaction and their durability/stability. This book also analyzes, compares, and discusses composite bifunctional electrocatalysts in the applications of MABs, matching the fast information of commercial MABs in requirements. Aimed at researchers and industry professionals, this comprehensive work provides readers with an appreciation for what bifunctional composite electrocatalysts are capable of, how this field has grown in the past decades, and how bifunctional composite electrocatalysts can significantly improve the performance of MABs. It also offers suggestions for future research directions to overcome technical challenges and further facilitate research and development in this important area.

Polymeric foams are sturdy yet lightweight materials with applications across a variety of industries, from packaging to aerospace. As demand for these materials increase, so does innovation in the development of new processes and products. This book captures the most dynamic advances in processes, technologies, and products related to the polymeric foam market. It describes the latest business trends including new microcellular commercialization, sustainable foam products, and nanofoams. It also discusses novel processes, new and environmentally friendly blowing agents, and the development and usage of various types of foams, including bead and polycarbonate, polypropylene, polyetherimide microcellular, and nanocellular. The book also covers flame-retardant foams, rigid foam composites, and foam sandwich composites and details applications in structural engineering, electronics, and insulation. Authored by leading experts in the field, this book minimizes the gap between research and application in this important and growing area.

Oil Spill Occurrence, Simulation, and Behavior provides practical insight into oil spills and their causes, impacts, response and cleanup methods, simple and advanced modeling of oil spill behavior, and oil spill simulation techniques. Discusses various sources of oil spills and major accidents Includes case studies on the 2010 Gulf of Mexico oil spill, including environmental, economic, and political impacts, modeling and behavior as well as response and cleanup methods Introduces some commercial softwares on predicting oil movement and spreading on water Describes properties and characteristics of crude oil and its products needed for simulation and prediction of behavior of an oil slick Written as an applied book with minimal math and theory, making it accessible to a wide range of readers The book includes more than 100 unique and informative images in color This essential book is aimed at professionals, academics, and scientists in the fields of chemical engineering, petroleum engineering, environmental engineering, marine and ocean engineering working on the simulation and modeling, mitigation, and prevention of oil spills.

Long-term success in scientific research requires skills that go well beyond technical prowess. Success and Creativity in Scientific Research: Amaze Your Friends and Surprise Yourself is based on a popular series of lectures the author has given to PhD students, postdoctoral researchers, and faculty at the Georgia Institute of Technology. Both entertaining and thought-provoking, this essential work supports advanced students and early career professionals across a variety of technical disciplines to thrive as successful and innovative researchers. Features: Discusses habits needed to find deep satisfaction in research, systematic and proven methods for generating good ideas, strategies for effective technical writing, and making compelling presentations Uses a conversational tone, making extensive use of anecdotes from scientific luminaries to engage readers Provides actionable methods to help readers achieve long-term career success Offers memorable examples to illustrate general principles Features topics relevant to researchers in all disciplines of science and engineering This book is aimed at students and early career professionals who want to achieve the satisfaction of performing creative and impactful research in any area of science or engineering.

First Published in 1985, this book offers comprehensive insight into the process of administering chemical ingredients. Carefully compiled and filled with a vast repertoire of notes, diagrams, and references this book serves as a useful reference for students of pharmacology and other practitioners in their respective fields.

A practical and hands-on discussion of modern distillation control In A Real-time Approach to Distillation Process Control, a team of distinguished researchers and industrial practitioners delivers a practical text combining hands-on and active learning using process simulation with discussions of the fundamental knowledge and tools required to apply modern distillation control principles. The book offers a balanced, real-time approach integrated with practical insights. It includes many exercises designed to be simulator agnostic that can be performed on the process simulator locally available to the reader. Readers will discover explorations of topics including distillation control hardware, distillation composition control, refinery versus chemical plant distillation control, distillation control tuning, advanced regulatory control, and more. They'll also find: A thorough introduction to distillation fundamentals, as well as basic and advanced modern controls from a practical point of view Comprehensive explorations of known base controls combined with modern control practices Practical discussions of hands-on modelling and simulation exercises, allowing the reader to design and tune controls on a distillation column Fulsome treatments of control structure design integrated with controller tuning using a real-time approach Perfect for senior undergraduate and graduate students studying general process control or distillation process control, A Real-time Approach to Distillation Process Control will also benefit plant managers, production supervisors, startup supervisors, operations engineers, production engineers, and chemical engineers working in industry.

This edited book focuses on the role and use of VR for healthcare professions in both health and rehabilitation settings. It is also offers future trends of other emerging technology within medicine and allied health professions. This text draws on expertise of leading medical practitioners and researchers who utilise such VR technologies in their practices to enhance patient/service user outcomes. Research and practical evidence is presented with a strong applied emphasis to further enhance the use VR technologies within the community, the hospital and in education environment(s). The book may also be used to influence policymakers on how healthcare delivery is offered.