Used in the production of a wide number of fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals, the Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction represents a synthetic process of great interest to organic chemists of academia and industry. Nearly 40 years since the last major treatise on the topic and reflecting the growing emphasis on green technology, Advances in Friedel-Crafts Acylation Reactions: Catalytic and Green Processes focuses on how to make this reaction more economically and environmentally friendly by using green acylating conditions, thus minimizing the formation of waste and decreasing production costs. Divided into four parts, the book explores stoichiometric acylations, catalytic homogeneous acylations, catalytic heterogeneous acylations, and phenol acylations. It is structured according to the role played by the catalyst in the activation of reagents as well as in the different modes of regioselectivity encountered in the acylation of arenes, aromatic ethers, and phenols. Incorporating examples of all acid-catalyzed Friedel-Crafts acylation reactions, the text considers classic Lewis and Broensted acid types along with more innovative and advanced multicomponent superacid catalysts. These range from rare earth triflates or triflimides and their combination with ionic liquids to metal-promoted zeolites and zeotypes, clays, polymetal oxides, sulfated zirconia, heteropoly acids, and Nafion. The book emphasizes the major industrial applications, providing a critical assessment of the differences, advantages, and disadvantages of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. Helping readers to better understand the mechanism of the Friedel-Crafts acylation, the examples in the book substantiate the development of more effective catalysts and more selective processes achieved during the last few decades, enabling industry to embark on a safer and more efficient synthesis of aromatic ketones for the manufacture of a wide array of products.

Polymer Thermodynamics: Blends, Copolymers and Reversible Polymerization describes the thermodynamic basis for miscibility as well as the mathematical models used to predict the compositional window of miscibility and construct temperature versus volume-fraction phase diagrams. The book covers the binary interaction model, the solubility parameter approach, and the entropic difference model. Using equation of state (EOS) theories, thermodynamic models, and information from physical properties, it illustrates the construction of phase envelopes. The book presents nine EOS theories, including some that take into account molecular weight effects. Characteristic values are given in tables. It uses the binary interaction model to predict the compositional window of miscibility for copolymer/homopolymer blends and blends of copolymers and terpolymers with common monomers. It discusses Hansen fractional solubility parameter values, six phase diagram types, the role of polymer architecture in phase behavior, and the mathematical framework for multiple glass transition temperatures found in partially miscible polymer blends. The author also illustrates biomedical and commercial applications of nanocomposites, the properties of various polymer alloys, Fick's laws of diffusion and their implications during transient events, and the use of the dynamic programming method in the sequence alignment of DNA and proteins. The final chapter reviews the thermodynamics of reversible polymerization and copolymerization. Polymer blends offer improved performance/cost ratios and the flexibility to tailor products to suit customers' needs. Exploring physical phenomena, such as phase separation, this book provides readers with methods to design polymer blends and predict the phase behavior of binary polymer blends using desktop computers.

In the 20 years since the pilot plant experiments used to develop the concept of electroviscoelasticity, inroads have been made in the understanding of its many related processes. Interfacial Electroviscoelasticity and Electrophoresis meets a massive scientific challenge by presenting deeper research and developments in the basic and applied science and engineering of finely dispersed particles and related systems. Introducing more profound and in-depth treatises related to the liquid-liquid finely dispersed systems (i.e., emulsions and double emulsions), this book describes a new theory developed through the authors' work. These findings are likely to impact other research and applications in a wide array of other fields, considering that the modeling of liquid-liquid interfaces is key to numerous chemical manufacturing processes, including those used for emulsions, suspensions, nanopowders, foams, biocolloids, and plasmas. The authors cover phenomena at the micro, nano, and atto-scales, and their techniques, theory, and supporting data will be of particular interest to nanoscientists, especially with regard to the breaking of emulsions. This groundbreaking book: Takes an interdisciplinary approach to elucidate the momentum transfer and electron transfer phenomena Covers less classical chemical engineering insight and modern molecular and atomic engineering Reviews basic theory of electrokinetics, using the electrophoresis of rigid particles as an example Built around the central themes of hydrodynamic, electrodynamic, and thermodynamic instabilities that occur at interfaces, this book addresses recently developed concepts in the physics, chemistry, and rheological properties of those well-studied interfaces of rigid and deformable particles in homo- and hetero-aggregate dispersed systems. The book also introduces the key phenomenon of electrophoresis, since it is widely adopted either as an analytical tool to characterize the surface properties of colloid-sized particles or in the separation and purification process of both laboratory and industrial scales. The applications and implications of the material presented in the book represent a major contribution to the advanced fundamental, applied, and engineering research of interfacial and colloidal phenomena.

From the development of polymers that make cars lighter to fuels that make them run cleaner, the chemist's role in the automotive industry has evolved to be one that is more outside the laboratory than in it. Drawing on the author's 20 years of experience in vehicle design and laboratory experience, The Role of the Chemist in Automotive Design elucidates how the skills of chemists are put to use in the automotive industry and their effect on all phases of design. A glance through the table of contents provides an overview of the issues commonly encountered by chemists in the automotive industry. The author discusses fuels cells, lithium ion batteries, carbon nanotubes, and nickel metal hydride technology, all of which require the technical knowledge of a chemist but cross the lines of various disciplines. He also covers future technology including items such as battery technology, fuel cell membranes, and environmentally friendly plastics such as nylons that use castor oil as a primary component. The book examines environmental concerns such as CARB legislation and how the industry plans to deal with the new legislation with strategies such as Ozone Reduction Catalyst. The increasing technological, environmental, and economic issues facing the auto industry underscores the need for a basic reference that covers technologies that can be used to make vehicle more fuel efficient, environmentally friendly, and cost efficient. Exploring the expanding role chemists will play in future automotive design and technology, this book delineates the areas and technologies that require the technical knowledge of a chemist but that cross the lines of many disciplines.

A host of chemical substances have become essential parts of human activities and requirements for societal development. Any kind of misuse and/or negligence in handling these substances can cause health disorders, poisoning, and fatalities among unprotected workers and members of the public exposed to contaminated food, water, and air. Carefully organized for ease of use, Handbook of Chemicals and Safety provides a tool for the management of a range of chemical substances commonly used, handled, stored, transported, and disposed of as wastes. Written in an accessible style with just the right amount of technical rigor, the book covers: General fundamentals and specific hazards and effects of chemical substances The basics of exposures and responses to chemical substances in the work environment Toxic responses in different body systems General perspective on the problem of chemical exposures and the possible health effects The author includes substances such as industrial solvents, pesticides, metals, air pollutants, toxic gases, drugs, and other items. He supplies the chemical abstract system (CAS) number, IUPAC name, molecular formula, synonyms and trade names, use and exposure, toxicity and health effects, and carcinogen factors. He also includes information on exposure limits, methods of proper storage, and waste disposal. An important reference on exposure to different categories of chemical substances, the book stresses the importance of preparedness in any safety program. Taking a broad and interdisciplinary approach to chemicals and workplace safety, it provides guidance on the judicious management of chemical substances.

In recent years, sensor research has undergone a quiet revolution that will have a significant impact on a broad range of applications in areas such as health care, the environment, energy, food safety, national security, and manufacturing. Sensors for Chemical and Biological Applications discusses in detail the potential of chemical and biological sensors and examines how they are meeting the challenges of chem-bio terrorism by monitoring through enhanced specificity, fast response times, and the ability to determine multiple hazardous substances. Exploring the nanotechnology approach, and carrying this theme throughout the book, the chapters cover the sensing principles for, chemical, electrical, chromatographic, magnetic, biological, fluidic, optical, and ultrasonic and mass sensing systems. They address issues associated with cost, synthesis, and testing of new low cost materials with high sensitivity, selectivity, robustness, and speed for defined sensor applications. The book extensively discusses the detailed analysis of future impact of chemical and biological sensors in day-to-day life. Successful development of improved chemical sensor and biosensor systems and manufacturing procedures will not only increase the breadth and depth of the sensor industry, but will spill over into the design and manufacture of other types of sensors and devices that use nanofabrication and microfabrication techniques. This reference not only supplies versatile, hands-on tools useful in a broad array of disciplines, but also lays the interdisciplinary groundwork required for the achievement of sentient processing.

Shorter reaction times, higher product yields, and enhanced selectivity are some of the advantages microwave heating has over conventional methods, causing its use to transition from a curiosity to mainstream, both in industrial and academic settings. Microwave Heating as a Tool for Sustainable Chemistry showcases the application of microwave heating in a number of areas of preparative chemistry as well as in the biosciences. From organic chemistry to materials and biological applications The book begins with an introduction to microwave heating, the physical concepts behind it, its application in synthetic chemistry, and commercially available microwave equipment. It shows how microwave heating can be used to facilitate the clean and sustainable synthesis of organic compounds. The authors examine microwave heating as a tool for sustainable polymer chemistry, with discussions of the use of alternative solvents and feedstocks, the design of degradable polymeric materials, and recycling polymers. They then discuss the significant contribution made by microwave-promoted synthesis in the drug discovery process, with a focus on how the technology has been used to generate discovery chemistry libraries and as a tool for medicinal chemists. Other topics examined in this application-driven text include the use of microwave heating in the preparation of inorganic and organometallic compounds, in the production of inorganic materials, and in the area of biosciences. Academic and industrial settings The book examines the scale-up of microwave-promoted chemistry and describes the various approaches and the current commercially available microwave reactors available for scale-up. It also discusses microwave heating as a tool for teaching in the undergraduate organic chemistry laboratory. It explores curriculum, the broad range of reactions that can be performed, and the incorporation of green chemistry principles. The author maintains a website with supplemental information.

Nanoporous materials are critical to various fields of research, including ion exchange, separation, catalysis, sensor applications, biological molecular isolation, and purification. In addition, they offer new opportunities in such areas as inclusion chemistry, guest-host synthesis, and molecular manipulations and reactions at the nanoscale. In Structure Property Correlations for Nanoporous Materials, pioneering researcher Abhijit Chatterjee guides experimentalists in their design of nanoporous material using computer simulation methodologies. The book begins with a comprehensive overview of nanoporous materials. It describes their function, examines their fundamental properties, including catalytic effects and adsorption, demonstrates their importance, explores their applications based on theoretical and experimental studies, and highlights the challenges they pose as well as their future prospects. Explores simulation methodologies Next, the book moves on to molecular modeling, placing a heavy focus on Monte Carlo simulation. It examines density functional theory (DFT) and local reactivity descriptors. It also discusses the synthesis of nanoporous materials, the structural characterization of materials in terms of chemical composition, spectroscopic analysis, mechanical stability, and porosity; and the design of new nanoporous materials. Dr. Chatterjee explores projected applications and concludes with a discussion of the catalytic activity of nanoporous materials and reaction mechanisms. The text is supplemented with experiments and simulation instructions to clarify the theoretical analysis. Conveying the significance of the combination of traditional experimental work and molecular simulation, the book enables experimentalists to achieve better results with less effort.

Written by eminent researchers in the field, this text describes the theory of superconductivity and superfluidity starting from liquid helium and a charged Bose-gas. It also discusses the modern bipolaron theory of strongly coupled superconductors, which explains the basic physical properties of high-temperature superconductors. This book will be of interest to fourth year graduate and postgraduate students, specialist libraries, information centres and chemists working in high-temperature superconductivity.

With contributions from noted laboratory scientists, professors, and engineers, Hydrogen Energy and Vehicle Systems presents a new comprehensive approach for applying hydrogen-based technologies to the transportation and electric power generation sectors. It shows how these technologies can improve the efficiency and reliability of energy and transportation systems. The book's interdisciplinary approach to sustainable energy systems disproves common misconceptions regarding hydrogen technologies and demonstrates that hydrogen technologies are a viable part of a sustainable, stable, and secure energy infrastructure. The book discusses intelligent energy management schemes for hydrogen energy and vehicle systems, safety and environmental science related to hydrogen technologies, and the infrastructure required for safe, renewable hydrogen options. A clear and up-to-date resource on hydrogen systems, this work provides a balanced presentation of theoretical/technical and application aspects of hydrogen technologies. It presents all stakeholder perspectives and connects hydrogen technology through proper systems analysis and integration, covering both quantitative and qualitative factors.

The book provides a systematic and profound account of scientific challenges in fuel cell research. The introductory chapters bring readers up to date on the urgency and implications of the global energy challenge, the prospects of electrochemical energy conversion technologies, and the thermodynamic and electrochemical principles underlying the operation of polymer electrolyte fuel cells. The book then presents the scientific challenges in fuel cell research as a systematic account of distinct components, length scales, physicochemical processes, and scientific disciplines. The main part of the book focuses on theory and modeling. Theoretical tools and approaches, applied to fuel cell research, are presented in a self-contained manner. Chapters are arranged by different fuel cell materials and components, and sections advance through the hierarchy of scales, starting from molecular-level processes in proton-conducting media or electrocatalytic systems and ending with performance issues at the device level, including electrochemical performance, water management, durability, and analysis of failure mechanisms. Throughout, the book gives numerous examples of formidable scientific challenges as well as of tools to facilitate materials design and development of diagnostic methods. It reveals reserves for performance improvements and uncovers misapprehensions in scientific understanding that have misled or may continue to mislead technological development. An indispensable resource for scientifically minded and practically oriented researchers, this book helps industry leaders to appreciate the contributions of fundamental research, and leaders of fundamental research to appreciate the needs of industry.

A comprehensive guide to numerical methods for simulating physical-chemical systems This book offers a systematic, highly accessible presentation of numerical methods used to simulate the behavior of physical-chemical systems. Unlike most books on the subject, it focuses on methodology rather than specific applications. Written for students and professionals across an array of scientific and engineering disciplines and with varying levels of experience with applied mathematics, it provides comprehensive descriptions of numerical methods without requiring an advanced mathematical background. Based on its author's more than forty years of experience teaching numerical methods to engineering students, Numerical Methods for Solving Partial Differential Equations presents the fundamentals of all of the commonly used numerical methods for solving differential equations at a level appropriate for advanced undergraduates and first-year graduate students in science and engineering. Throughout, elementary examples show how numerical methods are used to solve generic versions of equations that arise in many scientific and engineering disciplines. In writing it, the author took pains to ensure that no assumptions were made about the background discipline of the reader. Covers the spectrum of numerical methods that are used to simulate the behavior of physical-chemical systems that occur in science and engineering Written by a professor of engineering with more than forty years of experience teaching numerical methods to engineers Requires only elementary knowledge of differential equations and matrix algebra to master the material Designed to teach students to understand, appreciate and apply the basic mathematics and equations on which Mathcad and similar commercial software packages are based Comprehensive yet accessible to readers with limited mathematical knowledge, Numerical Methods for Solving Partial Differential Equations is an excellent text for advanced undergraduates and first-year graduate students in the sciences and engineering. It is also a valuable working reference for professionals in engineering, physics, chemistry, computer science, and applied mathematics.

This book combines the synergies between performance improvement systems to help ensure safe and reliable operations, streamline procedures and cross-system auditing, and supporting regulatory and corporate compliance requirements. Many metrics are common to more than one area, such that a well-designed and implemented integrated management system will reduce the load on the Process Safety, SHE, Security and Quality groups, and improve manufacturing efficiency and customer satisfaction. Systems to improve performance include: process safety; traditional safety, health and environment; and, product quality.Chapters include: Integrating Framework; Securing Support & Preparing for Implementation; Establishing Common Risk Management Systems - How to Integrate PSM into Other EH; Testing Implementation Approach; Developing and Agreeing on Metrics; Management Review; Tracking Integration Progress and Measuring Performance; Continuous Improvement; Communication of Results to Different Stakeholders; Case Studies; and Examples for Industry

A GUIDE TO THE DESIGN, OPERATION, CONTROL, TROUBLESHOOTING, OPTIMIZATION AS WELL AS THE RECENT ADVANCES IN THE FIELD OF PETROCHEMICAL PROCESSES Efficient Petrochemical Processes: Technology, Design and Operation is a guide to the tools and methods for energy optimization and process design. Written by a panel of experts on the topic, the book highlights the application of these methods on petrochemical technology such as the aromatics process unit. The authors describe practical approaches and tools that focus on improving industrial energy efficiency, reducing capital investment, and optimizing yields through better design, operation, and optimization. The text is divided into sections that cover the range of essential topics: petrochemical technology description; process design considerations; reaction and separation design; process integration; process system optimization; types of revamps; equipment assessment; common operating issues; and troubleshooting case analysis. This important book: Provides the basic knowledge related to fundamentals, design, and operation for petrochemical processes Applies process integration techniques and optimization techniques that improve process design and operations in the petrochemical process Provides practical methods and tools for industrial practitioners Puts the focus on improving industrial energy efficiency, reducing capital investment, and optimizing yields Contains information on the most recent advances in the field. Written for managers, engineers, and operators working in process industries as well as university students, Efficient Petrochemical Processes: Technology, Design and Operation explains the most recent advances in the field of petrochemical processes and discusses in detail catalytic and adsorbent materials, reaction and separation mechanisms.

Taking a highly pragmatic approach to presenting the principles and applications of chemical engineering, this companion text for students and working professionals offers an easily accessible guide to solving problems using computers. The primer covers the core concepts of chemical engineering, from conservation laws all the way up to chemical kinetics, without heavy stress on theory and is designed to accompany traditional larger core texts. The book presents the basic principles and techniques of chemical engineering processes and helps readers identify typical problems and how to solve them. Focus is on the use of systematic algorithms that employ numerical methods to solve different chemical engineering problems by describing and transforming the information. Problems are assigned for each chapter, ranging from simple to difficult, allowing readers to gradually build their skills and tackle a broad range of problems. MATLAB and Excel (R) are used to solve many examples and the more than 70 real examples throughout the book include computer or hand solutions, or in many cases both. The book also includes a variety of case studies to illustrate the concepts and a downloadable file containing fully worked solutions to the book's problems on the publisher's website. Introduces the reader to chemical engineering computation without the distractions caused by the contents found in many texts. Provides the principles underlying all of the major processes a chemical engineer may encounter as well as offers insight into their analysis, which is essential for design calculations. Shows how to solve chemical engineering problems using computers that require numerical methods using standard algorithms, such as MATLAB (R) and Excel (R). Contains selective solved examples of many problems within the chemical process industry to demonstrate how to solve them using the techniques presented in the text. Includes a variety of case studies to illustrate the concepts and a downloadable file containing fully worked solutions to problems on the publisher's website. Offers non-chemical engineers who are expected to work with chemical engineers on projects, scale-ups and process evaluations a solid understanding of basic concepts of chemical engineering analysis, design, and calculations.

Biotechnology has immense potential for resolving environmental problems and augmenting food production. Particularly, it offers solutions for converting solid wastes into value-added items. In food processing industries that generate voluminous by-products and wastes, valorization can help offset growing environmental problems and facilitate the sustainable use of available natural resources. Valorization of Food Processing By-Products describes the potential of this relatively new concept in the field of industrial residues management. The debut book in CRC Press's new Fermented Foods and Beverages Series, this volume explores the current state of the art in food processing by-products with respect to their generation, methods of disposal, and problems faced in terms of waste and regulation. It reviews the basic fundamental principles of waste recycling, including process engineering economics and the microbiology and biochemical and nutritional aspects of food processing. It discusses fermentation techniques available for valorization of food processing by-products, enzyme technologies, and analytical techniques and instrumentation. Individual chapters examine the by-products of plant-based and animal-based food industries. The book also delves into socioeconomic considerations and environmental concerns related to food processing by-products. It surveys research gaps and areas ripe for further inquiry as well as future trends in the field. An essential reference for researchers and practitioners in the food science and food technology industry, this volume is also poised to inspire those who wish to take on valorization of food by-products as a professional endeavor. A contribution toward sustainability, valorization makes maximum use of agricultural produce while employing low-energy and cost-effective processes.

The component parts of a manufacturing system are important. Without peripherals and services such as pumps, boilers, power transmission, water treatment, waste disposal, and efficient lighting, the system will collapse. Food Plant Engineering Systems, Second Edition fills the need for a reference dealing with the bits and pieces that keep systems running, and also with how the peripheral parts of a processing plant fit within the bigger picture. The author has gathered information from diverse sources to introduce readers to the ancillary equipment used in processing industries, including production line components and environmental control systems. He explores the buildings and facilities as well as the way various parts of a plant interact to increase plant production. This new edition covers the systems approach to Lean manufacturing, introducing Lean principles to the food industry. It also addresses sustainability and environmental issues, which were not covered in the first edition. Written so readers with only basic mathematical knowledge will benefit from the content, the text describes measurements and numbers as well as general calculations, including mass and energy balances. It addresses the properties of fluids, pumps, and piping, and provides a brief discussion of thermodynamics. In addition, it explores electrical system motors, starters, heating, and lights; heating systems and steam generation; cooling and refrigeration systems; and water, waste, and material handling systems. The text also deals with plant design, including location, foundations, floors, walls, roofs, drains, and insulation. The final chapter presents an overview of safety and OSHA regulations, and the appendices provide conversion tables and an introduction to mathematics.

Introduction to Crystal Growth: Principles and Practice teaches readers about crystals and their origins. It offers a historical perspective of the subject and includes background information whenever possible. The first section of this introductory book takes readers through the historical development and motivation of the field of crystal growth. With more than 40 years of experience in the field, the author covers nucleation, two-dimensional layer growth mechanism, defects in crystals, and screw dislocation theory of crystal growth. He also explains some aspects of the important subject of phase diagrams. The second section focuses on the experimental techniques of crystal growth. For practicing crystal growers, the book provides nuts-and-bolts techniques and tips. It discusses the major techniques categorized by solid-solid, liquid-solid, and vapor-solid equilibria and describes characterization techniques essential to measuring the quality of grown crystals.

With the advent of modern tools of molecular biology and genetic engineering and new skills in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology, fermentation technology for industrial applications has developed enormously in recent years. Reflecting these advances, Fermentation Processes Engineering in the Food Industry explores the state of the art of the engineering technology aspects of fermentation processes in diverse food sectors. The book describes the benefits of fermented foods in human health in both dairy and non-dairy products and beverages. It examines applications of microalgae in the food industry and explains the application of metabolic engineering in the production of fermented food ingredients. Exploring a host of important topics in engineering fermentation processes, the book covers topics such as: Methods and techniques for the isolation, improvement, and preservation of the microbial cultures used in the food fermentation industry The fundamentals of fermentation processes, modes of fermentation, and the principles of upstream operation Physical and chemicals factors that affect fermentation processes Different types of fermenters employed in submerged and solid-state fermentation Unitary operations for solid-liquid separation, concentration, and drying of fermented foods Instrumentation and control of industrial fermentation processes The final chapter discusses the potential application of a biorefinery concept to add value to food industry wastes and presents a case study describing an integrated project in which the concept was applied. An essential reference for all food sector professionals, this volume surveys critical trends in the food, beverage, and additive industry and explores the sustainability of these processes.

A fresh view of the state-of-the-art, Advances in Food Extrusion Technology focuses on extruder selection, extrudate development, quality parameters, and troubleshooting in the 21st century extrusion process. In particular, the book: Introduces the history, nomenclature, and working principles of extrusion technology Presents an overview of various types of extruders as well as parts and components of an extruder for design considerations Discusses extruder selection and design, fluid flow problem with different types of raw materials, and heat transfer and viscous energy dissipation, with advantages and limitations for particular cases Emphasizes recent research while providing an overview of trends previously reported in the literature Covers the coinjection of food substances into an extruder die with the objective of creating defined colored patterns, adding internal flavors, and achieving other food injection applications into cereal-based extruded products Describes thermal and nonthermal extrusion of protein products Discussing the influence of design and raw materials on extruder performance and nutritional value, this book covers current and developing products from cereal-based snacks to pet food. In addition to the usual benefits of heat processing, extrusion offers the possibility of modifying and expanding the functional properties of food ingredients. Designed for both the active and future food scientist, this book is an exciting addition to a creative and ever-evolving field.

Covers the fundamentals of organic chemistry Includes a test yourself section with answers and complete explanations at the end of each chapter Provides bibliographies for further reading, as well as numerous graphs, charts, and examples Discusses all critical topics of organic chemistry including conformations, acids and bases and more Presents renowned author's classroom experiences

In the industry of manufacturing and design, one major constraint has been enhancing operating performance using less time. As technology continues to advance, manufacturers are looking for better methods in predicting the condition and residual lifetime of electronic devices in order to save repair costs and their reputation. Intelligent systems are a solution for predicting the reliability of these components; however, there is a lack of research on the advancements of this smart technology within the manufacturing industry. AI Techniques for Reliability Prediction for Electronic Components provides emerging research exploring the theoretical and practical aspects of prediction methods using artificial intelligence and machine learning in the manufacturing field. Featuring coverage on a broad range of topics such as data collection, fault tolerance, and health prognostics, this book is ideally designed for reliability engineers, electronic engineers, researchers, scientists, students, and faculty members seeking current research on the advancement of reliability analysis using AI.

As the ability to produce nanomaterials advances, it becomes more important to understand how the energy of the atoms in these materials is affected by their reduced dimensions. Written by an acclaimed author team, Kinetics in Nanoscale Materials is the first book to discuss simple but effective models of the systems and processes that have recently been discovered. The text provides researchers and graduate students with a combination of the novelty of nanoscale processes and systems with the transparency of mathematical models and generality of basic ideas relating to nanoscience and nanotechnology.

This book focuses on important aspects of materials chemistry by providing an overview of the theoretical aspects of materials chemistry, by describing the characterization and analysis methods for materials, and by explaining physical transport mechanisms in various materials. Not only does this book summarize the classical theories of materials chemistry, but also it exhibits their engineering applications in response to the current key issues. The chapters provide practical equations, figures, and references, providing suitable complement to the text. This book is designed to provide important information for scientists and engineers on experimental research in materials chemistry using modern methods. The methods and instrumentation described represent modern analytical techniques useful to researchers, product development specialists, and quality control experts in polymer synthesis and manufacturing.

A comprehensive overview of current developments and applications in biofuels production Process Systems Engineering for Biofuels Development brings together the latest and most cutting-edge research on the production of biofuels. As the first book specifically devoted to process systems engineering for the production of biofuels, Process Systems Engineering for Biofuels Development covers theoretical, computational and experimental issues in biofuels process engineering. Written for researchers and postgraduate students working on biomass conversion and sustainable process design, as well as industrial practitioners and engineers involved in process design, modeling and optimization, this book is an indispensable guide to the newest developments in areas including: Enzyme-catalyzed biodiesel production Process analysis of biodiesel production (including kinetic modeling, simulation and optimization) The use of ultrasonification in biodiesel production Thermochemical processes for biomass transformation to biofuels Production of alternative biofuels In addition to the comprehensive overview of the subject of biofuels found in the Introduction of the book, the authors of various chapters have provided extensive discussions of the production and separation of biofuels via novel applications and techniques.