Distillation is a method of separation of substances based on differences in their volatilities (the point at which liquids become gases). Written by one of the inventors of the osmotic distillation technique, Membrane Distillation and Osmotic Distillation is the only available book that addresses the principles and practical applications of membrane distillation and osmotic distillation, two closely related, novel processes that offer several advantages over conventional concentration processes. Because of the widespread impact and application of the technology in industries such as food, environment, and nuclear cleanup/containment, the book addresses plant setup, process economics, hybrid processes, and potential applications so that the technique can be used in combination with existing distillation setups. Tables, equations, and data supplied by manufacturers are included, thereby making it a complete package for researchers and plant operators.

Practical Thin-Layer Chromatography provides thorough coverage of the principles, practices, and applications of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) for important sample and compound types. This information is directed specifically at workers in the most active scientific fields.

As occupational health and safety professionals require increased awareness of the whole field-and not just its specialized areas-they've started to need an all-encompassing reference work of necessary mathematical relationships. Concise Guide to Environmental Definitions, Conversions, and Formulae is the quick and proficient source for that information. Professionals will find it's ideal for immediate reference; students and interns can benefit from it as a comprehensive study guide for certification exam preparation purposes. Based on information presented in another essential reference (Definitions, Conversions, and Calculations for Occupational Safety and Health Professionals, Second Edition), the Concise Guide brings its most-cited details to an easily carried, portable size (41/2 x 6 3/4). Essential conversions, formulae, and definitions all await within those pages. Virtually all of the mathematical relationships, formulas, definitions, and conversion factors any health and safety expert or trainee will ever need are all contained in the Concise Guide to Environmental Definitions, Conversions, and Formulae.

Most processed materials retain a memory of their production process at the molecular level. Subtle changes in production'such as variations in temperature or the presence of impurities can impart performance benefits or drawbacks to individual batches of products. Some product developers have taken advantage of this process dependency to tailor properties to specific customer needs. In other cases, poorly engineered processes have resulted in serious failures. Process Techniques for Engineering High-Performance Materials explores practical strategies to guide you in systematically developing, improving, and producing engineered materials. The book describes an RandD approach that is common to many material types, from polymers, biochemicals, metal alloys, and composites to coatings, ceramics, elastomers, and processed foods. Throughout, hundreds of examples illustrate successes and disasters in the history of materials development. These examples clearly show how product management and development tactics are constrained by the nature of the production process and the strategy of the company. The author offers practical advice on how to: Foster creativity in an industrial environment and avoid factors that unintentionally suppress technical innovation Develop products when the properties of the product are highly dependent on processing variables Avoid the inevitable scale-up problems that occur on process-dependent materials Get the most out of expensive trial work in a production plant environment Combine products into a systems solution to customer problems Highlighting important rules for product development, this book helps you better understand the mechanics of engineering processed materials and how to adjust your processes to improve performance.

Paul John Flory: A Life of Science and Friends is the first full-length treatment of the life and work of Paul John Flory, recipient of the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1974. It presents a chronological progression of his scientific, professional, and personal achievements as recounted and written by his former students and colleagues. This book covers the span of Flory's life, including a family history and reflections on the marks he left on the lives of various individuals within the scientific community. He played a major role in the consolidation of the macromolecular paradigm in chemistry, physics, and materials science. His influence permeates virtually every aspect of polymer science. The book includes an extensive collection of personal remembrances telling the circumstances under which colleagues worked with Flory, discussing their joint work, and assessing Flory's place in polymer science, chemistry, and world science. The contributors memorialize Flory for more than his scientific and technical contributions. Several chapters are written by living friends who reflect upon his impact on their work and careers. He also played a role in human rights within the scientific community, making efforts to liberate scientists who lived and worked behind the Iron Curtain, particularly in the Soviet Union. Paul John Flory: A Life of Science and Friends illustrates an example of an individual of scientific and personal excellence. His living friends and colleagues believe his story must be told. In telling it and making it available for future generations, his closest friends and colleagues ensure his continued inspiration to people in and outside laboratories worldwide.

Nanocomposite Membrane Technology: Fundamentals and Applications is the first book to deliver an extensive exploration of nanocomposite membrane technology. This groundbreaking text offers an eloquent introduction to the field as well as a comprehensive overview of fundamental aspects and application areas. Approaching the subject from the materials point of view, this book: Discusses the history, synthesis, and characterization of nanocomposite membranes Examines water treatment, gas separation, and biomedical applications Addresses health, environmental, safety, and societal implications Considers processing challenges, including scalability issues Provides case studies of real-world implementations Nanocomposite Membrane Technology: Fundamentals and Applications covers each topic with enough clarity and detail to be a valuable source of information for beginners and experts alike. Thus, this book is the guide of choice for scientists and engineers in both industry and academia.

Traditionally, design and control decisions are made in sequential stages over the life cycle of a chemical plant. In the design phase, the optimal operating conditions and the corresponding material and energy balance data are established mainly on the basis of economic considerations. In the subsequent step, the control systems are configured to maintain the key process conditions at the fixed nominal values. Because it is often desirable to address the operability issues at the earliest possible stage before stipulation of control schemes, the systematic incorporation of flexibility analysis in process synthesis and design has received considerable attention in recent years. This book focuses to a large extent on computation and implementation methods of deterministic performance measures, i.e., the steady-state, volumetric, dynamic and temporal flexibility indices, in various applications. The formal definitions of several available performance indices, their mathematical formulations, and the corresponding algorithms and codes are provided in sufficient detail to facilitate implementation. To show the utility of flexibility analyses, the book presents several practical case studies including membrane modules and heat-exchanger networks, solar-driven membrane distillation desalination systems, and hybrid power generation systems. It also includes MATLAB and GAMS codes.

Compact Heat Exchangers for Energy Transfer Intensification: Low-Grade Heat and Fouling Mitigation provides theoretical and experimental background on heat transfer intensification in modern heat exchangers. Emphasizing applications in complex heat recovery systems for the process industries, this book: Covers various issues related to low-grade heat, including waste heat from industry and buildings, storage and transport of thermal energy, and heat transfer equipment requirements Explains the basic principles, terminology, and heat transfer aspects of compactness, as well as the concept of intensified heat area targets at process integration Pays special attention to the mitigation of fouling in heat exchangers and their systems, describing fouling deposition and threshold fouling mechanisms Delivers a thoughtful analysis of the economics of implementation, considering energy-capital trade-off, capital cost estimation, and energy prices Presents illustrative case studies of specific applications in food and chemical production plants Compact Heat Exchangers for Energy Transfer Intensification: Low-Grade Heat and Fouling Mitigation not only highlights key developments in compact heat exchangers, but also instills a practical knowledge of the latest process integration and heat transfer enhancement methodologies.

A number of books written by statisticians address the mathematical optimization of biological systems, but do not directly address statistical optimization. Statistical Optimization of Biological Systems covers the optimization of bioprocess systems in its entirety, devoting much-needed attention to the experimental optimization of biological systems using statistical techniques. Employing real-life bioprocess optimization problems and their solutions as examples, this book: Describes experimental design from identifying process variables to selecting a screening design, applying response surface methodology, and conducting regression modeling Demonstrates the statistical analysis and optimization of different experimental designs, the results of which are used to establish important variables and optimum settings Details the optimization techniques employed to determine optimum levels of the process variables for both single- and multiple-response systems Discusses important experimental designs, such as evolutionary operation programs and Taguchi's designs Delineates the concept of hybrid experimental design using the essence of a genetic algorithm Statistical Optimization of Biological Systems examines the complex nature of biological systems, the need for optimization, and the rationale of statistical and non-statistical optimization methods. More importantly, the book explains how to successfully apply mathematical and statistical techniques to the optimization of biological systems.

This book covers the application of the OCRA (Occupational Repetitive Actions) method. The methods make up a system dedicated to the analysis and management of the risk of biomechanical overload of the upper limbs. The book focuses on the OCRA checklist which presents various models from the most simplified, to the most complex. It describes methods, criteria, procedures and tools on how to perform such an assessment, in line with international standards. The book provides you with the correct methods and tools for prevention of upper limb work related musculoskeletal disorders no matter what the working environment is or what the international standards dictates.

Hydrogenation with Low-Cost Transition Metals describes recent developments in the preparation of catalysts and their catalytic abilities in chemoselective hydrogenation for the production of fine chemicals and pharmaceutical compounds. Emphasizing the use of low-cost metals (Cu, Ni, Fe, and Ag) that are often present in the form of nanoparticles, the book provides valuable reaction mechanism schemes, engineering solutions, and perspective for the field.

A detailed reference for the practicing engineer, Air Pollution Control Technology Handbook, Second Edition focuses on air pollution control systems and outlines the basic process engineering and cost estimation required for its design. Written by seasoned experts in the field, this book offers a fundamental understanding of the factors resulting in air pollution and covers the techniques and equations used for air pollution control. Anyone with an engineering or science background can effectively select techniques for control, review alternative design methods and equipment proposals from vendors, and initiate cost studies of control equipment using this book. This second edition of a bestseller includes new methods for designing control equipment, enhanced material on air pollution science, updates on major advances in the field, and explains the importance of a strategy for identifying the most cost-effective design. The book also covers: New legislation and updates on air regulation New advances in process integration design techniques The atmospheric and health effects of air pollution Air Pollution Control Technology Handbook, Second Edition helps combat the solution problem with extensive coverage of air pollution control processes. Fully updated with new legislation, air regulations, and extensive reviews of the design of control equipment, this book serves as an ideal reference for industry professionals or anyone with an engineering or science background needing a basic introduction to air pollution control equipment design.

Hospital staff and caregivers are regularly exposed to biomechanical overload risk, particularly at spine and shoulder level a risk factor that will continue to rise with the progressive aging of the population. Patient Handling in the Healthcare Sector: A Guide for Risk Management with MAPO Methodology (Movement and Assistance of Hospital Patients) details the analysis of patient handling risk using the MAPO method in different areas of healthcare and helps you develop strategies to mitigate them. Focusing on the organization of work, this approach gives you the tools to: Rapidly analyse the problem Rapidly identify solutions Effectively monitor the results of preventive actions One of the special features of this approach is that it employs tools that allow you to allocate financial resources to estimate what investments are needed to achieve specific results. This means taking the decision-making process out of the hands of ergonomics experts and putting it into those of healthcare facility administrators.

Many oil production processes present a significant challenge to the oil and gas field processing facilities and equipment design. The optimization of the sequential operations of handling the oil gas mixture can be a major factor in increasing oil and gas production rates and reducing operating costs. Petroleum and Gas Field Processing provides an all-inclusive guide to surface petroleum operations and solves these and other problems encountered in the field processing of oil and gas. Fully revised and updated to reflect major changes over the past decade or so, this second edition builds on the success attained in the first edition. It delivers an expanded and updated treatment that covers the principles and procedures related to the processing of reservoir fluids for the separation, handling, treatment, and production of quality petroleum oil and gas products. With five new chapters, this second edition covers additional subjects, in particular natural gas, economics and profitability, oil field chemicals, and piping and pumps. The book also contains worked-out examples and case studies from a variety of oil field operations.

In industry, miscommunication can cause frustration, create downtime, and even trigger equipment failure. By providing a common ground for more effective discourse, the Dictionary of Oil, Gas, and Petrochemical Processing can help eliminate costly miscommunication. An essential resource for oil, gas, and petrochemical industry professionals, engineers, academic staff, and science and engineering students, the dictionary defines over 5,000 technical and commercial terms encompassing exploration, production, processing, refining, pipelining, finance, management, and safety. From basic engineering principles to the latest drilling technology, the text covers the fundamentals and their real-world applications. Alphabetically arranged for quick reference, it contains easy-to-understand descriptions and figures, as well as oil and gas SI units and metric equivalents. Industry newcomers and personnel with no technical background especially benefit from the book's practical language that clearly demonstrates the concepts behind the definitions.

Surface chemistry plays an important role in everyday life, as the basis for many phenomena as well as technological applications. Common examples range from soap bubbles, foam, and raindrops to cosmetics, paint, adhesives, and pharmaceuticals. Additional areas that rely on surface chemistry include modern nanotechnology, medical diagnostics, and drug delivery. There is extensive literature on this subject, but most chemistry books only devote one or two chapters to it. Surface Chemistry Essentials fills a need for a reference that brings together the fundamental aspects of surface chemistry with up-to-date references and data from real-world examples.This book enables readers to better understand many natural phenomena and industrial processes. Mathematical treatment is mainly given as references to make the material accessible to individuals with a broader range of scientific backgrounds. The book begins by introducing basic considerations with respect to liquid and solid surfaces and describes forces in curved versus flat liquid surfaces. Chapters cover properties of surface active substances, such as surfactants and soaps; lipid films and Langmuir-Blodgett films; and adsorption and desorption on solid surfaces. The author discusses processes involved in liquidsolid interface phenomena, which are utilized in washing, coatings, lubrication, and more, and colloid chemistry systems and related industrial applications such as wastewater treatment. The author also addresses bubbles, films, and foams and the principles of oil water emulsion science, used in detergents, paints, and skin creams. The final chapter considers more complex applications, for example, food emulsions, scanning probe miscroscopy, the cement industry, and gas and oil recovery.

Introduction to Chemical Reactor Analysis, Second Edition introduces the basic concepts of chemical reactor analysis and design, an important foundation for understanding chemical reactors, which play a central role in most industrial chemical plants. The scope of the second edition has been significantly enhanced and the content reorganized for improved pedagogical value, containing sufficient material to be used as a text for an undergraduate level two-term course. This edition also contains five new chapters on catalytic reaction engineering.Written so that newcomers to the field can easily progress through the topics, this text provides sufficient knowledge for readers to perform most of the common reaction engineering calculations required for a typical practicing engineer. The authors introduce kinetics, reactor types, and commonly used terms in the first chapter. Subsequent chapters cover a review of chemical engineering thermodynamics, mole balances in ideal reactors for three common reactor types, energy balances in ideal reactors, and chemical reaction kinetics. The text also presents an introduction to nonideal reactors, and explores kinetics and reactors in catalytic systems.The book assumes that readers have some knowledge of thermodynamics, numerical methods, heat transfer, and fluid flow. The authors include an appendix for numerical methods, which are essential to solving most realistic problems in chemical reaction engineering. They also provide numerous worked examples and additional problems in each chapter. Given the significant number of chemical engineers involved in chemical process plant operation at some point in their careers, this book offers essential training for interpreting chemical reactor performance and improving reactor operation. What's New in This Edition: Five new chapters on catalytic reaction engineering, including various catalytic reactions and

In recent years, the safety management field has placed leadership and commitment at the center of effective workplace health and safety programs. At the same time, personal liability for workplace health and safety has increased, resulting in poor outcomes for individual managers. Discussing the minimum expectations that courts and tribunals have of managers, Management Obligations for Health and Safety examines the relationship between those expectations and effective safety performance. The book looks at safety management from the perspective of management obligations. What expectations are placed on managers at all levels of an organization to ensure that the workplace and systems of work are safe, and how are these expectations considered and analyzed by courts and public inquiries? As importantly, the book explores how management actions in relation to these obligations and expectations influence, positively or negatively, the safety performance of an organization. With examples drawn from legal and quasi-legal processes, one of the more enlightening and thought-provoking features of this book is the extensive use of cross examination taken from various proceedings. No one person reacts the same to finding him- or herself responsible for managing the aftermath of a death at work, or having to deal with the immediate pressure of being subject to interviews and investigation by safety regulators (much less the drawn-out experience of the legal process), but one of the most constant reactions is "Why didn't anybody tell me about this?" Stressing the importance of safety culture, this book details the true nature of the expectations that are placed on managers by virtue of their obligation to provide a safe workplace.

Any research that uses new organic chemicals, or ones that are not commercially available, will at some time require the synthesis of such compounds. Therefore, organic synthesis is important in many areas of both applied and academic research, from chemistry to biology, biochemistry, and materials science. The third edition of a bestseller, Advanced Practical Organic Chemistry is a guide that explains the basic techniques of organic chemistry, presenting the necessary information for readers to carry out widely used modern organic synthesis reactions.This book is written for advanced undergraduate and graduate students as well as industrial organic chemists, particularly those involved in pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and other areas of fine chemical research. It provides the novice or nonspecialist with the often difficult-to-find information on reagent properties needed to perform general techniques. With over 80 years combined experience training and developing organic research chemists in industry and academia, the authors offer sufficient guidance for researchers to perform reactions under conditions that give the highest chance of success, including the appropriate precautions to take and proper experimental protocols. The text also covers the following topics: Record keeping and equipment Solvent purification and reagent preparation Using gases and working with vacuum pumps Purification, including crystallization and distillation Small-scale and large-scale reactions Characterization, including NMR spectra, melting point and boiling point, and microanalysis Efficient ways to find information in the chemical literature With fully updated text and all newly drawn figures, the third edition provides a powerful tool for building the knowledge on the most up-to-date techniques commonly used in organic synthesis.

Discerning the properties of polymers and polymer-based materials requires a good understanding of characterization. This revised and updated text provides a comprehensive survey of characterization methods within its simple, concise chapters. Polymer Characterization: Physical Techniques, provides an overview of a wide variety of characterization methods, which makes it an excellent textbook and reference. It starts with a description of basic polymer science, providing a solid foundation from which to understand the key physical characterization techniques. The authors explain physical principles without heavy theory and give special emphasis to the application of the techniques to polymers, with plenty of illustrations. Topics covered include molecular weight determination, molecular and structural characterization by spectroscopic techniques, morphology and structural characterization by microscopy and diffraction, and thermal analysis. This edition contains a new chapter on surface analysis as well as some revised problems and solutions. The concise treatment of each topic offers even those with little prior knowledge of the subject an accessible source to relevant, simple descriptions in a well-organized format.

Thoroughly updated, Introduction to Polymers, Third Edition presents the science underpinning the synthesis, characterization and properties of polymers. The material has been completely reorganized and expanded to include important new topics and provide a coherent platform for teaching and learning the fundamental aspects of contemporary polymer science. New to the Third EditionPart IThis first part covers newer developments in polymer synthesis, includingliving radical polymerization, catalytic chain transfer and free-radical ring-opening polymerization, along with strategies for the synthesis of conducting polymers, dendrimers, hyperbranched polymers and block copolymers. Polymerization mechanisms have been made more explicit by showing electron movements. Part IIIn this part, the authors have added new topics on diffusion, solution behaviour of polyelectrolytes and field-flow fractionation methods. They also greatly expand coverage of spectroscopy, including UV visible, Raman, infrared, NMR and mass spectroscopy. In addition, the Flory Huggins theory for polymer solutions and their phase separation is treated more rigorously. Part IIIA completely new, major topic in this section is multicomponent polymer systems. The book also incorporates new material on macromolecular dynamics and reptation, liquid crystalline polymers and thermal analysis. Many of the diagrams and micrographs have been updated to more clearly highlight features of polymer morphology. Part IVThe last part of the book contains major new sections on polymer composites, such as nanocomposites, and electrical properties of polymers. Other new topics include effects of chain entanglements, swelling of elastomers, polymer fibres, impact behaviour and ductile fracture. Coverage of rubber-toughening of brittle plastics has also been revised and expanded.

NOTE: This set consists of two volumes: Cleaning Agents and Systems and Applications, Processes, and Controls Should you clean your product during manufacturing? If so, when and how? Cleaning is essential for proper performance, optimal quality, and increased sales. Inadequate cleaning of product elements can lead to catastrophic failure of the entire system and serious hazards to individuals and the general public. Gain a competitive edge with proven cleaning and contamination-control strategies A decade after the bestselling original, the Handbook for Critical Cleaning, Second Edition helps manufacturers meet today's challenges, providing practical information and perspective about cleaning chemistries, equipment, processes, and applications. With 90% new or revised chapters plus supplementary online material, the handbook has grown into two comprehensive volumes, Cleaning Agents and Systems and Applications, Processes, and Controls. Helping manufacturers become more efficient and productive, these books: Show how to increase profitability and meet both existing and expected product demand Clarify the sea of print and Internet information about cleaning chemistries and techniques Address challenges of performance, miniaturization, and cost, as well as regulatory and supply chain pressures Offer clearly written guidance from the viewpoints of more than 70 leading industry contributors in technical, management, academic, and regulatory disciplines Overview chapters by the editors, industry icons Barbara and Ed Kanegsberg, meld the different viewpoints and compile and critique the options. The result is a complete, cohesive, balanced perspective that helps manufacturers better select, implement, and maintain a quality, value-added cleaning process.

Time-variable exposure profiles of pesticides are more often the rule than exception in the surface waters of agricultural landscapes. There is, therefore, a need to adequately address the uncertainties arising from time-variable exposure profiles in the aquatic risk assessment procedure for pesticides. Linking Aquatic Exposure and Effects: Risk Assessment of Pesticides provides guidance and recommendations for linking aquatic exposure and ecotoxicological effects in the environmental assessment of agricultural pesticides. Leading international scientists share their expertise in aquatic exposure assessment, aquatic ecotoxicology, and the risk assessment and management of plant protection products. The book incorporates the tools and approaches currently available for assessing the environmental risks of time-variable exposure profiles of pesticides. It also discusses the science behind these techniques. This volume covers the extrapolation techniques, including models that address the environmental fate, toxicokinetics, toxicodynamics, and ecological effects, for performing accurate aquatic environmental risk assessments of pesticides. It explains how to link aquatic exposure and effects in the risk assessment procedure for plant protection products.

Advances in genomics and combinatorial chemistry during the past two decades inspired innovative technologies and changes in the discovery and pre-clinical development paradigm with the goal of accelerating the process of bringing therapeutic drugs to market. Written by William Kisaalita, one of the foremost experts in this field, 3D Cell-Based Biosensors in Drug Discovery Programs: Microtissue Engineering for High Throughput Screening provides the latest information - from theory to practice - on challenges and opportunities for incorporating 3D cell-based biosensors or assays in drug discovery programs. The book supplies a historical perspective and defines the problem 3D cultures can solve. It also discusses how genomics and combinatorial chemistry have changed the way drug are discovered and presents data from the literature to underscore the less-than-desirable pharmaceutical industry performance under the new paradigm. The author uses results from his lab and those of other investigators to show how 3D micro environments create cell culture models that more closely reflect normal in vivo-like cell morphology and function. He makes a case for validated biomarkers for three-dimensionality in vitro and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of promising tools in the search of these biomarkers. The book concludes with case studies of drugs that were abandoned late in the discovery process, which would have been discarded early if tested with 3D cultures. Dr. Kisaalita presents evidence in support of embracing 3D cell-based systems for widespread use in drug discovery programs. He goes to the root of the issue, establishing the 3D cell-based biosensor physiological relevance by comparing 2D and 3D culture from genomic to functional levels. He then assembles the bioengineering principles behind successful 3D cell-based biosensor systems. Kisaalita also addresses the challenges and opportunities for incorporating 3D cell-based biosensors or cultures in current discovery and pre-clinical development programs. This book makes the case for widespread adoption of 3D cell-based systems, rendering their 2D counterparts, in the words of Dr. Kisaalita "quaint, if not archaic" in the near future.

The growth in the world's nuclear industry, motivated by peaking world oil supplies, concerns about the greenhouse effect, and domestic needs for energy independence, has resulted in a heightened focus on the need for next-generation nuclear fuel-cycle technologies. Ion Exchange and Solvent Extraction: A Series of Advances, Volume 19 provides a comprehensive look at the state of the science underlying solvent extraction in its role as the most powerful separation technique for the reprocessing of commercial spent nuclear fuel. Capturing the current technology and scientific progress as it exists today and looking ahead to potential developments, the book examines the overall state of solvent extraction in reprocessing, new molecules for increased selectivity and performance, methods for predicting extractant properties, and actinide-lanthanide group separation. The contributors also explore the simultaneous extraction of radionuclides by mixing extractants, the cause and nature of third-phase formation, the effects of radiation on the solvent and its performance, analytical techniques for measuring process concentrations, new centrifugal contactors for more efficient processing, and new chemistry using novel media. The long-term vision of many professionals in the field entails a proliferation-free nuclear energy economy in which little or no waste is stored or released into the environment and all potential energy values in spent nuclear fuel are recycled. This text opens a window on that possibility, offering insight from world leaders on the cutting edge of nuclear research.