This one-of-a-kind book describes some 1400 different glass cutters collected from around the world by the author during the past 35 years. A brief history of flat window glass describes its manufacture, application, taxation, etc. from the time of the Romans, through France and England to the United States. The early use of flint tools and grozing yrnes for cutting and shaping the glass is noted. These tools were used for shaping the stained glass in the early cathedrals. Five hundred U.S. glass cutter patents and 28 U.S. glass cutter design patents beginning in 1860 through 2009 are listed by date, inventor, and title. A list of corporate, product line, distributor, etc. names are also described further as being in one or more of the 23 "Style Categories" the author has set up that show pictures of 600 cutters and detailed descriptions of all 1400 different glass cutters. An extensive bibliography is included.

Chitin is the second most abundant natural polymer in the world after cellulose, mainly derived from the food waste of shrimp and crabs. Chitosan is the most important derivative of chitin. Thanks to their biodegradability, non-toxicity, biocompatibility, bioactivity, and versatile chemical and physical properties, chitin and chitosan derivatives are used in a wide variety of applications, including water treatment, cosmetics and toiletries, food and beverages, healthcare/medical, and agrochemicals. Chitin and Chitosans in the Bioeconomy covers all major aspects of chitin and chitosan, including structure, biosynthesis, biodegradation, properties of chitin and derivatives, applications, and market. It offers a special focus on the bioeconomy, which is the renewable segment of the circular economy. Describes the structure, biosynthesis, and biodegradation of chitin and chitosan Covers chitin- and chitosan-based products Details valorization of these materials Presents information on shell biorefineries Chitin and Chitosans in the Bioeconomy serves as a reference for polymer scientists and engineers and is also accessible to economists and advanced students.

Thermal Engineering of Nuclear Power Stations: Balance-of-Plant Systems serves as a ready reference to better analyze common engineering challenges in the areas of turbine cycle analysis, thermodynamics, and heat transfer. The scope of the book is broad and comprehensive, encompassing the mechanical aspects of the entire nuclear station balance of plant from the source of the motive steam to the discharge and/or utilization of waste heat and beyond. Written for engineers in the fields of nuclear plant and thermal engineering, the book examines the daily, practical problems encountered by mechanical design, system, and maintenance engineers. It provides clear examples and solutions drawn from numerous case studies in actual, operating nuclear stations.

This book covers the latest developments and advances in spray drying and describes how they impact the basic aspect of designing and operating spray dryers. This generic approach allows users to understand how different basic aspects of spray drying have advanced. Users will learn how to apply these advances in their own specific spray drying applications. This book also discusses the handling and control of spray dried products. Includes the latest techniques for use in the design and operation of spray drying operations Covers the basic operations of spray drying that can be applied to different applications of spray drying Discusses the handling and control of spray dried product qualities from a general approach, allowing readers to tailor these approaches to their own specific products This book is aimed at professionals, researchers, and academics working in the fields of food, chemical, pharmaceutical, and industrial engineering.

Nanomedicine, a scientific branch of nanotechnology that operates on the same scale as biology, offers the possibility of influencing the healing process from inside of the body by manipulating the matter at cellular or molecular levels. Throughout this book, current healing approaches based on this revolutionary new technology are summarized from a scientific assessment. The aim of the authors is to give, through select examples, a deep insight to nanotechnology status and the great progress that its rigorous application will bring to human health. The authors' commitment is to broaden the vision of health professionals who will eventually be the future users of this knowledge.

A benchmark publication, the first edition of the Phosphor Handbook, published in 1998, set the standard for references in the field. The second edition, updated and published in 2007, began exploring new and emerging fields. However, in the last 14 years, since the second edition was published, many notable advances and broader phosphor applications have occurred. Completely revised, updated, and expanded into three separate volumes, this third edition of the Handbook covers the most recent developments in phosphor research, characterization, and applications. This volume on 'Fundamentals of Luminescence' elucidates the theoretical background and fundamental properties of luminescence as applied to solid-state phosphor materials. The book includes the chapters that cover: Basic principles of luminescence, the principal phosphor materials, and their optical properties New developments in principal phosphors in nitrides, perovskite, and silicon carbide Revised lanthanide level locations and its impact on phosphor performance Detailed descriptions of energy transfer and upconversion processes in bulk and nanoscaled particles and core-shell structures Rapid developing organic and polymer luminescent materials and devices

A benchmark publication, the first edition of the Phosphor Handbook, published in 1998, set the standard for references in the field. The second edition, updated and published in 2007, began exploring new and emerging fields. However, in the last 14 years, since the second edition was published, many notable advances and broader phosphor applications have occurred. Completely revised, updated, and expanded into three separate volumes, this third edition of the Handbook covers the most recent developments in phosphor research, characterization, and applications. This volume on 'Novel Phosphors, Synthesis, and Applications' provides the descriptions of synthesis and optical properties of phosphors used in different applications, including the novel phosphors for some newly developed applications. The chapters in this book cover: Various LED-based phosphors and their synthesis and applications Ingenious integrated smart phosphors and their novel optoelectronic and photonic devices Quantum dot, single crystalline, and glass phosphors Upconversion nanoparticles for super-resolution imaging and photonic and biological applications Special phosphors for laser, OLED, energy storage, quantum cutting, thermometry, photosynthesis, AC-driven LED, and solar cells

A benchmark publication, the first edition of the Phosphor Handbook, published in 1998, set the standard for references in the field. The second edition, updated and published in 2007, began exploring new and emerging fields. However, in the last 14 years, since the second edition was published, many notable advances and broader phosphor applications have occurred. Completely revised, updated, and expanded into three separate volumes, this third edition of the Handbook covers the most recent developments in phosphor research, characterization, and applications. This volume on 'Experimental Methods for Phosphor Evaluation and Characterization' addresses the theoretical and experimental methods for phosphor evaluation and characterization. The chapters in the book cover: First principle and DFT analysis of optical, structural, and chemical properties of phosphors Phosphor design and tuning through structure and solid solution Design for IR, NIR, and narrowband emission and thermally stable phosphors and nanophosphors Detailed illustration for measurement of the absolute photoluminescence quantum yield of phosphors Phosphor analysis through photoionization, high pressure, and synchrotron radiation studies

Simulated Moving Bed Technology is one of only a few books solely dedicated to SMB. It aims to equip you with the tools and skills needed for SMB modelling, simulation, design and operation. The theory presented is supported by real-world examples from the petrochemical, sugar and pharma industries. The core of the book focuses on SMB process development and model validation. It explains basic process concepts and definitions, fundamental principles and equations, as well as typical applications and recent advances made to address challenges. Its specialist content makes it a must have book for people working with SMB technology, chemical engineering post-graduate students and process and R&D engineers in industry.

In petroleum refineries, although there are sets of standard operating procedures to operate the plants, unique problems often arise, which need to be tackled with engineering knowledge and experience without much loss of energy and time. This process is termed 'troubleshooting', and it saves production loss, leading to profitability and sustainability of the refinery operation. This book covers the ins and outs of troubleshooting in petroleum refineries, with an analysis of the problems faced, the fundamentals behind them and logical reasoning and illustrations to solve the problems, along with lessons learnt. This is the first such book on the market since the publication of one by Norman P. Lieberman about 30 years ago, and there has been a massive change in technology since then. This book will not only enlighten practicing engineers in refineries and postgraduate students but also facilitate the creation of a knowledge bank on troubleshooting case studies, helping share engineering knowledge and experiences.

Discusses the concepts of mechanical, thermal, and thermodynamic equilibrium and their applications. Covers the molecular basis for internal energy, entropy, thermodynamic equilibrium, and reversibility. Enables the reader to model irreversibility and determine the net loss in performance of a thermal system compared to an idealized system and approach an ideal one. Demonstrates entropy as a path independent property by use of reversible heat engines and reversible heat pumps interacting with a process between two states, the environment and the reservoir. Covers the role of reversibility from a thermodynamics standpoint and relates it to other areas, such as gas dynamics, combustion, propulsion, power plant engineering, and engines.

Explores how antiviral nanomaterials can be used in developing targeted drug delivery practices and enable pharmaceutical industries to reformulate available drugs on market Covers immunization, imaging, and drug delivery and features various case studies on managing viral diseases Addresses synthesis protocols and recent developments by performing physicochemistry on virion substrate, hybrid viral networks, and multilayered arrays thus enabling R&D experts to study and successfully instigate cutting-edge technologies unique to viruses Discusses current and near future applications of antiviral nanomaterials and their activity in drug delivery systems Describes the role of nanotechnology in prevention, detection, and treatment of COVID-19 Investigates the role of antiviral nanodrugs play in human and animal body systems and in major viral disease types.

The polyurethane industry is among the fastest growing, with polyurethanes used in consumer as well as industrial sectors. Waterborne polyurethanes (WPUs) exhibit many advantages over conventional volatile organic compounds (VOCs) based polyurethanes and have emerged as an environmentally friendly alternative. WPUs offer an opportunity to use sustainable raw materials to produce environmentally sustainable polymers, particularly, polyols derived from vegetable oils. Eco-Friendly Waterborne Polyurethanes: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications provides state-of-the-art knowledge of the synthesis, application, and property enhancement of WPUs. Covers various types of eco-friendly materials and technologies used to synthesize WPUs Presents an overview and applications of WPUs in several advanced research areas Provides fundamentals of synthetic processes and their chemistries for specific applications Elaborates on advanced approaches used to convert renewable resources into polymers Offers new direction to scientists, researchers, and students to better understand the chemistry, technologies, and applications Written for polymer chemists, materials scientists, and other researchers and industry, this book serves as a comprehensive reference for readers interested in the development and application of sustainable polymers.

MXene, a two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbide, nitride, and carbonitride, was discovered in 2011. MXene has great potential as a cocatalyst in the field of photocatalysis due to its unique properties and structure. MXene-Based Photocatalysts: Fabrication and Applications introduces readers to the fundamentals, preparation, microstructure characterization, and a variety of applications of MXene-based photocatalysts. The book is a comprehensive reference for MXene materials and provides an overview of the current literature on MXene-based photocatalysts. FEATURES Discusses preparation methods of MXenes Describes the morphology and microstructure of MXenes Offers strategies for fabricating MXene-based photocatalysts Details the reaction mechanism of MXene-based photocatalysts Covers applications in photocatalytic water-splitting, photocatalytic CO2 reduction, photocatalytic degradation, photocatalytic nitrogen fixation, and photocatalytic H2O2 production This book serves as an invaluable guide for advanced students, industry professionals, professors, and researchers in the field of materials science and engineering, photocatalysis, energy, and environmental applications.

Sustainability of Products, Processes and Supply Chains: Theory and Applications presents the recent theoretical developments and applications on the interface between sustainability and process systems engineering. It offers a platform for cutting-edge, holistic analyses of key challenges associated with computer-aided tools for incorporating sustainability principles and approaches into the design and operations of multi-scale process systems, ranging from molecular and products systems, to energy and chemical processes, and supply chains.

The first book on Ultrafine bubbles (UFBs). Reviews research done on UFBs. Helpful for readers and researchers interested in the fundamentals of this emerging field

Nanostructured electrode materials have exhibited unrivaled electrochemical properties in creating elite supercapacitors. Morphology Design Paradigm for Supercapacitors presents the latest advances in the improvement of supercapacitors, a result of the incorporation of nanomaterials into the design - from zero-dimensional to three-dimensional, and microporous to mesoporous. The book includes a comprehensive description of capacitive practices at the levels of sub-atomic and nanoscales. These have the ability to enhance device performance for an extensive assortment of potential applications, including consumer electronics, wearable gadgets, hybrid electric vehicles, stationary and industrial frameworks. Key Features: Provides readers with a clear understanding of the implementation of these materials as electrodes in electrochemical supercapacitors. Covers recent material designs and an extensive scope of electrode materials such as 0D to 3D. Explores recent nanostructured-system material designs that have been created and tested in supercapacitor configurations. Considers microporous to mesoporous supercapacitor electrode materials. Features the impact of nanostructures on the properties of supercapacitors, including specific capacitance, cycle stability, and rate capability.

Increased to include over 25,000 organic and inorganic compounds, The Yaws Handbook of Vapor Pressure: Antoine Coefficients, Second Edition delivers the most comprehensive and practical database source for today's petrochemical. Understanding antoine coefficients for vapor pressure leads to numerous critical engineering applications such as pure components in storage vessels, pressure relief valve design, flammability limits at the refinery, as well as environmental emissions from exposed liquids, making data to efficiently calculate these daily challenges a fundamental need. Written by the world's leading authority on chemical and petrochemical data, The Yaws Handbook of Vapor Pressure simplifies the guesswork for the engineer and reinforces the credibility of the engineer's calculations with a single trust-worthy source. This data book is a must-have for the engineer's library bookshelf.

Discusses detailed aspects of process safety and environmental impact from a theoretical and practical perspective Covers detailed procedure of environmental modeling concepts Explores forensic investigation sequences during the incident Proposes futuristic approaches towards risk assessment and management Includes real-time case studies with complexities and solutions

Describes preparation, characterization, and applications of pH responsive membranes in biomedical applications. Introduces the theoretical understanding of the pH responsiveness. Covers advancement of techniques regarding pH responsive membranes. Provide insights for the development of new materials and membranes. Discusses advancements in drug delivery, haemodialysis, antibodies and enzyme production, chemical sensing and selective ionic transport using pH responsive membranes.

Explores planning for biogas plants as a pre-requisite to develop a functional plant balancing energy production and consumption Gives out detailed provision of the types of substances that are and can be used for biogas production covering animal wastes, municipal and industrial wastes Provides knowledge for aspiring biogas producers as well as decision makers, specifically in the context of Nigeria Covers use of digestrate for anaerobic digestion as a waste treatment method and on the input (feedstock) to the biogas plant Compares carbon dioxide emissions from biogas plants with fossil fuel plants

This book details the use of conducting polymers and their composites in supercapacitors, batteries, photovoltaics, and fuel cells, nearly covering the entire spectrum of energy area under one title. Conducting Polymers for Advanced Energy Applications covers a range of advanced materials based on conducting polymers, the fundamentals, and the chemistry behind these materials for energy applications. FEATURES Covers materials, chemistry, various synthesis approaches, and the properties of conducting polymers and their composites Discusses commercialization and markets and elaborates on advanced applications Presents an overview and the advantages of using conducting polymers and their composites for advanced energy applications Describes a variety of nanocomposites, including metal oxides, chalcogenides, graphene, and materials beyond graphene Offers the fundamentals of electrochemical behavior This book provides a new direction for scientists, researchers, and students in materials science and polymer chemistry who seek to better understand the chemistry behind conducting polymers and improve their performance for use in advanced energy applications.

Supramolecular chemistry, "the chemistry beyond the molecule", is a fascinating realm of modern science. The design of novel supramolecular structures, surfaces, and techniques are at the forefront of research in different application areas, including corrosion and biofouling protection. A team of international experts provide a comprehensive view of the applications and potential of supramolecular chemistry in corrosion and biofouling prevention. Chapter topics include types and fundamentals of supramolecules, supramolecular polymers and gels, host-guest inclusion compounds, organic-inorganic hybrid materials, metallo-assemblies, cyclodextrins, crown ethers, mesoporous silica and supramolecular structures of graphene and other advances. Additional Features include: Focuses on different aspects of supramolecular chemistry in corrosion and biofouling prevention. Comprehensively covers supramolecular interactions that can provide better corrosion and biofouling protection. Provides the latest developments in self-healing coatings. Explores recent research advancements in the suggested area. Includes case studies specific to industries. The different supramolecular approaches being investigated to control corrosion and biofouling are gathered in one well-organized reference to serve senior undergraduate and graduate students, research students, engineers, and researchers in the fields of corrosion science & engineering, biofouling, and protective coatings.

Removal of Pollutants from Saline Water: Treatment Technologies provides a comprehensive understanding of technologies that are currently adopted in the treatment of pollutants present in saline water systems. It provides information on the treatment technologies for saline water systems, including seawater, brackish water, oil-produced water, and other industrial saline wastewaters. FEATURES Presents information exclusively for saline water pollutant removal Introduces current treatment technologies and addresses why and how the techniques differ between fresh and salt water Offers an inclusive overview of physicochemical, biological, membrane, and advanced oxidation treatment technologies Features various perspectives and case studies from relevant global experts Provides a comprehensive one-stop source for the treatment of pollutants in all saline water systems Aimed at students, academicians, researchers, and practicing engineers in the fields of chemical, civil, marine, and environmental engineering who wish to be acquainted with the most recent developments in the treatment of pollutants present in saline water systems. Prof. Dr. Shaik Feroz works at Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. He has 30 years of experience in teaching, research, and industry. He has more than 190 publications to his credit in journals and conferences of international repute. He was awarded "Best Researcher" by Caledonian College of Engineering for the year 2014. Prof. Dr. Detlef W. Bahnemann is Head of the Research Unit, Photocatalysis and Nanotechnology at Leibniz University Hannover (Germany), Director of the Research Institute "Nanocomposite Materials for Photonic Applications" at Saint Petersburg State University (Russian Federation), and Distinguished Professor at Shaanxi University of Science and Technology in Xi'an (People's Republic of China). His research topics include photocatalysis, photoelectrochemistry, solar chemistry, and photochemistry focused on synthesis and physical-chemical properties of semiconductor and metal nanoparticles. His 500-plus publications have been cited more than 65,000 times (h-index: 100).