Vollstandig uberarbeitete, aktualisierte 2. Auflage mit funf neuen Kapiteln und den aktuellen IUPAC-Normen. Beschaftigt sich mit thermischen Risiken in der chemischen Prozessindustrie. Jedes Kapitel beginnt mit einer Fallstudie und den aus Zwischenfallen gewonnen Erkenntnissen.

There is hardly a technical library in the world in which the volumes of the Chemical Formulary (Volumes 1-34) do not occupy a prominent place. It does not duplicate any of the formulas included in previous volumes, but lists a wide array of modern and salable products from all branches of the chemical industries. An excellent reference for formulation problems. - CONTENTS - I. Introduction - II. Adhesives - III. Foods and Beverages - IV. Cosmetics - V. Coatings - VI. Detergents - VII. Drugs - VIII. Metal Treatments - IX. Polishes - X. Elastomers, Polymers and Resins - Xl. Miscellaneous - Appendix - Index - PREFACE - Chemistry, as taught in our schools and colleges, concerns chiefly synthesis, analysis, and engineering-and properly so. It is part of the right foundation for the education of the chemist. Many a chemist entering an Industry soon finds that most of the products manufactured by his concern are not synthetic or definite complex compounds, but are mixtures, blends, or highly complex compounds of which he knows little or nothing. The literature in this field, if any, may be meager, scattered, or obsolete. Even chemists with years of experience In one or more Industries spend conslderable time and effort in acquainting themselves with any new field which they may enter. Consulting chemists similarly have to solve problems brought to them from industries foreign to them. There was a definite need for an up-to-date compilation of formulae for chemical compounding and treatment. Since the fields to be covered are many and varied, an editorial board of chemists and engineers engaged in many industries was formed. Many publications, laboratories, manufacturing firms, and Individuals have been consulted to obtain the latest and best information. It is felt that the formulas given in this volume will save chemists and allied workers much time and effort.

Emphasizing basic mass and energy balance principles, Chemical and Energy Process Engineering prepares the next generation of process engineers through an exemplary survey of energy process engineering, basic thermodynamics, and the analysis of energy efficiency. By emphasizing the laws of thermodynamics and the law of mass/matter conservation, the author builds a strong foundation for performing industrial process engineering calculations. The book’s systematic treatment applies these core principles on a macro-level scale, allowing for more manageable calculations.

The development of new processes is demanding and exciting. The instruction within these pages enables engineers to understand and analyze existing processes and primes them for participation in the development of new ones.

Table of Contents

Notation, concepts and numbers

Notation

Always check the units!

Some conversion factors

Some important numbers

Some important concepts

Unit operations

Batch and continuous process

A little about economy

Some fun and useful energy exercises

Global energy consumption

Derivation of balance equations

The balance principle

The balance equation

Mass balances without accumulation

Recycle

Systematic formulation and solution of mass balances

Use of spreadsheet program

Examples of recycle without reaction

Flash calculations

Summary: Procedure for deriving balance equations

Degrees of freedom and solvability

Simulation versus design

Summary

Mass balances with reaction

Introduction

The component balance

Steady-state component balance

Conversion and extent of reaction

Selectivity and yield

Reaction and recycle

Atomic balances

Independent reactions and matrix formulation

Reaction with chemical equilibrium

Summary

The energy balance

The general energy balance (open system)

Energy forms

Work forms

Alternative formulations of the energy balance

Calculation of enthalpy

Energy balance for mixing processes

Valve: Isenthalpic pressure relief

Real fluids: Thermodynamic state diagrams

Energy balance with chemical reaction

Energy balance with kinetic and potential energy

Summary of energy balance

Heat exchange

Introduction

Calculation (design) of heat exchangers

Simulation of heat exchangers

Compression and expansion

Introduction

Compression (increase of pressure)

Expansion in turbine

Reversible shaft work

Reversible shaft work for ideal gas

Actual work and examples

Pump work

Compression and expansion of real gases

Entropy and equilibrium

The laws of thermodynamics

Calculation of entropy

Equilibrium

Introduction to vapor/liquid equilibrium

Flash calculations

Work from heat

Thermodynamics

Heat engine and the first law

Heat engine and the second law

Reverse heat engine: Refrigeration and heat pump

Efficiency

Ideal work and exergy

Gas power plant

Summary

Mechanical energy balance

The "regular" energy balance

Mechanical energy

Reversible shaft work and friction

The mechanical energy balance

Compressible flow in pipe (gases)

A remark on friction

Summary

Chemical reaction engineering

Reaction kinetics

Reactor calculations and reactor design

Process dynamics

Introduction

Modeling: Dynamic balances

Dynamic analysis and time response

Linearization

Dynamic simulation with examples

Process control

Summary

Appendices

Some thermodynamics and physical chemistry

More thermodynamics: Entropy and equilibrium

Differential balances: Examples

Summary of the whole book

Additional problems

Data

Solutions to starred exercises

Index

Process Steam Systems A comprehensive and accessible handbook for process steam systems The revised second edition of Process Steam Systems: A Practical Guide for Operators, Maintainers, Designers, and Educators delivers a practical guide to ensuring steam systems are properly and efficiently designed, operated, and maintained. The book provides comprehensive information designed to improve process steam system knowledge, reliability, and integration into current manufacturing processes. The most up-to-date version of this volume includes brand-new coverage of current codes, sustainability measures, and updated applications. Heat transfer theory and thermodynamics are tied into practical applications with new practice problems ideal for both professionals seeking to improve their skills and engineers-in training. Readers will also find: Thorough design criteria for process steam systems, complete with detailed illustrations for piping and controls An entirely new chapter on the history of steam systems, including the evolution of the ASME code and boiler accidents Revised coverage of current NFPA, ASME, CSD-1, FM, and building codes, as well as new insurance requirements relevant to practitioners in the industry Expansive design guidance for steam system efficiency upgrades Perfect for operations and maintenance staff at manufacturing, healthcare, and commercial laundries, Process Steam Systems: A Practical Guide for Operators, Maintainers, Designers, and Educators will also earn a place in the libraries of consulting engineers and engineering students with an interest in process manufacturing.

Energy Aspects of Acoustic Cavitation and Sonochemistry: Fundamentals and Engineering covers topics ranging from fundamental modeling to up-scaled experiments. The book relates acoustic cavitation and its intrinsic energy balance to macroscopic physical and chemical events that are analyzed from an energetic perspective. Outcomes are directly projected into practical applications and technological assessments covering energy consumption, thermal dissipation, and energy efficiency of a diverse set of applications in mixed phase synthesis, environmental remediation and materials chemistry. Special interest is dedicated to the sonochemical production of hydrogen and its energetic dimensions. Due to the sensitive energy balance that governs this process, this is seen as a "green process" for the production of future energy carriers.

This highlights ongoing research efforts on different aspects of polymer nanocomposites and explores their potentials to exhibit multi-functional properties. In this context, it addresses both fundamental and advanced concepts, while delineating the parameters and mechanisms responsible for these potentials. Aspects considered include embrittlement/toughness; wear/scratch behaviour; thermal stability and flame retardancy; barrier, electrical and thermal conductivity; and optical and magnetic properties. Further, the book was written as a coherent unit rather than a collection of chapters on different topics. As such, the results, analyses and discussions presented herein provide a guide for the development of a new class of multi-functional nanocomposites. Offering an invaluable resource for materials researchers and postgraduate students in the polymer composites field, they will also greatly benefit materials

Over the period of last two decades, there has been significant resurgence in solid-state fermentation due to the numerous benefits it offers, especially in the engineering and environmental aspects. SSF has shown much promise in the development of several bioprocesses and products. This resurgence gained further momentum during the last 5-6 years with the developments in fundamental and applied aspects. A good deal of information has been generated in published literature and patented information. Several commercial ventures have come up based on SSF in different parts of the world.

The contents are organized into four parts: Part 1 deals with the General and Fundamentals aspects of SSF; Part 2 deals with the production of bulk chemicals and products such as enzymes, organic acids, spores and mushrooms in SSF; Part 3 is on the use of SSF for specialty chemicals such as gibberellic acid, antibiotics and other pharmaceutically valuable secondary metabolites, pigments, and aroma compounds; Part 4 deals with the use of SSF miscellaneous application such as SSF for food and feed applications, agro-industrial residues as substrates in SSF and the production of silage and vermicompost.

Single volume reference providing all necessary procedural information for the destruction of a wide variety of hazardous chemicals Destruction of Hazardous Chemicals in the Laboratory is a practical reference that describes procedures for the destruction of a comprehensive list of hazardous chemicals and provides general methods for the destruction of hazardous chemicals in the laboratory without the need for exotic reagents and equipment. Unlike most other sources on this subject, detailed reaction parameters are provided to readers. These details will help the reader decide if a procedure will be appropriate. To further aid in reader comprehension, numerous tables throughout the book allow for ready comparison of procedures. Destruction of Hazardous Chemicals in the Laboratory also describes the critical aspects of various protocols (e.g., UV lamp type and rate of ozone flow). The updated fourth edition Includes an updated survey of the literature from 2012-2021 and features data mined from 1,500 papers. It also describes recent examples of methods that are generally applicable to organic compounds and greatly expands the section on methods for the destruction of pharmaceuticals in the laboratory. In Destruction of Hazardous Chemicals in the Laboratory, readers can expect to find detailed information on: Specific methods for the destruction of hazardous chemicals in the laboratory, such as aflatoxins, butyllithium, complex metal hydrides, ethidium bromide, MPTP, nitrosamines, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Methods for the destruction of pharmaceuticals in the laboratory, such as those using ozone, persulfate, and potassium permanganate as well as photolytic degradation procedures Procedures for drying organic solvents A discussion of the issues concerning nitrosamine formation during the destruction process, particularly when sodium hypochlorite is used. A variety of indexes, including a general index, cross index of pharmaceuticals and destruction procedures, cross index of dyes and destruction procedures, and cross index of names for dyes and biological stains Destruction of Hazardous Chemicals in the Laboratory is of immense value to researchers in the laboratory by enabling them to quickly and efficiently get rid of residual amounts of hazardous chemicals when a series of experiments has ended. The procedures in the text can also be incorporated into laboratory protocols.

The HAZOP Leader's Handbook is designed specifically to help HAZOP leaders plan and execute successful HAZOP studies, based on the author's many years of experience of participating in, observing and facilitating HAZOP studies, as well as observing, training, mentoring and assessing HAZOP leaders. The book assumes that the reader understands the methodology and has experienced HAZOP meetings and does not seek to explain the methodology itself. Rather, it focuses on the application of the methodology and the responsibilities and skills of the HAZOP leader in the preparation, execution and reporting of the study. Although the principal subject is HAZOP, much of the content equally applies to other facilitated hazard identification techniques such as Hazard Identification (HAZID) or Failure Modes Effects and Criticality Analysis (FMECA). The prime purpose of this book is to provide guidance specific to HAZOP leaders to help them to maximise the effectiveness of their HAZOP studies, thereby getting the most benefit from the methodology, promoting consistency and rigour in its application and sustaining its well-earned reputation.

This book presents the latest and complete information about various types of piezosensors. A sensor is a converter of the measured physical size to an electric signal. Piezoelectric transducers and sensors are based on piezoelectric effects. They have proven to be versatile tools for the measurement of various processes. They are used for quality assurance, process control and for research and development in many different industries. In each area of application specific requirements to the parameters of transducers and sensors are developed. The book presents the fundamentals, technical design and details and practical applications. Methods to design piezosensors are described, allowing to create sensors with unique properties. New methods to measure physical sizes and new constructions of sensors including large area of piezosensors are described in this book. This book is written for specialists in transforming hydroacoustics, non-destructive control, measuring technique, sensors development for automatic control and also for graduate students.

Vol 2A: Basic Technologies Handbook of Crystal Growth, Second Edition Volume IIA (Basic Technologies) presents basic growth technologies and modern crystal cutting methods. Particularly, the methodical fundamentals and development of technology in the field of bulk crystallization on both industrial and research scales are explored. After an introductory chapter on the formation of minerals, ruling historically the basic crystal formation parameters, advanced basic technologies from melt, solution, and vapour being applied for research and production of the today most important materials, like silicon, semiconductor compounds and oxides are presented in detail. The interdisciplinary and general importance of crystal growth for human live are illustrated. Vol 2B: Growth Mechanisms and Dynamics Handbook of Crystal Growth, Second Edition Volume IIB (Growth Mechanisms and Dynamics) deals with characteristic mechanisms and dynamics accompanying each bulk crystal growth method discussed in Volume IIA. Before the atoms or molecules pass over from a position in the fluid medium (gas, melt or solution) to their place in the crystalline face they must be transported in the fluid over macroscopic distances by diffusion, buoyancy-driven convection, surface-tension-driven convection, and forced convection (rotation, acceleration, vibration, magnetic mixing). Further, the heat of fusion and the part carried by the species on their way to the crystal by conductive and convective transport must be dissipated in the solid phase by well-organized thermal conduction and radiation to maintain a stable propagating interface. Additionally, segregation and capillary phenomena play a decisional role for chemical composition and crystal shaping, respectively. Today, the increase of high-quality crystal yield, its size enlargement and reproducibility are imperative conditions to match the strong economy.

Volume IIIA Basic Techniques Handbook of Crystal Growth, Second Edition Volume IIIA (Basic Techniques), edited by chemical and biological engineering expert Thomas F. Kuech, presents the underpinning science and technology associated with epitaxial growth as well as highlighting many of the chief and burgeoning areas for epitaxial growth. Volume IIIA focuses on major growth techniques which are used both in the scientific investigation of crystal growth processes and commercial development of advanced epitaxial structures. Techniques based on vacuum deposition, vapor phase epitaxy, and liquid and solid phase epitaxy are presented along with new techniques for the development of three-dimensional nano-and micro-structures. Volume IIIB Materials, Processes, and Technology Handbook of Crystal Growth, Second Edition Volume IIIB (Materials, Processes, and Technology), edited by chemical and biological engineering expert Thomas F. Kuech, describes both specific techniques for epitaxial growth as well as an array of materials-specific growth processes. The volume begins by presenting variations on epitaxial growth process where the kinetic processes are used to develop new types of materials at low temperatures. Optical and physical characterizations of epitaxial films are discussed for both in situ and exit to characterization of epitaxial materials. The remainder of the volume presents both the epitaxial growth processes associated with key technology materials as well as unique structures such as monolayer and two dimensional materials.

CONTENTS - Preface - Contributors - Abbreviations - Introduction - I. Antiperspirants and Deodorants - II. Hair Products - III. Bath Preparations - IV. Face and Hand Cleaners - V. Face, Eye, and Body Makeup - VI. Creams and Lotions - VII. Mouth Preparations - VIII. Perfumes, Colognes, and Powders - IX. Shaving Preparations - X. Sunscreen Products - XI. Miscellaneous - Appendix - pH Values - pH Ranges of Common Indicators - International Atomic Weights - Temperature Conversion Tables - Incompatible Chemicals - Safety in the Laboratory or Home Workshop - General Laboratory Equipment - Aerosols - Trademark Chemical Manufacturers - Trademark Chemicals - Index - PREFACE - The growth of the cosmetic industry in the U.S.A. is a prime example of the dynamics of industry. From 1914 to 1966 the retail cosmetic sales within the U.S.A. went from almost $40 million to well over $3 billion. Part of the reason for this upsurge can be attributed to the increased interest shown by men in cosmetic products such as various shaving creams, colognes, hair tonics and conditioners. Because of the importance of this field of chemical science, it seemed pertinent to produce a chemical formulary specializing in cosmetic preparations of all types. The formulas and data in this book have all been contributed within the past twelve months by the companies listed on page iv They are printed as contributed and thus there are variations in manner of presentation. The formulas included here are of an experimental nature and are intended to be used as starting points for the industrial chemist, and for those who wish to experiment in their own right. Many of the formulas can serve as successful products without any alterations required. However, once the chemist has familiarized himself with the formulas as they stand, the adventure of individual experimentation begins. All data is based on U.S. Specification and practice, but readers in other countries should not find it difficult to adapt the formulas for their own use.

This book focuses on the characterization of the amorphous phase of polymers, whether they are pure amorphous or semi-crystalline ones, above Tg or below Tg, by studying the relaxation of dipoles and space charges naturally found in their structure after they have been activated by the application of a voltage field. The experimental deconvolution of the relaxation modes responsible for internal motion in the amorphous phase is coupled with a mathematical procedure (Thermal-Windowing Deconvolution-TWD) that leads to the understanding of their coupling characteristics which, it is shown, relate to the state of the material itself, for instance its non-equilibrium state or its internal stress for matter belonging to interfaces between aggregated or dispersed phases. Describes quantitatively the Thermal Stimulated Depolarization techniques of polymer characterization (TSD, TWD), i.e. how to decouple the relaxation modes collectively interacting (interactive coupling) and relate it to the thermodynamic properties of the amorphous phase. Understands the results of depolarization in terms of the new physics of polymer interactions: the Dual-Phase model, here applied to the dipoles-space charge dynamics. Provides a roaster of CASE STUDIES: practical applications of the TSD and TWD characterization techniques to describe coupled molecular motions in resins, medical tissues, wood, blends and block copolymers interfaces, rubbers, can coatings, internal stress in molded parts, etc

The 6th volume of Green Chemical Processing considers sustainable chemistry in the context of innovative and emerging technologies, explaining how they can support the "greening" of industry processes. The American Chemical Society's 12 Principles of Green Chemistry are woven throughout this text as well as the series to which this book belongs.

This book addresses the questions of what constitutes the integrative learning of theory and practice (ILTP), and how this learning progresses over time - these are important questions that have been overlooked to date. It introduces a new way of looking at the theory-practice integration and presents the conceptual and empirical research that has led to such a view. The conceptualisation of the ILTP and the description of the phenomenon of integration draw on psychological aspects of epistemological beliefs in TVET, and on philosophical aspects of social reasoning. In this inferentialist, non-dualistic epistemological perspective, theory and practice are distinguished in terms of their use in reasoning, rather than as intrinsically different forms of knowledge. In particular, the integrative learning is presented in terms of qualitative changes in chains of reasoning that connect theoretical and practical considerations. This work represents a contribution to further educational research, as it advances a novel operationalisation of the inferentialist framework. Finally, this work contributes to educational practice, as it offers evidence-based guidelines for practitioners concerned with instructional design in T-VET. The reported empirical investigations involved in-depth qualitative research methods and were conducted at a micro-level of instruction in alternating school-based and work-based programmes, in the field of Chemicals Processing Technology (CPT).

Sustainability in Biofuel Production Technology Explore current challenges and the latest technologies in biofuel production In Sustainability in Biofuel Production Technology, a team of engineers and chemists delivers a thorough and accessible exploration of the source of renewable energy biofuels poised to help conserve natural resources and limit the impact of fossil fuel use. The book offers detailed information about the challenges and trends in biodiesel production and includes contributions from leading researchers in the field of biodiesel production. Readers will explore aviation biofuels, biofuel production technologies, reactor design and safety considerations, and the modelling and simulation of biofuel production as they move through the book's 14 chapters. The authors also analyze the performance of biofuels along with cost estimations and mathematical modeling of various process parameters. Readers will also find: A thorough introduction to biofuels, including their history, generation, classification, and relevant technologies In-depth presentations of the production technologies of biofuels, including chemical and biological production processes Comprehensive explorations of the utilization of biofuels in aviation, including performance analyses and safety considerations Fulsome discussions of key issues and challenges in biofuels production pathways and the environmental effects of biofuels Perfect for academic researchers and industrial scientists working in the biofuels, bioenergy, catalysis, and materials science sectors, Sustainability in Biofuel Production Technology will also be suitable for members of regulatory bodies in the bioenergy sector.

Provides practical guidance on pharmaceutical analysis, written by leading experts with extensive industry experience Analytical Testing for the Pharmaceutical GMP Laboratory presents a thorough overview of the pharmaceutical regulations, working processes, and drug development best practices used to maintain the quality and integrity of medicines. With a focus on smaller molecular weight drug substances and products, the book provides the knowledge necessary for establishing the pharmaceutical laboratory to support Quality Systems while maintaining compliance with Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) regulations. Concise yet comprehensive chapters contain up-to-date coverage of drug regulations, pharmaceutical analysis methodologies, control strategies, testing development and validation, method transfer, electronic data documentation, and more. Each chapter includes a table of contents, definitions of acronyms, a reference list, and ample tables and figures. Addressing the principal activities and regulatory challenges of analytical testing in the development and manufacturing of pharmaceutical drug products, this authoritative resource: Describes the structure, roles, core guidelines, and GMP regulations of the FDA and ICH. Covers the common analytical technologies used in pharmaceutical laboratories, including examples of analytical techniques used for the release and stability testing of drugs. Examines control strategies established from quality systems supported by real-world case studies. Explains the use of dissolution testing for products such as extended-release capsules, aerosols, and inhalers. Discusses good documentation and data reporting practices, stability programs, and the Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) to maintain compliance. Includes calculations, application examples, and illustrations to assist readers in day-to-day laboratory operations. Contains practical information and templates to structure internal processes or common Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs). Analytical Testing for the Pharmaceutical GMP Laboratory is a must-have reference for both early-career and experienced pharmaceutical scientists, analytical chemists, pharmacists, and quality control professionals. It is also both a resource for GMP laboratory training programs and an excellent textbook for undergraduate and graduate courses of analytical chemistry in pharmaceutical sciences or regulatory compliance programs.

An accessible and robust text with comprehensive coverage of modern electroanalytical techniques and devices In the newly revised 4th edition of Analytical Electrochemistry, distinguished researcher Dr. Joseph Wang delivers an authoritative and comprehensive discussion of modern electroanalytical techniques and devices. With a strong focus on electroanalysis, the book offers readers a thorough grounding in the fundamentals of electrode reactions and the principles of electrochemical methods. It also demonstrates the solving of real-life analytical problems using the techniques discussed within. This latest edition contains extensive updates to the cited literature and its descriptions of various electrochemical processes, techniques and devices. Additional worked examples are included in the text and numerous quantitative questions and exercise problems are found at the end of each chapter. Readers will also find: A thorough introduction to the fundamental concepts of electroanalysis, including discussions of Faradaic processes, electrical double layers, and the electrocapillary effect Comprehensive explorations of the study of electrode reactions, interfacial properties, and controlled potential techniques Practical discussions of the practical considerations of electroanalysis, including electrochemical cells, solvents and supporting electrolytes, and modern instrumentation Fulsome treatments of potentiometry and electrochemical sensors, including ion selective electrodes, electrochemical biosensors and wearable sensors Perfect for graduate students studying electroanalytical chemistry, Analytical Electrochemistry will also benefit advanced undergraduate students taking courses in instrumental analysis, as well as academics and industrial professionals considering the use of electroanalysis and electrochemical sensors in their labs.