Based on the International Workshop on Controlled Life-Cycle of Polymeric Materials held in Stockholm, this work examines degradable polymers and the recycling of plastic materials. It highlights recent results on recycling and waste management, including topics such as renewable resources, degradation, processing and products, and environmental issues.

Molecular and Colloidal Electro-Optics presents cohesive coverage from internationally recognized experts on new approaches and developments in both theoretical and experimental areas of electro-optic science. It comprises a well-integrated yet multi-disciplinary treatment of fundamental principles, strategies, and applications of electro-optic techniques for the characterization of macromolecular, small-particle, and nanomolecular systems. Following a historical review of post-war advances in electro-optics of disperse systems, the first part of the book focuses on the latest achievements in electro-optic theory, particularly low-frequency relaxation. It offers comparative discussions and experimental data to accompany different viewpoints on the origin of the low-frequency effects and multiple theoretical constructions. The second part highlights the unique advantage of using electro-optics as an alternative to conventional characterization and analysis of colloidal systems. Demonstrating the sensitivity of electro-optic methods to interparticle interactions, the book explains how these methods are used to analyze particle surface electric states, evaluate phase transitions, and determine physical properties. As the first treatment of this subject to surface in more than fifteen years, Molecular and Colloidal Electro-Optics is a definitive, up-to-date portrait of modern colloidal electro-optic science. This one-stop reference to the latest theory, methods, and applications is ideal for advanced graduate students and researchers in biophysical chemistry, microbiology, polymer, colloid, and nanoscience.

The construction industry is bombarded with ever-changing building materials-components of which are more and more difficult, if not impossible, to identify. Building material emissions have been implicated as a major source of indoor air pollution, and toxic gases, often unidentified, are generated in building fires. Building Materials: Product Emission and Combustion Health Hazards undertakes the task of identifying building materials emission and combustion health hazards. This practical guide introduces the complex world of polymers commonly used in building materials along with plasticizers and additives that are not regulated by OSHA. It also explores the topic of building materials as they relate to function and their emissions/combustion products along with thermal decomposition and combustion products as they relate to fire first responders. Engaging environmental professionals, construction management firms, architects, first respondents, and students, this valuable reference delivers a comprehensive spectrum of knowledge needed to face the challenges of managing building materials in the twenty-first century. Awareness is the first line of defense!

After a day's work is finished, take a look around at your company. Do standard production processes and day-to-day operations leave you with loaded trash bins from the front office to the factory floor-and every place inbetween? Such "solid waste" does far more than squander resources and imperil the environment... it's undoubtedly eating up countless dollars of your profits. Corporations throughout the nation are learning to tame solid waste, by implementing improved management of materials. Preventing Waste at the Source demonstrates how more than 50 companies have effectively reduced solid waste throughout all departments-and achieved dramatic reductions in operating costs. Beginning with a strategic framework, readers can then zero in on wasteful practices affecting all aspects of a business. Paper reduction measures for administrative offices, for instance. Ways to minimize packing materials over in the shipping department, while still protecting the product. There's also steps where suppliers and customers can take part in waste minimization efforts. Case histories prove it can be done, to everyone's advantage. Researched and compiled by the Indiana Institute on Recycling, Preventing Waste at the Source offers practical, on-the-job assistance to environmental managers, plant managers, manufacturing and quality engineers. Put its techniques and real-life guidance to work. You'll save more than money: you'll help save the environment.

This book covers myths about technology, management, toxicology, and the environment. It helps all who work in the chemical industry and all chemical engineers, including teachers and students to avoid accidents and wrong decisions and use resources more effectively.

This book provides an overview of the chemical and physical concepts of instability and incompatibility of petroleum and liquid fuels. It helps the petroleum refinery personnel to handle liquid fuels from other sources as feedstocks for the refinery system.

Hazardous Waste Risk Assessment provides a concise yet comprehensive examination of concepts and techniques in risk assessment that can be applied to hazardous waste problems. The book emphasizes the use of health risk assessment to support management decisions on hazardous waste disposal and site remediation programs. Methods discussed include those for developing strategies for health and environmental assessment and site restoration tasks, evaluating corrective action programs, determining the effects of risk assessment results on risk management decisions in hazardous waste programs and general risk management and prevention programs, and performing safety evaluations of hazardous waste facilities. Step-by-step numerical case evaluations are used to help present the book in an easy-to-follow, realistic manner. Features

A wide-ranging compilation of techniques, Extrapolation Practice for Ecotoxicological Effect Characterization of Chemicals describes methods of extrapolation in the framework of ecological risk assessment. The book, informally known as EXPECT, identifies data needs and situations where these extrapolations can be most usefully applied, making it a practical guide to the application of extrapolation procedures. It focuses on the extrapolation of chemical effects and covers the extrapolation of exposures in the context of interactions between toxicants and the matrix.

Drawing from the third edition of the bestselling Powder Technology Handbook, this book is focused solely on analyzing the fundamental properties and behavior of particles and particle beds. Powder Technology: Fundamentals of Particles, Powder Beds, and Particle Generation concentrates on the most useful analytical methods of observation, measurement, modeling, and prediction. This volume carefully incorporates the progressive work and vision of new authors while retaining the concepts that continue to promote innovative research and applications. The authors highlight new information and developments from areas including surface properties and analysis, particle motion in fluids, mechanical properties of a powder bed, and the design and formation of composite particles. They explain how particles deposit, coagulate, and settle in various media, explore different techniques for generating particles in different states, and detail methods of surface modification. Particularly useful for scientists studying nanoparticle applications, Powder Technology: Fundamentals of Particles, Powder Beds, and Particle Generation incorporates the latest developments in areas including surface properties and analysis, particle motion in fluids, mechanical properties of a powder bed, and the design and formation of composite particles.

Drawing from the third edition of the bestselling Powder Technology Handbook, this book concentrates on handling methods and unit operations for powder and particle processing techniques. Itexamines the purpose and factors involved in each process-including planning, equipment, measurements, and other necessary considerations. This book carefully incorporates the progressive work and vision of new authors while retaining the concepts that continue to promote innovative research and applications. In addition to detailing the purpose and implementation of processes including kneading, drying, filtration, and powder coating, the authors highlight recent developments in combustion and heating, electrostatic powder coating, and simulation. They also emphasize practical information including multipurpose equipment, instrumentation for key measurements, and modeling techniques. The text concludes with a review of recent data on the health effects of small particles and the types of protective devices that are currently available. Powder Technology: Handling and Operations, Process Instrumentation, and Working Hazards offers material scientists and chemical engineers a well-rounded guide to utilizing particle and powder processes for a rapidly expanding array of applications.

This manual is prepared to enhance the wastewater treatment plant operator's understanding of laboratory theory and procedure in the testing of wastewater, to appreciate the nature of the contaminants under analysis, the analytical methods, and their limitations.

Presenting the only textbook available today that covers all of the critical elements of industrial hygiene o conceptual information, computational coverage, case studies, and sample problems and exercises o in one volume. Organized around the basic rubrics of industrial hygiene, this book helps students to think like industrial hygienists while offering the latest techniques for practicing professionals. Applications and Computational Elements of Industrial Hygiene is the most complete reference available on IH, and is also an ideal study aid for exam preparation. This is the first and only textbook that includes all critical computations for each concept covered. Each chapter discusses a different hazard and how to recognize, evaluate, and control it. The advantage of this approach is clear; technical issues, instrumental techniques, engineering control procedures o relevant issues from A to Z o are discussed for each hazard. Chapters conclude with case studies that offer critical insight into the practical aspects of the field. The book also covers emerging issues that will affect industrial hygienists in the future. The book includes real-life situations and experiences to demonstrate practical applications of concepts presented in the text. For students, Applications and Computational Elements of Industrial Hygiene offers critical material formerly scattered across multiple sources. For seasoned industrial hygienists, this is an essential problem-solving tool and state-of-the-art reference that consolidates and updates previously scattered information.

Fate and transport models are critical components in the determination of the exposure to and risk from hazardous contaminants. Analytical models are preferable because they are generally more accessible, more reliable, and require fewer computational resources. Surprisingly, until today, only a limited number of analytical models have been accessible in the literature. Now, there is Diffusion Models of Environmental Transport, which provides more than 40 analytical models of diffusion and advective-diffusion in one, two, and three layer systems, subject to a wide range of boundary and initial conditions. This text illustrates applications to contaminant transport in sediments and soils, including porewater and vapor transport, and also provides Mathcad spreadsheets to aid in the use of these models. The authors supply complete details of the solutions to the models for those who wish for a deeper understanding. For others, who do not have the time or the need, the solutions themselves are ready to be picked up and used. Reible and Choy use their 20-plus years of cumulative experience to create a thorough exploration of fate and transport models. This comprehensive text furnishes an invaluable reference for students and environmental professionals.

A reference for the chemical engineer on the application, selection, construction, procurement, installation, operation, and maintenance of the three basic types of pumps used in chemical processing: centrifugal, rotary, and reciprocating. Emphasizes aspects that cause practical operating problems,

Strong theoretical and practical knowledge of process control is essential for plant practicing engineers and operators. In addition being able to use control hardware and software appropriately, engineers must be able to select or write computer programs that interface the hardware and software required to run a plant effectively. Designed to help readers understand control software and strategies that mimic human activities, Fundamentals of Automatic Process Control provides an integrated introduction to the hardware and software of automatic control systems. Featured Topics Basic instruments, control systems, and symbolic representations Laplacian mathematics for applications in control systems Various disturbances and their effects on uncontrolled processes Feedback control loops and traditional PID controllers Laplacian analysis of control loops Tuning methods for PID controllers Advanced control systems Virtual laboratory software (included on downloadable resources) Modern plants require operators and engineers to have thorough knowledge of instrumentation hardware as well as good operating skills. This book explores the theoretical analysis of the process dynamics and control via a large number of problems and solutions spread throughout the text. This balanced presentation, coupled with coverage of traditional and advanced systems provides an understanding of industrial realities that prepares readers for the future evolution of industrial operations.

With the advent of polymer nanocomposites, research on polyolefin nanocomposites has grown exponentially. Correcting the deficiency of a meaningful text on these important materials, Advances in Polyolefin Nanocomposites: Sums up recent advances in nanoscale dispersion of filler in polyolefins Presents a basic introduction to polyolefin nanocomposite technology for the readers new to this field Provides insights on the use of technologies for polyolefins nanocomposites for commercial application Includes contributions from the most experienced researchers in the field Offers insights into the commercial usage of techniques The text uses theoretical models to illustrate the organic-inorganic interfaces in polyolefins and also provides a detailed description of the recently developed models for property prediction of these nanocomposites. It concentrates on developments with not only aluminosilicate fillers, but also with equally important fillers like layer double hydroxides and nanotubes. The authors review polyolefin nanocomposite technology and methodologies of generation, properties and generation of composite blends, and advances in synthesis of nanocomposites using solution blending methods. The book covers theoretical and experimental considerations of clay surface modification and the importance and effect of various prominent filler categories.

Given the essential role that primary producers play in aquatic ecosystems, it is imperative that the potential risk of pesticides to the structure and functioning of aquatic plants is adequately assessed. An integration of regulatory and research information from key specialists in the area of environmental regulation, Aquatic Macrophyte Risk Assessment for Pesticides provides a state-of-the-art guide to ecotoxicological risk assessment. Written by well-known experts in the field of aquatic risk assessment, this book is a practical reference for the assessment of the risk of pesticides with herbicidal activity to aquatic macrophytes. The book supplies a concise, coherent, and science-based view from influential regulators, academics, and industry scientists. They address the selection of additional species, critical regulatory endpoints, and assessing the risk of plant protection products to aquatic macrophytes. They also present a clear description of key issues in macrophyte risk assessment, information on macrophyte test methods, suitable measurement endpoints, and data evaluation and interpretation. Filled with recommendations distilled from existing regulatory experiences of aquatic macrophyte risk assessment, the book includes case studies to identify issues, data gaps, and inadequacies in study design. It also identifies improvements to risk assessment that could be implemented immediately and those for which further research is needed. An authoritative resource, the book points the way to an improved approach to aquatic macrophyte risk assessment.

Two-phase nano- and micro-thermal control device research is now proving relevant to a growing range of modern applications, including those in cryogenics, thermal engineering, MEMS, and aerospace engineering. Until now, researchers have lacked a definitive resource that provides a complete review of micro- and nano-scale evaporative heat and mass transfer in capillaries-porous structures. Transport Phenomena in Capillary-Porous Structures and Heat Pipes covers the latest experiemental research efforts in two-phase thermal control technology research and development. The book covers vaporization heat transfer and hydrodynamic processes occurring in capillary channels and porous structures-paying particular attention to the physical mechanisms of these phenomena. Extensive experimental research activities on unique film and photo materials of boiling inside slits, capillaries, and capillary-porous structures are reviewed. By providing a complete record of research in the field, this volume gives researchers, engineers, and practitioners working on vaporization heat transfer and hydrodynamic processes the findings needed to avoid unnecessary experimental efforts, and will help further the development of this dynamic area of research.

Worldwide energy and food crises are spotlighting the importance of bio-based products - an area many are calling on for solutions to these shortages. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology encapsulates the cutting-edge advances in the field with contributions from more than 50 international experts comprising sectors of academia, industry, and government research institutes, a virtual Who's Who among biocatalysis scientists. Created Under the Editorial Guidance of Leading Biotechnology Experts With the aid of numerous graphs and illustrations, this authoritative reference documents such important advances as: Cloning and characterization of Kennedy pathway acyltransferases Engineering of plants for industrial uses New approaches from acquired tolerance to the biotic and abiotic stress of economically important crops This comprehensive text also explores a variety of bio-based industrial products, including: The modification of enzyme character through gene manipulation The biocatalytic synthesis of chiral intermediates for drug development The use of Omega-3 phospholipid nano capsules as effective forms for transporting immune response modifiers Providing in-depth reviews of this ancient field and its modern-day advances, Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology is an invaluable lab reference for teachers, graduate students, and industrial scientists conducting research in the biosciences.

Focusing on fossil-fueled, nonpolluting power generation systems, Zero Emissions Power Cycles presents alternative solutions to the severe emissions problems of power plants. Along with a description of new thermodynamic cycles and the results of computational analyses, this volume provides modern analytical tools and equations to evaluate exergy and introduce "currentology". The authors explore various aspects of zero emissions power plant (ZEPP) technology, including carbon dioxide sequestration, ion transport, and oxygen enrichment. They show that ZEPP technology can: Provide affordable, clean power to meet expanding energy demand Solve critical environmental problems, such as eliminating carbon dioxide and pollutant emissions Address energy security issues by supporting the use of diverse fossil fuels, including integrated coal gasification and pulverized coal combustion Ease the economic cost of sustainable energy supplies primarily through the use of cogenerated carbon dioxide for enhanced oil recovery Addressing the significant human contribution to global warming, this book presents reasonable and effective approaches to minimize the harmful pollution that results from fossil fuel emissions. It shows how to create and operate ZEPPs, making our energy future clean, secure, and inexpensive.

Touted as the new darling of the chemical industry, alkyl polyglycosides are gaining in popularity due to the fact that they are readily biodegradable, low-toxic, and made from renewable resources. Sugar-Based Surfactants compiles the most recent and relevant aspects of sugar-based surfactants, including self-association, phase behavior, and interfacial properties. Focusing on both colloidal and interfacial science, the book deals with the adsorption of surfactants in both the air-liquid and solid-liquid interfaces. It also covers new advances in surfactant science, such as the development of a family of potent surface active agents that are non-toxic, and thus usable in ubiquitous consumer products

Derived from the fourth edition of the well-known Plastics Technology Handbook, Industrial Polymers, Specialty Polymers, and Their Applications covers a wide range of general and special types of polymers, along with a wealth of information about their applications. The book first focuses on commonly used industrial polymers, including polypropylenes, low- and high-density polyethylenes, and poly(vinyl chloride), as well as less widely used polymer types, such as acrylics, ether polymers, cellulosics, sulfide polymers, silicones, polysulfones, polyether ether ketones, and polybenzimidazoles. It then explores polymer derivatives and polymeric combinations that play special and often critical roles in diverse fields of human activities. The polymers covered include liquid crystal, electroactive, ionic, and shape memory polymers; hydrogels; and nanocomposites. The volume concludes with a comprehensive overview of new developments in the use of polymers in a variety of areas.

Bringing together academic, industrial, and governmental researchers and developers, Catalysis of Organic Reactions comprises 57 peer-reviewed papers on the latest scientific developments in applied catalysis for organic reactions. The volume describes the use of both heterogeneous and homogeneous catalyst systems and includes original research articles on processes with potential industrial applications. The contributors, renowned leaders in the field, discuss noteworthy findings that include the award-winning studies by Isamu Yamauchi on metastable precursors to Raney (R) catalysts and by Gadi Rothenberg on methods for finding the best homogeneous catalysts. The book covers the synthesis of fine chemicals and pharmaceutical intermediates, solid acid catalysis, selective oxidation, chiral synthesis, combinatorial methods, nanotechnology, and "green" processes. These topics are organized by broad groupings based on major process types, such as hydrogenations and oxidations, or themes, such as novel methods and environmental consciousness. Covering the most recent significant developments in catalysis, this compilation is ideal for chemists and chemical engineers who apply homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis in the synthesis of pharmaceutical, fine, or commodity chemicals.

Until now, no comprehensive handbook on industrial biocatalysis has been available. Soliciting chapters on virtually every aspect of biocatalysis from international experts most actively researching the field, the Handbook of Industrial Biocatalysis fills this need. The handbook is divided into three sections based on types of substrates. The first section describes the newest biotechnology and bioprocesses for producing industrial products from hydrophobic substrates such as oils and fats. The discussion of biocatalysis covers single and multiple catalytic reactions involved in the creation of products as well as molecular manipulation of enzymes and product recovery. The products include healthy food, nutritional supplements, nutraceuticals, specialty chemicals, surfactants, biopolymers, and antimicrobial agents. The second section covers the production of value-added products from carbohydrate substrates. The scope of this section includes ethanol production, oligosaccharides and glycosides, utilization of hemicelluloses, and carbohydrate-active enzymes. The third section is dedicated to other potential industrial applications such as bioelectrocatalysis for synthesizing chemicals, fuels, and new drugs. The authors explore novel nutrition delivery systems, green chemistry, and the industrial applications of extremophiles. The organizer of several annual worldwide symposia on biocatalysis, editor Ching T. Hou has compiled a cornerstone reference for scientists in academic, industrial, and government research institutes, as well as for graduate-level students involved in biosciences, chemical engineering, biotechnology, microbiology, oil and colloid chemistry, and food chemistry.

Kinetics, Transport, and Structure in Hard and Soft Materials is the only single reference that discusses the connection between structure and mechanisms of atomic or molecular transport in different classes of materials, from metals and semiconductors to network glasses, polymers and supercooled liquids. Divided into four parts, Part I begins with a discussion the fundamentals of transport, wherein transport properties of a system of non-interacting particles are calculated and the phenomenon of Brownian motion introduced. The phenomenology of diffusion is also discussed wherein Fick's laws are introduced and solved for a range of practical cases involving mass transport. Elementary Statistical mechanics, involving Partition functions, probability distribution functions and correlation functions, is discussed to lay the foundation for the subsequent discussion of mechanisms of transport in different materials. Parts II and III focus on mechanisms of transport in crystalline materials and in structurally disordered materials. Chapters explain how the mechanism of diffusional transport of an atom or molecule is intimately connected to the spatial organization of neighboring structural elements and to its interactions with them. The book reviews factors that control temperature dependent long-range dynamics of glass-forming systems. Diffusion and viscoelasticity of polymer melts, transport (viscous flow and ionic diffusion) in inorganic network glasses, and dynamic heterogeneity in super cooled liquids are described. Part IV analyzes the development of instabilities, such as spinodal decomposition and Mullins-Sekerka instabilities, which lead to the morphological evolution of materials. Kinetics, Transport, and Structure in Hard and Soft Materials emphasizes interdisciplinary nature of transport in materials, presenting its material in a user-friendly format for students from any discipline with a foundation in elementary