This thesis presents results from a combined atomic-resolution Z-contrast and annular bright-field imaging and electron energy loss spectroscopy in the Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy, as well as first principles studies of the interfaces between crystalline " "" "Si3N4 and amorphous (i) CeO2-x as well as (ii) SiO2 intergranular film (IGF). These interfaces are of a great fundamental and technological interest because they play an important role in the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of Si3N4 ceramics used in many high temperature and pressure applications. The main contribution of this work is its detailed description of the bonding characteristics of "light" atoms, in particular oxygen and nitrogen, at these interfaces, which has not been achieved before. The atomic-scale information on the arrangement of both light and heavy atoms is critical for realistic modeling of interface properties, such as interface strength and ion transport, and will facilitate increased control over the performance of ceramic and semiconductor materials for a wide-range of applications."

Handbook of Science and Engineering of Green Corrosion Inhibitors: Modern Theory, Fundamentals and Practical Applications presents developments in green corrosion inhibitors and current applications. The book provides an overview of green corrosion inhibitors such as plant extracts, chemical medicines, natural polymers, synthetic green compounds, carbohydrates, amino acids and oleochemicals that can cost-effectively minimize corrosive damage. The book handles several compounds used as anticorrosive materials for different metals and alloys in a versatile corrosive environment. Sections address the fundamental characteristics of green corrosion inhibition and deal with the economic impact of corrosion and forms of corrosion, while also assessing and classifying corrosion inhibitors. The book covers a broad range of applications in green corrosion inhibition and concludes with new emerging trends in corrosion protection such as high temperature corrosion and its protection and nanomaterials as corrosion inhibitors.

Contents - Adhesives - Cleaning Preparations - Cosmetics and Perfumes - Food Products - Furniture and Metal Polishes - Inks - Insecticides and Rodenticides - Miscellaneous - Paints - Pharmaceutical and Proprietary Preparations - Stain Removers - Veterinary Preparations - Tests: Various - Appendix A: Weights and Measures; Conversion Tables - Appendix B: Composition of Foods - Appendix C: Atomic Weights; Bibliography; Suppliers - Index -

Natural Polymers-Based Green Adsorbents for Water Treatment focuses on the recent development of novel polymeric adsorbents that are green and eco-friendly or biodegradable in nature. The book reviews the synthesis, properties and adsorption applications of natural and green polymer-based adsorbents. It discusses adsorption processes in biopolymer systems, remediation technologies developed to remove environmental pollutants, the usage of natural polymer-based cost-effective and green novel adsorbent materials for the removal of organic and inorganic contaminants, and the efficiency of functionalized polymers, nanosorbents, hydrogels, composites, graft copolymers in the sorption of various pollutants from the environment as well as from the industrial effluents. Researchers working on environmental remediation need a single book, where all data on natural and green adsorbents for water treatment are discussed comprehensively. Natural Polymers-Based Green Adsorbents for Water Treatment addresses this need by providing world-wide leading experts' observations and research. So, this book is a valuable reference for early-career scientist, academic researchers and graduate students in chemical engineering and material science.

Resource Recovery in Industrial Waste Waters provides a holistic approach for discovering and harnessing valuable resources from industrial wastewaters, the cutting-edge technologies required, and a discussion on the new findings. In three volumes, the books stress the importance of contaminated waters' remediation, including surface waters, municipal or industrial wastewaters and treating these waters as a new source of nutrients, minerals and energy. It introduces polluted waters as new and sustainable sources, rather than seeing wastewaters as only a source of hazardous organic and inorganic matters. Sections discuss wastewater treatment and recovery and contribute to generate a sustainable approach of wastewater by providing the main advantages and disadvantages of both wastewater/polluted water treatment and recovery.

Resource Recovery in Drinking Water Treatment concentrates on techniques and methods for water purification. The book develops a new approach—resource recovery—toward drinking water, including the role of methods (adsorption, membrane, ion – exchange, biosorption, coagulation, etc.) and nanocomposites (such as biochar, sludge-based composites, chitosan, polymer, magnetic particles, etc.) in water resource recovery. It provides an in-depth overview on emerging water treatment techniques and the resource recovery of materials during the treatment process. Finally, the book aims to introduce polluted waters as new and sustainable sources rather than seeing wastewaters only a source of hazardous organic and inorganic matters. This book is part of a three-volume set that stresses the importance of contaminated water remediation, including surface waters, municipal or industrial wastewaters, and waters as a new source of nutrients, minerals and energy.

Resource Recovery in Municipal Waste Waters provides various municipal wastewater remediation methods and techniques to recover materials from such wastewaters. Sections cover the basic principles of resource recovery, along with the recovery of methane, phosphorous, electricity and metals. The volume covers comprehensive cutting-edge techniques for resource recovery and municipal wastewater treatment and reports on new findings in these areas. It also introduces polluted waters as new and sustainable sources rather than seeing wastewaters as a source of hazardous organic and inorganic matters. The main advantages and disadvantages of both wastewater/polluted water treatment and recovery are also discussed. This three-volume set stresses the importance of contaminated waters remediation, including surface waters, municipal or industrial wastewaters, treating these waters as a new source of nutrients, minerals and energy.

Crises in Oil, Gas and Petrochemical Industries: Disasters and Environmental Challenges provides an overview of both natural and manmade disasters occurring in oil, gas and petrochemical industries while also covering special solutions based on their types. This volume includes the effects of natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods and hurricanes as well as manmade incidents including fire events, explosions and the release of dust and toxic substances on various related units and plants. In addition, the long-term side effects on both humans and the environment resulted from these industries are presented. Problems such as releasing wastes and venting gases into the environment and challenges from overusing the natural resources and producing noise pollutants are also discussed in detail.

Smart Membrane Materials and Systems: From Flat Membranes to Microcapsule Membranes" comprehensively and systematically treats modern understanding of smart or intelligent membranes with environmental stimuli-responsive functions. The contents range from flat membranes to microcapsule membranes with various response properties, such as thermo-response, pH-response, glucose-response, molecular-recognition, and dual-/multi-stimuli-response. While chapters may be read as stand-alone, together they clearly describe cover design concepts, fabrication strategies and methods, microstructures and performances of smart membranes. Vivid schematics and illustrations throughout the book enhance accessibility to the theory and technologies.

The book is intended for researchers and postgraduate students in membrane science and technology, separations and controlled-release.

Dr. Liang-Yin Chu is a professor at the School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, China. He is a Distinguished Young Scholar of the National Natural Science Foundation of China and a Distinguished Professor of "Chang Jiang Scholars Program" of the Ministry of Education of China."

A hands-on, integrated approach to solving combustion problems in diverse areas

An understanding of turbulence, combustion, and multiphase reacting flows is essential for engineers and scientists in many industries, including power genera-tion, jet and rocket propulsion, pollution control, fire prevention and safety, and material processing. This book offers a highly practical discussion of burning behavior and chemical processes occurring in diverse materials, arming readers with the tools they need to solve the most complex combustion problems facing the scientific community today. The second of a two-volume work, Applications of Turbulent and Multiphase Combustion expands on topics involving laminar flames from Professor Kuo's bestselling book Principles of Combustion, Second Edition, then builds upon the theory discussed in the companion volume Fundamentals of Turbulent and Multiphase Combustion to address in detail cutting-edge experimental techniques and applications not covered anywhere else.

Special features of this book include:

Coverage of advanced applications such as solid propellants, burning behavior, and chemical boundary layer flows

A multiphase systems approach discussing basic concepts before moving to higher-level applications

A large number of practical examples gleaned from the authors' experience along with problems and a solutions manual

Engineers and researchers in chemical and mechanical engineering and materials science will find Applications of Turbulent and Multiphase Combustion an indispensable guide for upgrading their skills and keeping up with this rapidly evolving area. It is also an excellent resource for students and professionals in mechanical, chemical, and aerospace engineering.

This book aims to include various significant research topics of mathematical fluid mechanics having relevance or applications in engineering and applied sciences, covering the tools and techniques used for developing mathematical methods and modelling related to real-life situations.

In recent years, the replacement of non-renewable crude oil by renewable sources has been addressed, particularly in developed countries. Its main driving force has been the increasing demand and limited reserves of fossil fuels, the greenhouse gas effect, and the need of securing energy supplies. Advanced Solid Catalysts for Renewable Energy Production provides emerging research on renewable energy production, catalysts, and environmental effects of increased productivity. While highlighting the challenges for future generations to develop in the sustainable energy age, readers will learn the importance of new approaches not only for synthesizing more active and selective (nano)catalysts, but also, for designing innovative catalytic processes that can eventually meet the growing energy efficiency demand and overcome the environmental issues. This book is an important resource for academicians, university researchers, technology developers, and graduate level students.

Methodologies and Applications for Chemoinformatics and Chemical Engineering brings together innovative research, new concepts, and novel developments in the application of informatics tools for applied chemistry and computer science. This book is essential amongst chemists, engineers, and researchers in providing mutual communication between academics and industry professionals around the world.

Osmosis Engineering provides a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art surrounding osmosis-based research and industrial applications. The book covers the underpinning theories, technology developments and commercial applications. Sections discuss innovative and advanced membranes and modules for osmosis separation processes (e.g., reverse osmosis, forward osmosis, pressure retarded osmosis, osmotic membrane distillation), different application of these osmosis separation processes for energy and water separation, such as the treatment of radioactive waste, oily wastewater and heavy metal removal, draw solutions, pretreatment technologies, fouling effects, the use of renewable energy driven osmotic processes, computational, environmental and economic studies, and more.

Theoretical Concepts of Photocatalysis offers a systematic overview of photocatalysis while also exploring the theory and experimental studies of charge carrier dynamics. Introducing the fundamental concepts of photocatalytic reactions involving different types of photocatalysts for various applications, including the treatment of water and air, in food packaging, and in the biomedical and medical fields, the book shows different classes of photocatalysts for novel energy and environmental related applications. In addition, significant advantages, such as its low cost, high efficiency, harmlessness and stability are discussed alongside future perspectives and challenges related to photocatalysis. Focusing on nanostructure control, synthesis methods, activity enhancement strategies, environmental applications, and perspectives of semiconductor-based nanostructures, this book offers guidelines for designing new semiconductor-based photocatalysts with low cost and high efficiency to meet the demands of the efficient utilization of solar energy in the area of energy production and environment remediation.

Laser Processing and Chemistry gives an overview of the fundamentals and applications of laser-matter interactions, in particular with regard to laser material processing. Special attention is given to laser-induced physical and chemical processes at gas-solid, liquid-solid, and solid-solid interfaces. Starting with the background physics, the book proceeds to examine applications of laser techniques in micro-machining, and the patterning, coating, and modification of material surfaces. Thisfourth edition has been revised and enlarged to cover new topics such as 3D microfabrication, advances in nanotechnology, ultrafast laser technology and laser chemical processing (LCP).
Graduate students, physicists, chemists, engineers, and manufacturers alike will find this book an invaluable reference work on laser processing.

Green Sustainable Process for Chemical and Environmental Engineering and Science: Analytical Techniques for Environmental and Industrial Analysis offers an in-depth overview of analytical tools used in the analysis of environmental and industrial samples. The basic related to the qualitative and quantitative analysis and challenges responsible for analytical methods of analysis are discussed in detail. It also summarizes the spectroscopic tools to study the environmental and industrial samples. It reviews all-types of green analytical tools and methods used for the analysis of soil and sediment, wastewater, toxic organic and inorganic analytes, and biological samples. The analytical methods for the analytes of industrial importance like pharmaceutical industries, food industries, metal, water, and cement industries are discussed. This book provides an overview of the environmental and industrial analysis using green analytical chemistry tools and methodologies usable in environmental, analytical, engineering, pharmaceutical, and industrial sectors.

Green Solvents for Environmental Remediation provides an in-depth overview of environmental remediation by using eutectic solvents, ionic liquids, biosolvents, and switchable solvents, of ionic-liquids, biosolvents, Gas-expanded solvents Liquid polymers, supercritical fluids, Polymer-based green solvents, Switchable solvents, etc. This book offers all-types of green solvents for the removal of contaminations from the soil, air, and water. It summarizes in-depth literature on the application of various green solvents in the areas such as municipal water, extraction, bioremediation, phytoremediation, soil and sediment remediation, toxic gases removal, and various industrial effluents. A brief introduction, limitations, and advantages to the practical use of green solvents are also discussed. This book is authored by experts in a broad range of fields. It is an invaluable reference guide for the sustainable and environmentally friendly development of synthetic methodologies for environmental, analytical, engineering, and industrial technology.

Green Sustainable Process for Chemical and Environmental Engineering and Science: Solvents for the Pharmaceutical Industry aims at providing a detailed overview of applications of green solvents in pharmaceutical industries. It also focuses on providing a detailed literature survey on the green solvents for pharmaceutical analysis, drug design, synthesis, and production, etc. It summarizes the applications of various greens solvents such as water, cyrene, vegetable oils, ionic liquids, ethyl lactate, eutectic solvents, and glycerol in contrast to toxic solvents. This book provides an overview of the use of green solvents for the sustainable and environmentally friendly development of synthetic methodologies for biomedical and pharmaceutical industries.

Exhibiting both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic properties, nanocatalysts allow for rapid and selective chemical transformations, with the benefits of excellent product yield and ease of catalyst separation and recovery. This book reviews the catalytic performance and the synthesis and characterization of nanocatalysts, examining the current state of the art and pointing the way towards new avenues of research. Moreover, the authors discuss new and emerging applications of nanocatalysts and nanocatalysis, from pharmaceuticals to fine chemicals to renewable energy to biotransformations. Nanocatalysis features contributions from leading research groups around the world. These contributions reflect a thorough review of the current literature as well as the authors first-hand experience designing and synthesizing nanocatalysts and developing new applications for them. The book s nineteen chapters offer a broad perspective, covering: * Nanocatalysis for carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom coupling reactions * Nanocatalysis for various organic transformations in fine chemical synthesis * Nanocatalysis for oxidation, hydrogenation, and other related reactions * Nanomaterial-based photocatalysis and biocatalysis * Nanocatalysts to produce non-conventional energy such as hydrogen and biofuels * Nanocatalysts and nano-biocatalysts in the chemical industry Readers will also learn about the latest spectroscopic and microscopy tools used in advanced characterization methods that shed new light on nanocatalysts and nanocatalysis. Moreover, the authors offer expert advice to help readers develop strategies to improve catalytic performance. Summarizing and reviewing all the most important advances in nanocatalysis over the last two decades, this book explains the many advantages of nanocatalysts over conventional homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, providing the information and guidance needed for designing green, sustainable catalytic processes.

Purification of Laboratory Chemicals: Part One, Physical Techniques, Chemical Techniques, Organic Chemicals, Ninth Edition describes contemporary methods for the purification of chemical compounds. The work includes tabulated methods taken from literature for purifying thousands of individual commercially available chemical substances. To help in applying this information, the more common processes currently used for purification in chemical laboratories and new methods are discussed. For dealing with substances not separately listed, another chapter is included, setting out the usual methods for purifying specific classes of compounds. Laboratory workers, whether carrying out research or routine work, will invariably need to consult this book. Apart from the procedures described, the large amount of physical data about listed chemicals is essential. This fully updated, revised and expanded new edition includes the purification of many new substances that have been available commercially since 2017, along with previously available substances which have found new applications.

Green Sustainable Process for Chemical and Environmental Engineering and Science: Recent Advances in Nanocarriers covers nanocarrier synthesis techniques, as well as methods for encapsulating bioactive compounds. The book explores the tests carried out to evaluate their pharmacological properties, in addition to investigating the recent results on clinical tests carried out for some nanocarriers. This book addresses the most recent advances in nanocarriers and their diverse applications in modern medicine for the treatment of diseases and diagnostics. Recent clinical tests that some nanocarriers are undergoing is discussed as well.