Although many papers have been published describing methods for the inorganic analysis of petroleum no book has previously appeared devoted exclusively to this subject. The purpose of this work is to provide a laboratory handbook for industrial analysts of various degrees of professional training covering the determination of those elements commonly occurring in various types of petroleum products. The procedures represent, from the author's point of view, a reasonable compromise among the usual conflicting interests of speed, accuracy, and cost, and emphasize manufacturing rather than research applications. CONTENTS: Introduction 1. The Inorganic Components of Petroleum 2. Preparation of Samples for Inorganic Analysis: Direct Ashing, Soft Ashing and Wet Oxidation, Direct Wet Oxidation, Fusion with Pyrosulfate, The Oxygen Bomb, The Peroxide Bomb, Sodium Dehalogenation, Extraction Methods, Combustion Methods, Alkaline Sulfide Treatment, Direct Methods, Combustion Tube, Emission Spectrograph, X-rays 3. Aluminum: Colorimetric Determination, Gravimetric Determination 4. Arsenic 5. Barium: Determination in New Lubricating Oils, Determination in Used Lubricating Oils 6. Boron: Colorimetric Determination, Alkalimetric Determination 7. Calcium: Determination in New Lubricating Oils and Additives, Determination in Used Lubricating Oils, Estimation of Smaller Concentrations 8. Chromium 9. Cobalt: Electrolytic Determination, Volumetric Determination 10. Copper: Determination in Gasoline, Determination in Naphthenate Driers, Determination in Distillates, Determination in Used Lubricating Oils 11. The Halogens: Peroxide Bomb Combustion, Sodium Dehalogenation, Extraction Procedures, Wickbold Oxyhydrogen Combustion, Potentiometric Determination of Bromide and Chloride, Colorimetric Determination of Chloride, Volumetric Determination of Fluoride 12. Iron: Determination in Distillates, Determination in Used Lubricating Oils, Determination in Naphthenate Driers, Colorimetric Determination, Volumetric Determination 13. Lead: Determination in Naphthenate Driers, Determination in Light Distillates, Determination in Lubricating Oils 14. Manganese 15. Molybdenum: Determination in New Lubricating Oils, Determination in Used Lubricating Oils 16. Nickel: Determination in Distillates, Gravimetric Determination 17. Nitrogen: Determination of Total Nitrogen by Kjeldahl Method, Determination of Basic Nitrogen, Determination of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds 18. Phosphorus: Decomposition by Ashing in Presence of Zinc Oxide, Colorimetric Methods, Alkalimetric Determination of Phosphorus 19. Selenium: Colorimetric Determination, Volumetric Determination 20. Silicon: Determination in Synthetic Oils, Determination of Silica in Used Lubricating Oils 21. Sodium: Decomposition of Sample by Direct Ashing, Gravimetric Determination, Determination by Flame Photometer 22. Sulfur: Determination by Peroxide Fusion Bomb, Determination by Wickbold Oxyhydrogen Combustion 23. Vanadium: Determination in Distillates, Determination in Fuel Oils, Volumetric Determination 24. Zinc: Determination in Additives and Naphthenate Driers, Determination in New and Used Lubricating Oils, Potentiometric Determination, Gravimetric Determination; Appendix; Wickbold Apparatus for Oxyhydrogen Combustion; Index

Contents - 1. The Free Atom- The contribution of spectroscopy - The Rutherford-Bohr model of the atom - Modern quantum theory - The Pauli exclusion principle - The periodic system - Isotopes - 2. The Bound Atom - Band structure - The attractive and repulsive forces in binding - Stable electron configurations - Ionic bonding - Covalent bonding - Van der Waals' forces - The metallic bond - Implications of the type of bond on the structure of elements - Implications on conductivity - 3. Constitution - Crystallographic principles - The unit cell - The face centred cubic lattice - The close-packed hexagonal lattice. The body-centred cubic lattice - Twin crystals - The rhombohedral lattice - The tetragonal lattice - The structure of compounds - The silicate structure - Glasses - Carbon compounds - 4. Imperfections in Crystals - The surface - Vacant lattice sites - Interstitial atoms - Line and plane defects - Dislocations - Dislocation climb - Dislocation jogs - Imperfect dislocations - Sessile dislocations - Frank-Read sources - 5. The Vibration of Atoms and their Thermal Properties - The lattice vibration - Specific heat - Thermal expansion - Melting - Anisotropy - Thermal conductivity of insulators - Thermal shock - Thermal conductivity of good conductors - 6. Electrical, Magnetic, and Optical Properties - Electrical conductivity - Ionic conductivity - Semiconductors - Thermoelectric effects - Magnetic properties - Ferromagnetism - Antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism - Dielectrics - Optical properties - Other electromagnetic radiations - 7. Mechanical Properties - General aspects - Electricity - Plasticity - Resolved shear stress - The role of dislocations in plastic flow - The effect of temperature - Fracture - Creep - Fatigue - Thermal cycling - 8. Metals and Alloys - Properties of pure metals - Compatibility - Interstitial solid solution - Substitutional solid solution - Intermetallic compounds - Equilibrium and non-equilibrium - The properties of alloys - Precipitation in alloys - Complex alloys - 9. Non-metallic Materials - General - Timber - Stone, concrete, and asphalt - Plastics - Ceramics and glasses - Cermets - 10. Service Factors - General - Heterogeneity - Residual stresses - Corrosion - Radiation damage - Conclusion - Further Reading - Author Index - Subject Index - Preface - This book attempts to provide the broad background, to illustrate the basic reasons for the properties of elements, and to explain the consequences of chemical combination, alloying, and mixing. Most previous books have touched only lightly on the atom itself, but my experience in teaching engineers in the University of Manchester suggests that a greater depth of approach is welcome, perhaps because it can account for so much of the subsequent behaviour of metals.

The Chemical Batch Reactor is aimed at tackling the above problems from a blending of academic and industrial perspectives. Advanced solutions (i.e., those based on recent research results) to the four fundamental problems of modeling, identification, control and fault diagnosis for batch processes are developed in detail in four distinct chapters. In each chapter, a general overview of foundational concepts is also given, together with a review of recent and classical literature on the various subjects.

To provide a unitary treatment of the different topics and give a firm link to the underlying practical applications, a single case study is developed as the book progresses; a batch process of industrial interest, i.e., the phenol-formaldehyde reaction for the production of phenolic resins, is adopted to test the various techniques developed. In this way, a roadmap of the solutions to fundamental problems, ranging from the early stages of the production process to the complete design of control and diagnosis systems, is provided for both industrial practitioners and academic researchers.

There is hardly a technical library in the world in which the volumes of the Chemical Formulary (Volumes 1-34) do not occupy a prominent place. Chemists both experienced and beginner, continually refer to them. It does not duplicate any of the formulas included in previous volumes, but lists a wide array of modern and salable products from all branches of the chemical industries. An excellent reference for formulation problems. - CONTENTS - I. Introduction - II. Adhesives - III. Beverages and Foods - IV. Cosmetics - V. Coatings - VI. Detergents and Disinfectants - VII. Drug Products - VIII. Metal Treatments - IX. Polishes - X. Textile Specialties - XI. Miscellaneous - Appendix - Index - Preface - Chemistry, as taught in our schools and colleges, concerns chiefly synthesis, analysis, and engineering-and properly so. It is part of the right foundation for the education of the chemist. Many a chemist entering an Industry soon finds that most of the products manufactured by his concern are not synthetic or definite complex compounds, but are mixtures, blends, or highly complex compounds of which he knows little or nothing. The literature in this field, if any, may be meager, scattered, or obsolete. Even chemists with years of experience In one or more Industries spend considerable time and effort in acquainting themselves with any new field which they may enter. Consulting chemists similarly have to solve problems brought to them from industries foreign to them. There was a definite need for an up-to-date compilation of formulae for chemical compounding and treatment. Since the fields to be covered are many and varied, an editorial board of chemists and engineers engaged in many industries was formed. Many publications, laboratories, manufacturing firms, and Individuals have been consulted to obtain the latest and best information. It is felt that the formulas given in this volume will save chemists and allied workers much time and effort. Manufacturers and sellers of chemicals will find, In these formulae, new uses for their products. Non-chemical executives, professional men, and Interested laymen will make through this volume a "speaking acquaintance" with products which they may be using, trying or selling. It often happens that two Individuals using the same Ingredients in the same formula get different results. This may be due to slight deviations in the raw materials or unfamiliarity with the intricacies of a new technique. Accordingly, repeated experiments may be necessary to get the best results. Although many of the formulas given are being used commercially, many have been taken from the literature and may be subject to various errors and omissions. This should be taken into consideration. Wherever possible, it is advisable to consult with other chemists or technical workers regarding commercial production.

This book provides a hybrid methodology for engineering of trickle bed reactors by integrating conventional reaction engineering models with state-of-the-art computational flow models. The content may be used in several ways and at various stages in the engineering process: it may be used as a basic resource for making appropriate reactor engineering decisions in practice; as study material for a course on reactor design, operation, or optimization of trickle bed reactors; or in solving practical reactor engineering problems. The authors assume some background knowledge of reactor engineering and numerical techniques.

Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) represent predictive models derived from the application of statistical tools correlating biological activity or other properties of chemicals with descriptors representative of molecular structure and/or property. Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships in Drug Design, Predictive Toxicology, and Risk Assessment discusses recent advancements in the field of QSARs with special reference to their application in drug development, predictive toxicology, and chemical risk analysis. Focusing on emerging research in the field, this book is an ideal reference source for industry professionals, students, and academicians in the fields of medicinal chemistry and toxicology.

The second part of Bioenergy: Principles and Technologies continues the discussion of biomass energy technologies covering fuel ethanol production, pyrolysis, biomass-based hydrogen production and fuel synthesis, biodiesel, municipal solid water treatment and microbial fuel cells. With a combination of theories, experiments and case studies, it is an essential reference for bioenergy researchers, industrial chemists and chemical engineers.

Properties of chemical compounds and their mixtures are needed in almost every aspect of process and product design. When the use of experimental data is not possible, one of the most widely used options in the use of property estimation models.
Computer Aided Property Estimation for Process and Product Design provides a presentation of the most suitable property estimation models available today as well as guidelines on how to select an appropriate model. Problems that users are faced with, such as: which models to use and what their accuracy is, are addressed using a systematical approach to property estimation.
The volume includes contributions from leading experts from academia and industry. A wide spectrum of properties and phase equilibria types is covered, making it indispensable for research, development and educational purposes.
* This book presents the latest developments in computational modelling for thermodynamic property estimation.
* It combines theory with practice and includes illustrative examples of software applications.
* The questions users of property models are faced with are addressed comprehensively.

Acknowledgements - Introduction - Contents - Part One- Natural Rubber - 1. THE STORY OF NATURAL RUBBER - The early history - The beginnings of the rubber industry - Goodyear and vulcanization - Plantation rubber - 2. THE NATURE OF NATURAL RUBBER - The physical properties of natural rubber- Tensile properties - Dynamic properties - Hardness - Abrasion - Electrical properties - The chemistry of natural rubber - Atoms and molecules - The formula of natural rubber - The elasticity of natural rubber - Part Two-Synthetic Rubber - 3. HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION TO SYNTHETIC RUBBER - The beginnings of synthetic rubber production - Synthetic rubber in the First World War - Progress between the wars - The American contribution - Developments after the Second World War - 4. THE MANUFACTURE OF GENERAL PURPOSE SYNTHETIC RUBBER - Butadiene: Petroleum - Butadiene and cracking - Styrene Production of the polymer: Emulsion polymerization - The polymerization formula - The synthetic rubber plant - 5. THE PROCESSING OF GENERAL PURPOSE SYNTHETIC RUBBER - Processing machinery: The bale-cutting machine - The mill - The internal mixer - The calendar - The spreading machine - The extruder Compounding: Plasticizers and softeners - Tack - Extenders - Reclaimed rubber - Fillers - Colouring materials - The ageing of rubber - Antioxidants - Vulcanization Accelerators - Vulcanization activators - Summary of compounding 6. SPECIAL PURPOSE RUBBERS - Nitrile rubber - Butyl rubber - Neoprene - Thiokol - Silicone rubbers - Polyurethanes - Hard rubber - 7. THE MANUFACTURE OF RUBBER ARTICLES - Mechanicals: Soles and heels - Bathing caps - Hot water bottles - Extruded articles - Wires and cables - Hose: Plain hose - Wrapped hose - Moulded hose - Armouring - Belting: Conveyor belts - Transmission belting - Rubber balls: Gold balls - Tyres: The cover - The bead - The casing - The tread and sidewalls - Cover building - Vulcanizing the cover - Inner tubes - Goods from latex: Compounding latex - Dipped goods - Latex thread - Latex foam - Part Three-The Future of Rubber - 8. MODERN DEVELOPMENTS - Polymerization: Condensation polymerization - Addition polymerization - Initiators - The arrangement of atoms in a chain - Synthetic natural rubber - cis Polybutadiene - Radiation and rubber: Polymerization - Cross-linking - Looking ahead - Bibliography - Glossary - Index - Plates - The object of this book is to explain what these various rubbers are, how they behave, and why they behave as they do. As synthetic rubbers are now being made in this country and will play an important part in the future of the rubber industry, most of this book is devoted to them. How they are made and how they compare with natural rubber is discussed in the appropriate place.- To enable a reasonable comparison to be made between natural rubber and the various synthetic rubbers the subject has been treated from a scientific standpoint, and to keep the size of the book between reasonable limits much technological information has been omitted. Because of the comparison between natural and synthetic rubbers the first section of this book is devoted to natural rubber. In this section the fundamentals of rubber science are introduced, to be developed later in connection with the synthetic rubbers. This book is intended as an introduction to a complex subject, and as a surveyor report for non-technical readers who wish to know something about rubber. The reader who requires further information on a particular point or topic should consult the bibliography at the end of the book.-

There is hardly a technical library in the world in which the volumes of the Chemical Formulary (Volumes 1-34) do not occupy a prominent place. Chemists both experienced and beginner, continually refer to them. It does not duplicate any of the formulas included in previous volumes, but lists a wide array of modern and salable products from all branches of the chemical industries. An excellent reference for formulation problems. -CONTENTS - I. Introduction - II. Adhesives - III. Coatings - IV. Cosmetics - V. Detergents and Disinfectants - VI. Drug Products - VII. Elastomers, Plastics and Resins - VIII. Foods and Beverages - IX. Polishes - X. Textile Specialties - XI. Miscellaneous - Appendix - Index - PREFACE - Chemistry, as taught in our schools and colleges, concerns chiefly synthesis, analysis, and engineering-and properly so. It is part of the right foundation for the education of the chemist. Many a chemist entering an Industry soon finds that most of the products manufactured by his concern are not synthetic or definite complex compounds, but are mixtures, blends, or highly complex compounds of which he knows little or nothing. The literature in this field, if any, may be meager, scattered, or obsolete. Even chemists with years of experience In one or more Industries spend considerable time and effort in acquainting themselves with any new field which they may enter. Consulting chemists similarly have to solve problems brought to them from industries foreign to them. There was a definite need for an up-to-date compilation of formulae for chemical compounding and treatment. Since the fields to be covered are many and varied, an editorial board of chemists and engineers engaged in many industries was formed. Many publications, laboratories, manufacturing firms, and Individuals have been consulted to obtain the latest and best information. It is felt that the formulas given in this volume will save chemists and allied workers much time and effort. Manufacturers and sellers of chemicals will find, In these formulae, new uses for their products. Non-chemical executives, professional men, and Interested laymen will make through this volume a "speaking acquaintance" with products which they may be using, trying or selling. It often happens that two Individuals using the same Ingredients in the same formula get different results. This may be due to slight deviations in the raw materials or unfamiliarity with the intricacies of a new technique. Accordingly, repeated experiments may be necessary to get the best results. Although many of the formulas given are being used commercially, many have been taken from the literature and may be subject to various errors and omissions. This should be taken into consideration. Wherever possible, it is advisable to consult with other chemists or technical workers regarding commercial production.

Multi-scale analysis and simulation of chemical processing and reactions have received unprecedented attention in recent years; however, measurement technology focused on multi-scale structures, particularly on meso-scale phenomena, has not been sufficiently addressed. This volume of "Advances in Chemical Engineering" focuses on the ""Characterization of Flow, Particles and Interfaces" "to alert the chemical engineering community to this challenging issue presenting six meso-scale measurement technologies.

There is hardly a technical library in the world in which the volumes of the Chemical Formulary (Volumes 1-34) do not occupy a prominent place. It does not duplicate any of the formulas included in previous volumes, but lists a wide array of modern and salable products from all branches of the chemical industries. An excellent reference for formulation problems. - CONTENTS - I. Introduction - II. Adhesives - III. Coatings - IV. Cosmetics - V. Detergents and Disinfectants - VI. Drug Products - VII. Suspensions and Emulsions - VIII. Food Products - IX. Metals and Their Treatment - X. Polish - XI. Textile Chemical Specialties - XII. Miscellaneous - Appendix - Index - PREFACE - Chemistry, as taught in our schools and colleges, concerns chiefly synthesis, analysis, and engineering-and properly so. It is part of the right foundation for the education of the chemist. Many a chemist entering an Industry soon finds that most of the products manufactured by his concern are not synthetic or definite complex compounds, but are mixtures, blends, or highly complex compounds of which he knows little or nothing. The literature in this field, if any, may be meager, scattered, or obsolete. Even chemists with years of experience In one or more Industries spend conslderable time and effort in acquainting themselves with any new field which they may enter. Consulting chemists similarly have to solve problems brought to them from industries foreign to them. There was a definite need for an up-to-date compilation of formulae for chemical compounding and treatment. Since the fields to be covered are many and varied, an editorial board of chemists and engineers engaged in many industries was formed. Many publications, laboratories, manufacturing firms, and Individuals have been consulted to obtain the latest and best information. It is felt that the formulas given in this volume will save chemists and allied workers much time and effort.

The advancement of modern technology has allowed for impressive developments in manufacturing processes. Out of these developments, additive manufacturing has emerged as a new method. The use of adding material to produce objects has become a useful method for transforming materials into finished products. Additive Manufacturing: Breakthroughs in Research and Practice examines trends, challenges, issues, and strategies related to 3D object scanners and computer-aided design software in manufacturing processes and its impact on materials manufacturing production. The book also explores the benefits of using additive manufacturing in industrial settings, as well as future outlooks for this technology. This publication is an ideal reference source for engineers, managers, academicians, practitioners, professionals, and researchers interested in current research on additive manufacturing processes.

Much has been written about fundamental aspects of catalysis, yet despite their universal applications details concerning commercial catalysts and information about actual operating conditions are not readily available. This book provides up-to-date reviews and references to guide those working on industrial catalysts. It will be an invaluable guide for catalysis researchers in industry and academia, and for students.

Magnetic nanocatalysts are becoming an important tool for greener catalytic processes in chemical transformations in view of the ease of their removal from a reaction medium. This book explores assorted magnetic nanocatalysts, their deployment in synthesis, chemical transformation and their recovery and reuse. Various thematic topics embodied include magnetic nanocatalysts for S-S bond formation, N-heterocycle formation, C-heteroatom bond formation, silica-supported catalysts, multicomponent reactions, including their recyclability; another available volume emphasizes the utility of magnetic nanocatalysts in industrial appliances.

A handbook on syntheses and properties, production processes, and applications of maleic anhydride and maleic anhydride derived products - all in one text. This handbook provides a comprehensive overview of maleic anhydride chemistry and applications from the professional perspective. With chapters written by leading R&D scientists from the chemical industry, and edited by the Vice President and ASI Technology Chief at Ashland Specialty Ingredients (ASI), Dr. Osama M. Musa, readers will find a unique perspective and summary of the latest advancements in the field of maleic anhydride science. Maleic anhydride is produced industrially on large scale (10E3 kt/annum). Its rich chemistry makes it an important raw material for numerous products and processes (e.g. for applications in polymers and coatings), many of which are covered in this handbook for the first time in a comprehensive manner. The broad scope spans topics ranging from production techniques (including topics such as processes, catalysis, trouble-shooting), synthesis and properties of small and polymeric maleic anhydride based compounds (focusing on industrially relevant compounds as well as emerging areas of importance) and in-depth and broad discussions of commercial maleic anhydride based applications.

Contents - 1. SOLIDS-STORAGE AND HANDLING - General - Conveyors - Drying - 2. LIQUIDS-STORAGE AND HANDLING - Tanks - Pumps - Mechanical Seals - 3. GASES-STORAGE AND HANDLING - General - Handling Air - Types of Apparatus - 4. PIPE, FITTINGS, VALVES - Pipe Types- Valve Types - 5. MIXING OF MATERIALS - Blending of Solids - Mixing of Fluids - Operating Notes - 6. HEATING AND COOLING - General - Heat Exchangers - Suggestions for Operation - 7. SEPARATION OF MATERIALS - Solids from Solids - Solids from Liquids - Liquids from Liquids - Gases from Gases - 8. UTILITIES - Heating Systems - Cooling Systems - Refrigeration - Process Water - Electrical Systems - Air Systems - 9. INSTRUMENTS FOR PRESSURE - General - Indicators - Transmitters - Regulators - 10. INSTRUMENTS FOR TEMPERATURE - Primary Elements - Transmitters - Regulators - 11. INSTRUMENTS FOR FLOW AND LIQUID LEVEL - Indicators - Flow Transmitters - Liquid Level Indicators and Transmitters - 12. INSTRUMENTS FOR CONTROL - Recorders and Integrators - Controllers - Operating Pointers - Control Valves - Miscellaneous -

"A comprehensive guide to solid-state chemistry which is ideal for all undergraduate levels. It covers well the fundamentals of the area, from basic structures to methods of analysis, but also introduces modern topics such as sustainability." Dr. Jennifer Readman, University of Central Lancashire, UK "The latest edition of Solid State Chemistry combines clear explanations with a broad range of topics to provide students with a firm grounding in the major theoretical and practical aspects of the chemistry of solids." Professor Robert Palgrave, University College London, UK Solid State Chemistry: An Introduction 5th edition is a fully revised edition of one of our most successful textbooks with at least 20% new information. Solid-state chemistry is still a rapidly advancing field, contributing to areas such as batteries for transport and energy storage, nanostructured materials, porous materials for the capture of carbon dioxide and other pollutants. This edition aims, as previously, not only to teach the basic science that underpins the subject, but also to direct the reader to the most modern techniques and to expanding and new areas of research. The user-friendly style takes a largely non-mathematical approach and gives practical examples of applications of solid state materials and concepts. A notable and timely addition to the 5th edition is a chapter on sustainability written by an expert in the field. Examples of how solid state chemistry contribute to sustainability are also given in relevant chapters. Other new topics in this edition include cryo-electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ESCA) and covalent organic frameworks. A companion website offering accessible resources for students and instructors alike, featuring topics and tools such as quizzes, videos, web links and more has been provided for this edition. New in the Fifth Edition A companion website which offers accessible resources for students and instructors alike, featuring topics and tools such as quizzes, videos, web links and more A new chapter on sustainability in solid-state chemistry written by an expert in this field Cryo-electron microscopy X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ESCA) Covalent organic frameworks Graphene oxide and bilayer graphene Elaine A. Moore studied chemistry as an undergraduate at Oxford University and then stayed on to complete a DPhil in theoretical chemistry with Peter Atkins. After a two-year postdoctoral position at the University of Southampton, she joined the Open University in 1975, becoming a lecturer in chemistry in 1977, senior lecturer in 1998, and reader in 2004. She retired in 2017 and currently has an honorary position at the Open University. She has produced OU teaching texts in chemistry for courses at levels 1, 2, and 3 and written texts in astronomy at level 2 and physics at level 3. She was team leader for the production and presentation of an Open University level 2 chemistry module delivered entirely online. She is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry and a Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. She was co-chair for the successful Departmental submission of an Athena Swan bronze award. Lesley E. Smart studied chemistry at Southampton University, United Kingdom. After completing a PhD in Raman spectroscopy, she moved to a lectureship at the (then) Royal University of Malta. After returning to the United Kingdom, she took an SRC Fellowship to Bristol University to work on X-ray crystallography. From 1977 to 2009, she worked at the Open University chemistry department as a lecturer, senior lecturer, and Molecular Science Programme director, and she held an honorary senior lectureship there until her death in 2016. At the Open University, she was involved in the production of undergraduate courses in inorganic and physical chemistry and health sciences. She served on the Council of the Royal Society of Chemistry and as the chair of their Benevolent Fund.

This volume on automotive emission control emphasizes the role of chemical engineering in automotive emission control. Clearly the development of mathematical models describing the different functions of the converter(s), as well as their interaction, has been and still is crucial. Each of the contributions advocates the implementation of the latter, combined with experimental validation, rather than engaging into elaborate experimental programs.
*Provides original reviews
*Contains features by leading chemical engineers
*Reviews state-of-the-art developments

Researchers in polymeric membranes as well as R&D professionals will find this work an essential addition to the literature. It concentrates on the method recently developed to study the surfaces of synthetic polymeric membranes using an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), which is fast becoming a very important tool. Each chapter includes information on basic principles, commercial applications, an overview of current research and guidelines for future research.