Many elements and inorganic compounds play an extraordinary role in daily life for numerous applications, e. g., construction materials, inorganic pigments, inorganic coatings, steel, glass, technical gases, energy storage and conversion materials, fertilizers, homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, photofunctional materials, semiconductors, superconductors, soft- and hard magnets, technical ceramics, hard materials, or biomedical and bioactive materials. The present book is written by experienced authors who give a comprehensive overview on the many chemical and physico-chemical aspects related to application of inorganic compounds and materials in order to introduce senior undergraduate and postgraduate students (chemists, physicists, materials scientists, engineers) into this broad field.

Many elements and inorganic compounds play an extraordinary role in daily life for numerous applications, e. g., construction materials, inorganic pigments, inorganic coatings, steel, glass, technical gases, energy storage and conversion materials, fertilizers, homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, photofunctional materials, semiconductors, superconductors, soft- and hard magnets, technical ceramics, hard materials, or biomedical and bioactive materials. The present book is written by experienced authors who give a comprehensive overview on the many chemical and physico-chemical aspects related to application of inorganic compounds and materials in order to introduce senior undergraduate and postgraduate students (chemists, physicists, materials scientists, engineers) into this broad field.

Photoelectrocatalysis: Fundamentals and Applications presents an in-depth review of the topic for students and researchers working on photoelectrocatalysis-related subjects from pure chemistry to materials and environmental chemistry in order to propose applications and new perspectives. The main advantage of a photoelectrocatalytic process is the mild experimental conditions under which the reactions are carried out, which are often possible at atmospheric pressure and room temperature using cheap and nontoxic solvents (e.g., water), oxidants (e.g., O2 from the air), catalytic materials (e.g., TiO2 on Ti layer), and the potential exploitation of solar light. This book presents the fundamentals and the applications of photoelectrocatalysis, such as hydrogen production from water splitting, the remediation of harmful compounds, and CO2 reduction. Photoelectrocatalytic reactors and light sources, in addition to kinetic aspects, are presented along with an exploration of the relationship between photocatalysis and electrocatalysis. In addition, photocorrosion issues and the application of selective photoelectrocatalytic organic transformations, which is now a growing field of research, are also reported. Finally, the advantages/disadvantages and future perspectives of photoelectrocatalysis are highlighted through the possibility of working at a pilot/industrial scale in environmentally friendly conditions.

Global energy use is approximately 140 000 TWh per year. Interestingly, biomass production amounts to approximately 270 000 TWh per year, or roughly twice as much, whereas the official figure of biomass use for energy applications is 10-13% of the global energy use. This shows that biomass is not a marginal energy resource but more than capable of meeting all our energy and food needs, provided it is used efficiently. The use of food in generating energy has been extensively debated, but there is actually no need for it given the comprehensive resources available from agriculture and forestry waste. This book discusses the biomass resources available and aspects like efficient energy use. One way of using energy efficiently is to use waste biomass or cellulosic materials in biorefineries, where production of fibers and products from fibers is combined with production of most chemicals we need in our daily life. Such products include clothes, soap, perfume, medicines etc. Conventional pulp and paper applications, bio-fuel for vehicles and even fuel for aviation as well as heat and power production are covered. The problem with biomass is not availability, but the difficulty to use the resources efficiently without harming the long-term productivity. This book covers all types of resources on a global scale, making it unique. Many researchers from all over the world have contributed to give a good coverage of all the different international perspectives. This book will provide facts and inspiration to professionals, engineers, researchers, and students as well as to those working for various authorities and organizations.

Advances in Synthesis Gas: Methods, Technologies and Applications: Syngas Production and Preparation is a collection of various chapters concerning many aspects of syngas production technologies, including common methods like gasification, steam/dry/autothermal reforming, membrane technology, etc., along with novel methods like plasma technology, micro-reactors, electrolysis processes as well as photocatalytic systems. In addition, different sources for producing syngas, including oil, crude oil, heavy oil, microalgae, black liquor, tar and bitumen, as well as municipal, agricultural, food, plastic, wood and cardboard wastes are described in detail.

Advances in Synthesis Gas: Methods, Technologies and Applications: Syngas Products and Usage considers the applications and usages of syngas for producing different chemical materials such as hydrogen, methanol, ethanol, methane, ammonia, and more. In addition, power generation in fuel cells, or in combination with heat from syngas, as well as iron reduction with economic and environmental challenges for syngas utilization are described in detail.

Advances in Synthesis Gas: Methods, Technologies and Applications: Syngas Process Modelling and Apparatus Simulation consists of numerical modeling and simulation of different processes and apparatus for producing syngas, purifying it as well as synthesizing different chemical materials or generating heat and energy from syngas. These apparatus and processes include, but are not limited to, reforming, gasification, partial oxidation, swing technologies and membranes.

Focusses on the role of microorganisms in a wide range of ecosystems and deterioration processes Explains underlying concepts of environment, interlinks them from an ecological point of view and describes the approaches for waste treatment Describes the concepts and fate processes of environmental contaminants, contaminant patterns in soil, groundwater, and surface water. Includes novel research findings and applications of biosurfactants Discusses biodegradation as a key process in the bioremediation of recalcitrant compounds

Model Predictive Control (MPC), the dominant advanced control approach in industry over the past twenty-five years, is presented comprehensively in this unique book. With a simple, unified approach, and with attention to real-time implementation, it covers predictive control theory including the stability, feasibility, and robustness of MPC controllers. The theory of explicit MPC, where the nonlinear optimal feedback controller can be calculated efficiently, is presented in the context of linear systems with linear constraints, switched linear systems, and, more generally, linear hybrid systems. Drawing upon years of practical experience and using numerous examples and illustrative applications, the authors discuss the techniques required to design predictive control laws, including algorithms for polyhedral manipulations, mathematical and multiparametric programming and how to validate the theoretical properties and to implement predictive control policies. The most important algorithms feature in an accompanying free online MATLAB toolbox, which allows easy access to sample solutions. Predictive Control for Linear and Hybrid Systems is an ideal reference for graduate, postgraduate and advanced control practitioners interested in theory and/or implementation aspects of predictive control.

The first statistics guide focussing on practical application to process control design and maintenance Statistics for Process Control Engineers is the only guide to statistics written by and for process control professionals. It takes a wholly practical approach to the subject. Statistics are applied throughout the life of a process control scheme from assessing its economic benefit, designing inferential properties, identifying dynamic models, monitoring performance and diagnosing faults. This book addresses all of these areas and more. The book begins with an overview of various statistical applications in the field of process control, followed by discussions of data characteristics, probability functions, data presentation, sample size, significance testing and commonly used mathematical functions. It then shows how to select and fit a distribution to data, before moving on to the application of regression analysis and data reconciliation. The book is extensively illustrated throughout with line drawings, tables and equations, and features numerous worked examples. In addition, two appendices include the data used in the examples and an exhaustive catalogue of statistical distributions. The data and a simple-to-use software tool are available for download. The reader can thus reproduce all of the examples and then extend the same statistical techniques to real problems. * Takes a back-to-basics approach with a focus on techniques that have immediate, practical, problem-solving applications for practicing engineers, as well as engineering students * Shows how to avoid the many common errors made by the industry in applying statistics to process control * Describes not only the well-known statistical distributions but also demonstrates the advantages of applying the large number that are less well-known * Inspires engineers to identify new applications of statistical techniques to the design and support of control schemes * Provides a deeper understanding of services and products which control engineers are often tasked with assessing This book is a valuable professional resource for engineers working in the global process industry and engineering companies, as well as students of engineering. It will be of great interest to those in the oil and gas, chemical, pulp and paper, water purification, pharmaceuticals and power generation industries, as well as for design engineers, instrument engineers and process technical support.

Cellulases in the Biofuel Industry discusses how the properties of cellulases affects the quality of the biofuels produced. Heralded as the solution to humanity's energy problem and the savior of the world's climate, extensive research is being carried out on biofuels but there are still gaps in our understanding. This book presents cost-effective and current scenarios for cellulase production in the biofuel industry, including the most recent advancements for obtaining cellulases with higher activity on pre-treated biomass substrates by screening and sequencing new organisms, engineering cellulases with improved properties, and by identifying proteins that can stimulate cellulases. The mechanism and efficiency of the cellulase enzyme system on cellulose is discussed with the specific classification of each cellulase enzyme, as well as explanations of the limitation of cellulases in terms of their production processes, efficiency and practical applications to biofuels. Various approaches to improve the production and efficiency of the cellulase enzyme system are evaluated, along with the current limitations that are hampering cost-effective production of cellulase and guidance on how these limitations might be resolved.

The key focus of the book is on engineering aspects of the subject field Updated, comprehensive text covering offshore drilling, production and field development and offers complete coverage of offshore oil and gas operations. Also, key maintenance issues like pigging, corrosion, subsidence are discussed.

Discover the subject of optimization in a new light with this modern and unique treatment. Includes a thorough exposition of applications and algorithms in sufficient detail for practical use, while providing you with all the necessary background in a self-contained manner. Features a deeper consideration of optimal control, global optimization, optimization under uncertainty, multiobjective optimization, mixed-integer programming and model predictive control. Presents a complete coverage of formulations and instances in modelling where optimization can be applied for quantitative decision-making. As a thorough grounding to the subject, covering everything from basic to advanced concepts and addressing real-life problems faced by modern industry, this is a perfect tool for advanced undergraduate and graduate courses in chemical and biochemical engineering.

Umfassend, pragnant, leserfreundlich: Die aktualisierte 5. Auflage bietet 20% mehr Inhalt. Mehr als 200 herausragende Wissenschaftler aus aller Welt haben uber 15000 Eintrage zu allen Aspekten der Biokatalyse, heterogenen und homogenen Katalyse zusammengetragen.

Single volume reference providing all necessary procedural information for the destruction of a wide variety of hazardous chemicals Destruction of Hazardous Chemicals in the Laboratory is a practical reference that describes procedures for the destruction of a comprehensive list of hazardous chemicals and provides general methods for the destruction of hazardous chemicals in the laboratory without the need for exotic reagents and equipment. Unlike most other sources on this subject, detailed reaction parameters are provided to readers. These details will help the reader decide if a procedure will be appropriate. To further aid in reader comprehension, numerous tables throughout the book allow for ready comparison of procedures. Destruction of Hazardous Chemicals in the Laboratory also describes the critical aspects of various protocols (e.g., UV lamp type and rate of ozone flow). The updated fourth edition Includes an updated survey of the literature from 2012-2021 and features data mined from 1,500 papers. It also describes recent examples of methods that are generally applicable to organic compounds and greatly expands the section on methods for the destruction of pharmaceuticals in the laboratory. In Destruction of Hazardous Chemicals in the Laboratory, readers can expect to find detailed information on: Specific methods for the destruction of hazardous chemicals in the laboratory, such as aflatoxins, butyllithium, complex metal hydrides, ethidium bromide, MPTP, nitrosamines, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Methods for the destruction of pharmaceuticals in the laboratory, such as those using ozone, persulfate, and potassium permanganate as well as photolytic degradation procedures Procedures for drying organic solvents A discussion of the issues concerning nitrosamine formation during the destruction process, particularly when sodium hypochlorite is used. A variety of indexes, including a general index, cross index of pharmaceuticals and destruction procedures, cross index of dyes and destruction procedures, and cross index of names for dyes and biological stains Destruction of Hazardous Chemicals in the Laboratory is of immense value to researchers in the laboratory by enabling them to quickly and efficiently get rid of residual amounts of hazardous chemicals when a series of experiments has ended. The procedures in the text can also be incorporated into laboratory protocols.

Officially, the use of biomass for energy meets only 10-13% of the total global energy demand of 140 000 TWh per year. Still, thirty years ago the official figure was zero, as only traded biomass was included. While the actual production of biomass is in the range of 270 000 TWh per year, most of this is not used for energy purposes, and mostly it is not used very efficiently. Therefore, there is a need for new methods for converting biomass into refined products like chemicals, fuels, wood and paper products, heat, cooling and electric power. Obviously, some biomass is also used as food - our primary life necessity. The different types of conversion methods covered in this volume are biogas production, bio-ethanol production, torrefaction, pyrolysis, high temperature gasifi cation and combustion. This book covers the suitability of different methods for conversion of different types of biomass. Different versions of the conversion methods are presented - both existing methods and those being developed for the future. System optimization using modeling methods and simulation are analyzed to determine advantages and disadvantages of different solutions. Many international experts have contributed to provide an up-to-date view of the situation all over the world. These global perspectives and the inclusion of so much expertise of distinguished international researchers and professionals make this book unique. This book will prove useful and inspiring to professionals, engineers, researchers and students as well as to those working for different authorities and organizations.

Electrospun and Nanofibrous Membranes: Principles and Applications covers the fundamental basic science and many engineering aspects of electrospun membrane technology and nanofibers, membrane design and membrane processes. The book comprehensively reviews a wide range of applications including pressure-driven processes, MD process, batteries, oil-water separation, air filtration, drug delivery, fuel-cells, and ion-exchange membranes, as well as antimicrobial membranes. Electrospun and Nanofibrous Membranes will be useful for a range of audiences: chemical, polymer, and materials engineers; professors and graduate students working on membrane-based separation technology and electrospun nanofibers; as well as R&D engineers in industry working with applications including water and wastewater treatment, desalination, drug delivery and tissue engineering, new generation of batteries, fuel cells, and air filtration.

The equations used to describe dynamic properties of physical systems are often nonlinear, and it is rarely possible to find their solutions. Although numerical solutions are impractical and graphical techniques are not useful for many types of systems, there are different theorems and methods that are useful regarding qualitative properties of nonlinear systems and their solutions-system stability being the most crucial property. Without stability, a system will not have value. Nonlinear Systems Stability Analysis: Lyapunov-Based Approach introduces advanced tools for stability analysis of nonlinear systems. It presents the most recent progress in stability analysis and provides a complete review of the dynamic systems stability analysis methods using Lyapunov approaches. The author discusses standard stability techniques, highlighting their shortcomings, and also describes recent developments in stability analysis that can improve applicability of the standard methods. The text covers mostly new topics such as stability of homogonous nonlinear systems and higher order Lyapunov functions derivatives for stability analysis. It also addresses special classes of nonlinear systems including time-delayed and fuzzy systems. Presenting new methods, this book provides a nearly complete set of methods for constructing Lyapunov functions in both autonomous and nonautonomous systems, touching on new topics that open up novel research possibilities. Gathering a body of research into one volume, this text offers information to help engineers design stable systems using practice-oriented methods and can be used for graduate courses in a range of engineering disciplines.

Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Graphitic Carbon Nitride: An Uprising Carbonaceous Material offers an up-to-date record on the major findings and observations relating to graphitic carbon nitride-based systems, elaborately covering all the aspects of carbon nitride as chemical stable and pollution-free materials that are easy to prepare in a cost-effective way, along with their applications in photocatalytic degradation of pollutants, photocatalytic hydrogen generation, carbon dioxide reduction, disinfection, sensors and supercapacitors. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is a fascinating visible light photocatalyst, which possesses many properties that can be used for many applications. This makes the book an indispensable reference for (post)-graduate students, researchers in academia and industry, and engineers working in the field of graphitic carbon-nitride-based systems.

The book presents a unique view of failure analysis of high technology devices. It describes capabilities and limitations of many analytical techniques and testing paths and decisions best followed in example failure analysis studies.

Numerical simulation models are used in all engineering disciplines for modeling physical phenomena to learn how the phenomena work, and to identify problems and optimize behavior. Smart Proxy Models provide an opportunity to replicate numerical simulations with very high accuracy and can be run on a laptop within a few minutes, thereby simplifying the use of complex numerical simulations, which can otherwise take tens of hours. This book focuses on Smart Proxy Modeling and provides readers with all the essential details on how to develop Smart Proxy Models using Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, as well as how it may be used in real-world cases. Covers replication of highly accurate numerical simulations using Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Details application in reservoir simulation and modeling and computational fluid dynamics Includes real case studies based on commercially available simulators Smart Proxy Modeling is ideal for petroleum, chemical, environmental, and mechanical engineers, as well as statisticians and others working with applications of data-driven analytics.

Shock Compression and Chemical Reaction of Multifunctional Energetic Structural Materials provides an exhaustive overview of the mechanics, kinetics and physio-chemical behavior caused by shock-induced reaction and shock compression on multifunctional energetic structural materials (MESMs). The book covers foundational knowledge on shock waves and Equation of State (EOS), shock parameters, reaction kinetics, impedance matching, and more. In addition, it looks at more advanced subjects such as experimental analysis methods, numerical modeling techniques (from quasi-static to high-strain rates, including void collapse models), how EOS changes when reaction and detonation are involved, and more. Final chapters cover how to obtain EOS curves from experiments and various testing methods and numerical models for non-reactive porous solids and particulate composites, including 1-D reactive flow models. Flyer plate impact experiments are also discussed, as are the applications of hydrocodes and Lagrangian-framework-based methods.

This book explains task management concepts and outlines practical knowledge to help pharmaceutical analytical scientists become productive and enhance their career. Presents broad topics such as product development process, regulatory requirement, task and project management, innovation mindset, molecular recognition, separation science, degradation chemistry, and statistics. Provokes thinking through figures, tables, and case studies to help understand how the various functions integrate and how analytical development can work efficiently and effectively by applying science and creativity in their work. Discusses how to efficiently develop a fit-for-purpose HPLC method without screening dozens of columns, gradients, or mobile phase combinations each time, since the extra effort may not provide enough of a benefit to justify the cost and time in a fast-paced product development environment.

Introduction to Chemical Reactor Analysis, Second Edition introduces the basic concepts of chemical reactor analysis and design, an important foundation for understanding chemical reactors, which play a central role in most industrial chemical plants. The scope of the second edition has been significantly enhanced and the content reorganized for improved pedagogical value, containing sufficient material to be used as a text for an undergraduate level two-term course. This edition also contains five new chapters on catalytic reaction engineering.
Written so that newcomers to the field can easily progress through the topics, this text provides sufficient knowledge for readers to perform most of the common reaction engineering calculations required for a typical practicing engineer. The authors introduce kinetics, reactor types, and commonly used terms in the first chapter. Subsequent chapters cover a review of chemical engineering thermodynamics, mole balances in ideal reactors for three common reactor types, energy balances in ideal reactors, and chemical reaction kinetics. The text also presents an introduction to nonideal reactors, and explores kinetics and reactors in catalytic systems.
The book assumes that readers have some knowledge of thermodynamics, numerical methods, heat transfer, and fluid flow. The authors include an appendix for numerical methods, which are essential to solving most realistic problems in chemical reaction engineering. They also provide numerous worked examples and additional problems in each chapter. Given the significant number of chemical engineers involved in chemical process plant operation at some point in their careers, this book offers essential training for interpreting chemical reactor performance and improving reactor operation.

What s New in This Edition:

• Five new chapters on catalytic reaction engineering, including various catalytic reactions and kinetics, transport processes, and experimental methods
• Expanded coverage of adsorption
• Additional worked problems
• Reorganized material

Emerging Techniques for Treatment of Toxic Metals from Wastewater explores the different physical and chemical methods that can be used to remove toxins from wastewater, including adsorption, solvent extraction, ion exchange, precipitation, filtration and photocatalytic degradation. Bringing together contributions from leading experts in the field, the book covers each of the different techniques in detail, combining emergent research outcomes with fundamental theoretical concepts to provide a clear appraisal of the different techniques available, along with their applications. It is an essential recourse for researchers, industrialists and students concerned with the remediation of toxic metals from water and wastewater.