Thermodynamics is an indispensable tool for developing a large and growing fraction of new polymers and polymer blends. These two volumes show the researcher how thermodynamics can be used to rank polymer pairs in order of immiscibility, including the search for suitable chemical structure of compatibilizers. Because of the great current commercial interest in this most dynamic sector of the polymer industry, there is high interest in studying their physical and mechanical properties, their structures, and the processes of their formation and manufacture. These Books are dedicated to Analysis of the Thermodynamics of Polymer Blends. Thermodynamic behavior of blends determines the compatibility of the components, their morphological features, rheological behavior, and microphase structures. As a result, the most important physical and mechanical characteristics of blends can be identified.

An all-in-one practical guide on how to efficiently use chromatographic separation methods Based on a training course that teaches the theoretical as well as practical aspects of protein bioseparation to bioprocess professionals, this fully updated and revised new edition offers comprehensive coverage of continuous chromatography and provides readers with many relevant examples from the biopharmaceutical industry. Divided into two large parts, Protein Chromatography: Process Development and Scale-Up, Second Edition presents all the necessary knowledge for effective process development in chromatographic bioseparation, both on small and large scale. The first part introduces chromatographic theory, including process design principles, to enable the reader to rationalize the set-up of a bioseparation process. The second part illustrates by way of case studies and sample protocols how the theory learned in the first part may be applied to real-life problems. Chapters look at: Downstream Processing of Biotechnology Products; Chromatography Media; Laboratory and Process Columns and Equipment; Adsorption Equilibrium; Rate Processes; and Dynamics of Chromatography Columns. The book closes with chapters on: Effects of Dispersion and Rate Processes on Column Performance; Gradient Elution Chromatography; and Chromatographic Column Design and Optimization. -Presents the most pertinent examples from the biopharmaceutical industry, including monoclonal antibodies -Provides an overview of the field along with design tools and examples illustrating the advantages of continuous processing in biopharmaceutical productions -Focuses on process development and large-scale bioseparation tasks, making it an ideal guide for the professional bioengineer in the biotech and pharma industries -Offers field-tested information based on decades of training courses for biotech and chemical engineers in Europe and the U.S. Protein Chromatography: Process Development and Scale-Up, Second Edition will appeal to biotechnologists, analytical chemists, chromatographers, chemical engineers, pharmaceutical industry, biotechnological industry, and biochemists.

After a day's work is finished, take a look around at your company. Do standard production processes and day-to-day operations leave you with loaded trash bins from the front office to the factory floor-and every place inbetween? Such "solid waste" does far more than squander resources and imperil the environment... it's undoubtedly eating up countless dollars of your profits. Corporations throughout the nation are learning to tame solid waste, by implementing improved management of materials. Preventing Waste at the Source demonstrates how more than 50 companies have effectively reduced solid waste throughout all departments-and achieved dramatic reductions in operating costs. Beginning with a strategic framework, readers can then zero in on wasteful practices affecting all aspects of a business. Paper reduction measures for administrative offices, for instance. Ways to minimize packing materials over in the shipping department, while still protecting the product. There's also steps where suppliers and customers can take part in waste minimization efforts. Case histories prove it can be done, to everyone's advantage. Researched and compiled by the Indiana Institute on Recycling, Preventing Waste at the Source offers practical, on-the-job assistance to environmental managers, plant managers, manufacturing and quality engineers. Put its techniques and real-life guidance to work. You'll save more than money: you'll help save the environment.

The construction industry is bombarded with ever-changing building materials-components of which are more and more difficult, if not impossible, to identify. Building material emissions have been implicated as a major source of indoor air pollution, and toxic gases, often unidentified, are generated in building fires. Building Materials: Product Emission and Combustion Health Hazards undertakes the task of identifying building materials emission and combustion health hazards. This practical guide introduces the complex world of polymers commonly used in building materials along with plasticizers and additives that are not regulated by OSHA. It also explores the topic of building materials as they relate to function and their emissions/combustion products along with thermal decomposition and combustion products as they relate to fire first responders. Engaging environmental professionals, construction management firms, architects, first respondents, and students, this valuable reference delivers a comprehensive spectrum of knowledge needed to face the challenges of managing building materials in the twenty-first century. Awareness is the first line of defense!

Molecular and Colloidal Electro-Optics presents cohesive coverage from internationally recognized experts on new approaches and developments in both theoretical and experimental areas of electro-optic science. It comprises a well-integrated yet multi-disciplinary treatment of fundamental principles, strategies, and applications of electro-optic techniques for the characterization of macromolecular, small-particle, and nanomolecular systems. Following a historical review of post-war advances in electro-optics of disperse systems, the first part of the book focuses on the latest achievements in electro-optic theory, particularly low-frequency relaxation. It offers comparative discussions and experimental data to accompany different viewpoints on the origin of the low-frequency effects and multiple theoretical constructions. The second part highlights the unique advantage of using electro-optics as an alternative to conventional characterization and analysis of colloidal systems. Demonstrating the sensitivity of electro-optic methods to interparticle interactions, the book explains how these methods are used to analyze particle surface electric states, evaluate phase transitions, and determine physical properties. As the first treatment of this subject to surface in more than fifteen years, Molecular and Colloidal Electro-Optics is a definitive, up-to-date portrait of modern colloidal electro-optic science. This one-stop reference to the latest theory, methods, and applications is ideal for advanced graduate students and researchers in biophysical chemistry, microbiology, polymer, colloid, and nanoscience.

Focusing on the application of membranes in an engineering context, this hands-on computational guide makes previously challenging problems routine. It formulates problems as systems of equations solved with MATLAB, encouraging active learning through worked examples and end-of-chapter problems. The detailed treatments of dead-end filtration include novel approaches to constant rate filtration and filtration with a centrifugal pump. The discussion of crossflow microfiltration includes the use of kinetic and force balance models. Comprehensive coverage of ultrafiltration and diafiltration processes employs both limiting flux and osmotic pressure models. The effect of fluid viscosity on the mass transfer coefficient is explored in detail, the effects of incomplete rejection on the design and analysis of ultrafiltration and diafiltration are analysed, and quantitative treatments of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration process analysis and design are explored. Includes a chapter dedicated to the modelling of membrane fouling.

Based on the International Workshop on Controlled Life-Cycle of Polymeric Materials held in Stockholm, this work examines degradable polymers and the recycling of plastic materials. It highlights recent results on recycling and waste management, including topics such as renewable resources, degradation, processing and products, and environmental issues.

This book covers myths about technology, management, toxicology, and the environment. It helps all who work in the chemical industry and all chemical engineers, including teachers and students to avoid accidents and wrong decisions and use resources more effectively.

This book provides an overview of the chemical and physical concepts of instability and incompatibility of petroleum and liquid fuels. It helps the petroleum refinery personnel to handle liquid fuels from other sources as feedstocks for the refinery system.

With the advent of polymer nanocomposites, research on polyolefin nanocomposites has grown exponentially. Correcting the deficiency of a meaningful text on these important materials, Advances in Polyolefin Nanocomposites: Sums up recent advances in nanoscale dispersion of filler in polyolefins Presents a basic introduction to polyolefin nanocomposite technology for the readers new to this field Provides insights on the use of technologies for polyolefins nanocomposites for commercial application Includes contributions from the most experienced researchers in the field Offers insights into the commercial usage of techniques The text uses theoretical models to illustrate the organic-inorganic interfaces in polyolefins and also provides a detailed description of the recently developed models for property prediction of these nanocomposites. It concentrates on developments with not only aluminosilicate fillers, but also with equally important fillers like layer double hydroxides and nanotubes. The authors review polyolefin nanocomposite technology and methodologies of generation, properties and generation of composite blends, and advances in synthesis of nanocomposites using solution blending methods. The book covers theoretical and experimental considerations of clay surface modification and the importance and effect of various prominent filler categories.

Given the essential role that primary producers play in aquatic ecosystems, it is imperative that the potential risk of pesticides to the structure and functioning of aquatic plants is adequately assessed. An integration of regulatory and research information from key specialists in the area of environmental regulation, Aquatic Macrophyte Risk Assessment for Pesticides provides a state-of-the-art guide to ecotoxicological risk assessment. Written by well-known experts in the field of aquatic risk assessment, this book is a practical reference for the assessment of the risk of pesticides with herbicidal activity to aquatic macrophytes. The book supplies a concise, coherent, and science-based view from influential regulators, academics, and industry scientists. They address the selection of additional species, critical regulatory endpoints, and assessing the risk of plant protection products to aquatic macrophytes. They also present a clear description of key issues in macrophyte risk assessment, information on macrophyte test methods, suitable measurement endpoints, and data evaluation and interpretation. Filled with recommendations distilled from existing regulatory experiences of aquatic macrophyte risk assessment, the book includes case studies to identify issues, data gaps, and inadequacies in study design. It also identifies improvements to risk assessment that could be implemented immediately and those for which further research is needed. An authoritative resource, the book points the way to an improved approach to aquatic macrophyte risk assessment.

Kinetics, Transport, and Structure in Hard and Soft Materials is the only single reference that discusses the connection between structure and mechanisms of atomic or molecular transport in different classes of materials, from metals and semiconductors to network glasses, polymers and supercooled liquids. Divided into four parts, Part I begins with a discussion the fundamentals of transport, wherein transport properties of a system of non-interacting particles are calculated and the phenomenon of Brownian motion introduced. The phenomenology of diffusion is also discussed wherein Fick's laws are introduced and solved for a range of practical cases involving mass transport. Elementary Statistical mechanics, involving Partition functions, probability distribution functions and correlation functions, is discussed to lay the foundation for the subsequent discussion of mechanisms of transport in different materials. Parts II and III focus on mechanisms of transport in crystalline materials and in structurally disordered materials. Chapters explain how the mechanism of diffusional transport of an atom or molecule is intimately connected to the spatial organization of neighboring structural elements and to its interactions with them. The book reviews factors that control temperature dependent long-range dynamics of glass-forming systems. Diffusion and viscoelasticity of polymer melts, transport (viscous flow and ionic diffusion) in inorganic network glasses, and dynamic heterogeneity in super cooled liquids are described. Part IV analyzes the development of instabilities, such as spinodal decomposition and Mullins-Sekerka instabilities, which lead to the morphological evolution of materials. Kinetics, Transport, and Structure in Hard and Soft Materials emphasizes interdisciplinary nature of transport in materials, presenting its material in a user-friendly format for students from any discipline with a foundation in elementary

The Ion Exchange and Solvent Extraction series treats ion exchange and solvent extraction both as discrete topics and as a unified, multidisciplinary study - presenting new insights for researchers in many chemical and related field. Containing current knowledge and results in ion exchange, this text: presents an overview of the chemical thermodynamics of cation-exchange reactions, with particular emphasis placed on liquid-phase- and solid-phase-activity coefficient models; describes the development of surface complexation theory and its application to the ion exchange phenomenon; discusses metal-natural colloid surface reactions and their consideration by surface complexation modelling complements; and covers the influence of humic substances on the uptake of metal ions by naturally occurring materials.

Presenting the only textbook available today that covers all of the critical elements of industrial hygiene o conceptual information, computational coverage, case studies, and sample problems and exercises o in one volume. Organized around the basic rubrics of industrial hygiene, this book helps students to think like industrial hygienists while offering the latest techniques for practicing professionals. Applications and Computational Elements of Industrial Hygiene is the most complete reference available on IH, and is also an ideal study aid for exam preparation. This is the first and only textbook that includes all critical computations for each concept covered. Each chapter discusses a different hazard and how to recognize, evaluate, and control it. The advantage of this approach is clear; technical issues, instrumental techniques, engineering control procedures o relevant issues from A to Z o are discussed for each hazard. Chapters conclude with case studies that offer critical insight into the practical aspects of the field. The book also covers emerging issues that will affect industrial hygienists in the future. The book includes real-life situations and experiences to demonstrate practical applications of concepts presented in the text. For students, Applications and Computational Elements of Industrial Hygiene offers critical material formerly scattered across multiple sources. For seasoned industrial hygienists, this is an essential problem-solving tool and state-of-the-art reference that consolidates and updates previously scattered information.

A reference for the chemical engineer on the application, selection, construction, procurement, installation, operation, and maintenance of the three basic types of pumps used in chemical processing: centrifugal, rotary, and reciprocating. Emphasizes aspects that cause practical operating problems,

Drawing from the third edition of the bestselling Powder Technology Handbook, this book is focused solely on analyzing the fundamental properties and behavior of particles and particle beds. Powder Technology: Fundamentals of Particles, Powder Beds, and Particle Generation concentrates on the most useful analytical methods of observation, measurement, modeling, and prediction. This volume carefully incorporates the progressive work and vision of new authors while retaining the concepts that continue to promote innovative research and applications. The authors highlight new information and developments from areas including surface properties and analysis, particle motion in fluids, mechanical properties of a powder bed, and the design and formation of composite particles. They explain how particles deposit, coagulate, and settle in various media, explore different techniques for generating particles in different states, and detail methods of surface modification. Particularly useful for scientists studying nanoparticle applications, Powder Technology: Fundamentals of Particles, Powder Beds, and Particle Generation incorporates the latest developments in areas including surface properties and analysis, particle motion in fluids, mechanical properties of a powder bed, and the design and formation of composite particles.

Drawing from the third edition of the bestselling Powder Technology Handbook, this book concentrates on handling methods and unit operations for powder and particle processing techniques. Itexamines the purpose and factors involved in each process-including planning, equipment, measurements, and other necessary considerations. This book carefully incorporates the progressive work and vision of new authors while retaining the concepts that continue to promote innovative research and applications. In addition to detailing the purpose and implementation of processes including kneading, drying, filtration, and powder coating, the authors highlight recent developments in combustion and heating, electrostatic powder coating, and simulation. They also emphasize practical information including multipurpose equipment, instrumentation for key measurements, and modeling techniques. The text concludes with a review of recent data on the health effects of small particles and the types of protective devices that are currently available. Powder Technology: Handling and Operations, Process Instrumentation, and Working Hazards offers material scientists and chemical engineers a well-rounded guide to utilizing particle and powder processes for a rapidly expanding array of applications.

Strong theoretical and practical knowledge of process control is essential for plant practicing engineers and operators. In addition being able to use control hardware and software appropriately, engineers must be able to select or write computer programs that interface the hardware and software required to run a plant effectively. Designed to help readers understand control software and strategies that mimic human activities, Fundamentals of Automatic Process Control provides an integrated introduction to the hardware and software of automatic control systems. Featured Topics Basic instruments, control systems, and symbolic representations Laplacian mathematics for applications in control systems Various disturbances and their effects on uncontrolled processes Feedback control loops and traditional PID controllers Laplacian analysis of control loops Tuning methods for PID controllers Advanced control systems Virtual laboratory software (included on downloadable resources) Modern plants require operators and engineers to have thorough knowledge of instrumentation hardware as well as good operating skills. This book explores the theoretical analysis of the process dynamics and control via a large number of problems and solutions spread throughout the text. This balanced presentation, coupled with coverage of traditional and advanced systems provides an understanding of industrial realities that prepares readers for the future evolution of industrial operations.

This book with software provides powerful tools for the analysis, prediction and creation of new polymer blends, an area of significant commercial potential. The R&D approaches and methods described in the book have attracted the interest of polymer R&D leaders in industry, and have been put into use in several major chemical companies. The companion set of computer programs speeds and facilitates work in this area. FROM THE AUTHORS' PREFACE: During the 1980's a steadily increasing number of compatible systems [polymer blends] have been reported. We believe that miscible mixtures will prove to be fairly common and the purpose of this book is to explore the circumstances in which single phase materials can be obtained. We will also describe a model for the phase behavior of these mixtures which we believe to have a predictive value, or be used as a practical guide to polymer miscibility. Our approach is based on the use of association models which have until recently been largely ignored in treating hydrogen bonding in polymer mixtures. They have most frequently been applied to mixtures of alcohols with simple hydrocarbons, where the equilibrium constants used to describe association have most frequently been determined by a fit to thermodynamic data (e.g., vapor pressures, heat of mixing). In our work we have sought to, first, adapt this approach to a description of the phase behavior of polymer mixtures; second, develop spectroscopic methods that provide an independent measurement of the equilibrium constants. Our purpose in this book is to explore and describe this approach and illustrate its broad utility. We address two overlapping yet different audiences. One would be primarily interested in the broad nature of this approach and the practical applications of a simple model. The second would be more interested in the derivations of the equations and some of the fundamental aspects of the spectroscopy of these systems. Accor

Polymer translocation occurs in many biological and biotechnological phenomena where electrically charged polymer molecules move through narrow spaces in crowded environments. Unraveling the rich phenomenology of polymer translocation requires a grasp of modern concepts of polymer physics and polyelectrolyte behavior. Polymer Translocation discusses universal features of polymer translocations and summarizes the key concepts of polyelectrolyte structures, electrolyte solutions, ionic flow, mobility of charged macromolecules, polymer capture by pores, and threading of macromolecules through pores. With approximately 150 illustrations and 850 equations, the book: Avoids heavy mathematics Uses examples to illustrate the richness of the phenomenon Introduces the entropic barrier idea behind polymer translocation Outlines conceptual components necessary for a molecular understanding of polymer translocation Provides mathematical formulas for the various quantities pertinent to polymer translocation The challenge in understanding the complex behavior of translocation of polyelectrolyte molecules arises from three long-range forces due to chain connectivity, electrostatic interactions, and hydrodynamic interactions. Polymer Translocation provides an overview of fundamentals, established experimental facts, and important concepts necessary to understand polymer translocation. Readers will gain detailed strategies for applying these concepts and formulas to the design of new experiments.

This book 'Extremophiles: Wastewater and Algal Biorefinery' explores the potential of extremophiles/extremotolerant organisms in wastewater treatment, biorefining of algal biomass and in the treatment of industrial waste effluent. The book provides a holistic overview about the current status of extremophiles in waste water treatment and various industrial processes. The chapters comprehensively cover the scientific and research findings on various industrial applications of extremophiles such as biofuels, extremozymes, electricity generation, biofilms, microbial corrosion and waste water treatment etc. This book is an integrated source of literature for the scientists, engineers, academicians, and students working in the area of extremophiles, microbial technology and biorefinery.

Derived from the fourth edition of the well-known Plastics Technology Handbook, Industrial Polymers, Specialty Polymers, and Their Applications covers a wide range of general and special types of polymers, along with a wealth of information about their applications. The book first focuses on commonly used industrial polymers, including polypropylenes, low- and high-density polyethylenes, and poly(vinyl chloride), as well as less widely used polymer types, such as acrylics, ether polymers, cellulosics, sulfide polymers, silicones, polysulfones, polyether ether ketones, and polybenzimidazoles. It then explores polymer derivatives and polymeric combinations that play special and often critical roles in diverse fields of human activities. The polymers covered include liquid crystal, electroactive, ionic, and shape memory polymers; hydrogels; and nanocomposites. The volume concludes with a comprehensive overview of new developments in the use of polymers in a variety of areas.

Fate and transport models are critical components in the determination of the exposure to and risk from hazardous contaminants. Analytical models are preferable because they are generally more accessible, more reliable, and require fewer computational resources. Surprisingly, until today, only a limited number of analytical models have been accessible in the literature. Now, there is Diffusion Models of Environmental Transport, which provides more than 40 analytical models of diffusion and advective-diffusion in one, two, and three layer systems, subject to a wide range of boundary and initial conditions. This text illustrates applications to contaminant transport in sediments and soils, including porewater and vapor transport, and also provides Mathcad spreadsheets to aid in the use of these models. The authors supply complete details of the solutions to the models for those who wish for a deeper understanding. For others, who do not have the time or the need, the solutions themselves are ready to be picked up and used. Reible and Choy use their 20-plus years of cumulative experience to create a thorough exploration of fate and transport models. This comprehensive text furnishes an invaluable reference for students and environmental professionals.

A practical guide to industrial safety. It seeks to assist specialists in managing operations in industrial settings, including high-risk personal exposure such as inhalation hazards and direct chemical contact. It covers hazards in the chemical process industries, inhalation hazards in refineries, indoor air quality management, personal protective equipment, process safety emergency preparedness, safety in the laboratory, and more. There are Web site listings, NFPA hazard ratings, and other sources of information.

This work provides a practical, step-by-step guide to the preparation, production and operation of all commercially used catalysts, taking into account general safety considerations and up-to-date regulations from the Occupational Health Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency. This second edition contains updated and expanded material on the regeneration, reactivity and recovery of used catalysts; problems related to environmental catalysis; a unique CO oxidation catalyst; and more.;This work is intended for chemical, plant, automotive, petroleum, fuel and design engineers; and upper-level graduate and graduate students in these disciplines.