Extended Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics provides powerful tools departing not from empirical or statistical considerations but from fundamental thermodynamic laws, proposing final solutions that are readily usable and recognizable for students, researchers and industry. The book deals with methods that allow combining easily the present theory with other fields of science, such as fluid and solid mechanics, heat and mass transfer processes, electricity and thermoelectricity, and so on. Not only are such combinations facilitated, but they are incorporated into the developments in such a way that they become part of the theory. This book aims at providing for a systematic presentation of Extended Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics in nanosystems with a high degree of applicability. Furthermore, the book deals with how physical properties of systems behave as a function of their size. Moreover, it provides for a systematic approach to understand the behavior of thermal, electrical, thermoelectric, photovoltaic and nanofluid properties in nanosystems. Experimental results are used to validate the theory, the comparison is analysed, justified and discussed, and the theory is then again used to understand better experimental observations. The new developments in this book, being recognizable in relation with familiar concepts, should make it appealing for academics and researchers to teach and apply and graduate students to use. The text in this book is intended to bring attention to how the theory can be applied to real-life applications in nanoscaled environments. Case studies, and applications of theories, are explored including thereby nanoporous systems, solar panels, nanomedicine drug permeation and properties of nanoporous scaffolds. Explores new generalized thermodynamic models Provides introductory context of Extended Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics within classical thermodynamics, theoretical fundamentals and several applications in nanosystems Provides for a systematic approach to understand the behavior of thermal, electric, thermoelectric and viscous properties as a function of several parameters in nanosystems Includes reflections to encourage the reader to think further and put the information into context Examines future developments of new constitutive equations and theories and places them in the framework of real-life applications in the energetic and medical sectors, such as photovoltaic and thermoelectric devices, nanoporous media, drug delivery and scaffolds

A comprehensive textbook on petrochemical conversion processes for petroleum and natural gas fractions as produced by refinery operations This innovative textbook provides essential links between the chemical sciences and chemical technology, between petrochemistry and hydrocarbon technology. The book brings alive key concepts forming the basis of chemical technology and presents a solid background for innovative process development. In all chapters, the processes described are accompanied by simplified flow schemes, encouraging students to think in terms of conceptual process designs. Petrochemistry: Petrochemical Processing, Hydrocarbon Technology and Green Engineering introduces students to a variety of topics related to the petrochemical industry, hydrocarbon processing, fossil fuel resources, as well as fuels and chemicals conversion. The first chapter covers the fundamentals and principals for designing several of the processes in the book, including discussions on thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, reactor calculations, and industrial catalysts. The following chapters address recent advances in hydrocarbon technology, energy technology, and sources of hydrocarbons. The book then goes on to discuss the petrochemical industry based on four basic pillars, all derived from petroleum and natural gas: Production of lower alkenes; other sources of lower alkenes; petrochemicals from C2-C3 alkenes Production of BTX aromatics; chemicals from BTX aromatics C1 technology Diversification of petrochemicals The growing importance of sustainable technology, process intensification and addressing greenhouse gas emissions is reflected throughout the book. Written for advanced students working in the areas of petrochemistry, hydrocarbon technology, natural gas, energy materials and technologies, alternative fuels, and recycling technologies the book is also a valuable reference for industrial practitioners in the oil and gas industry.

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Technology and Application in Fashion and Textile Supply Chain highlights the technology of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and its applications in fashion and textile manufacturing and supply chain management. It discusses the brief history, technology, and working of RFID including the types of RFID systems. It compares differences, advantages, and disadvantages of RFID and barcode technologies. It also covers application of RFID technology in textile and fashion manufacturing, supply chain, and retail, and RFID-based process control in textile and fashion manufacturing. It covers various applications of RFID starting from fibre manufacturing through yarn and fabric manufacturing; fabric chemical processing; garment manufacturing and quality control; and retail management. It offers case studies of RFID adoption by famous fashion brands detailing the competitive advantages and discusses various challenges faced and future directions of RFID technology.

To fully utilize Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, a comprehensive and well-organized compilation of NMR data is necessary. While compilations have been available for other important NMR nuclei, such as carbon and fluorine, no comprehensive collection of data has been prepared for phosphorus-until now. The CRC Handbook of Phosphorus-31 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Data provides a collection of 31P NMR chemical shifts for nearly 20,000 organic and inorganic phosphorus compounds. Each class of phosphorus compound is discussed. Bond types, stereochemistry (with the exception of metal complexes), media, important coupling constants, and data sources are included. The information is systematically organized according to coordination state, the atoms bound to phosphorus, and their connectivities. A comprehensive series of bar charts is also included to allow structure types to be assigned to chemical shift data. This handbook is an invaluable resource for all scientists working with phosphorus compounds, including chemists, biochemists, medical researchers, and pharmaceutical chemists.

Environmental Particles, Volume 2 presents a critical review of the sampling, characterization, and behavior of particles in air, surface and ground water, sediments, and solids. The book analyzes the formation, aggregation, transport, and conversion of particles, and it evaluates the capabilities of physical and chemical methods of analysis. It also discusses physicochemical properties of environmental particles, their spectroscopic characterization and colloid chemical properties, and how they affect biochemical and/or toxicological processes. The book will be an important reference for environmental chemists and physicists, limnologists, oceanographers, air and soil scientists, analytical chemists, environmental engineers, and students.

There is hardly any technical library in the world in which the volumes of the Chemical Formulary (Volumes 1-34) do not occupy a prominent place. Chemists both experienced and beginner, continually refer to them. It does not duplicate any of the formulas included in previous volumes, but lists a wide array of modern and salable products from all branches of the chemical industries. An excellent reference for formulation problems. -CONTENTS - I. Introduction - II. Beverages and Foods - III. Coatings - IV. Cosmetics - V. Drug Products - VI. Detergents and Sanitizers - VII. Elastomers and Plastics - VIII. Metals - IX. Polishes - X. Textile Specialties - XI. Miscellaneous - Appendix - Index - PREFACE - Chemistry, as taught in our schools and colleges, concerns chiefly synthesis, analysis, and engineering-and properly so. It is part of the right foundation for the education of the chemist. Many a chemist entering an Industry soon finds that most of the products manufactured by his concern are not synthetic or definite complex compounds, but are mixtures, blends, or highly complex compounds of which he knows little or nothing. The literature in this field, if any, may be meager, scattered, or obsolete. Even chemists with years of experience In one or more Industries spend considerable time and effort in acquainting themselves with any new field which they may enter. Consulting chemists similarly have to solve problems brought to them from industries foreign to them. There was a definite need for an up-to-date compilation of formulae for chemical compounding and treatment. Since the fields to be covered are many and varied, an editorial board of chemists and engineers engaged in many industries was formed. Many publications, laboratories, manufacturing firms, and Individuals have been consulted to obtain the latest and best information. It is felt that the formulas given in this volume will save chemists and allied workers much time and effort. Manufacturers and sellers of chemicals will find, In these formulae, new uses for their products. Non-chemical executives, professional men, and Interested laymen will make through this volume a "speaking acquaintance" with products which they may be using, trying or selling. It often happens that two Individuals using the same Ingredients in the same formula get different results. This may be due to slight deviations in the raw materials or unfamiliarity with the intricacies of a new technique. Accordingly, repeated experiments may be necessary to get the best results. Although many of the formulas given are being used commercially, many have been taken from the literature and may be subject to various errors and omissions. This should be taken into consideration. Wherever possible, it is advisable to consult with other chemists or technical workers regarding commercial production.

This book focuses on process simulation in chemical engineering with a numerical algorithm based on the moving finite element method (MFEM). It offers new tools and approaches for modeling and simulating time-dependent problems with moving fronts and with moving boundaries described by time-dependent convection-reaction-diffusion partial differential equations in one or two-dimensional space domains. It provides a comprehensive account of the development of the moving finite element method, describing and analyzing the theoretical and practical aspects of the MFEM for models in 1D, 1D+1d, and 2D space domains. Mathematical models are universal, and the book reviews successful applications of MFEM to solve engineering problems. It covers a broad range of application algorithm to engineering problems, namely on separation and reaction processes presenting and discussing relevant numerical applications of the moving finite element method derived from real-world process simulations.

This book provides detailed instructions for reading and writing a patent. The book presents useful instructions for undergraduate and graduate students as well as post-doctoral, researchers and professors in the field of Chemistry and related areas. Written from a practical point of view it answers the simple and often asked question: how should I read and write a patent? The book is particularly directed to graduate students, who are initiating their research and often lack experience with patents. The ability to write and comprehend patents is fundamental for the success of their projects.

This book provides detailed instructions for reading and writing a patent. The book presents useful instructions for undergraduate and graduate students as well as post-doctoral, researchers and professors in the field of Chemistry and related areas. Written from a practical point of view it answers the simple and often asked question: how should I read and write a patent? The book is particularly directed to graduate students, who are initiating their research and often lack experience with patents. The ability to write and comprehend patents is fundamental for the success of their projects.

Mathematics remains a core area of engineering. Formulating and analyzing mathematical models of basic engineering systems is an essential skill that all engineering students should endeavor to acquire.This book will serve as an excellent introduction to linear mathematics for engineering students, both seniors and graduate students. It is the result of a collaboration between a chemical engineer and a mathematician, both of whom have taught classes on modelling and applied mathematics. It provides a broad collection of chemical engineering modelling examples to train students in model formulation and model simplification as well as give a thorough coverage of the mathematical tools used to analyze and solve linear chemical engineering models.Solution manual is provided for free to instructors who adopt this textbook. Please send your request to [email protected].

Hot-melt extrusion (HME) - melting a substance and forcing it through an orifice under controlled conditions to form a new material - is an emerging processing technology in the pharmaceutical industry for the preparation of various dosage forms and drug delivery systems, for example granules and sustained release tablets. Hot-Melt Extrusion: Pharmaceutical Applications covers the main instrumentation, operation principles and theoretical background of HME. It then focuses on HME drug delivery systems, dosage forms and clinical studies (including pharmacokinetics and bioavailability) of HME products. Finally, the book includes some recent and novel HME applications, scale -up considerations and regulatory issues. Topics covered include: * principles and die design of single screw extrusion * twin screw extrusion techniques and practices in the laboratory and on production scale * HME developments for the pharmaceutical industry * solubility parameters for prediction of drug/polymer miscibility in HME formulations * the influence of plasticizers in HME * applications of polymethacrylate polymers in HME * HME of ethylcellulose, hypromellose, and polyethylene oxide * bioadhesion properties of polymeric films produced by HME * taste masking using HME * clinical studies, bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of HME products * injection moulding and HME processing for pharmaceutical materials * laminar dispersive & distributive mixing with dissolution and applications to HME * technological considerations related to scale-up of HME processes * devices and implant systems by HME * an FDA perspective on HME product and process understanding * improved process understanding and control of an HME process with near-infrared spectroscopy Hot-Melt Extrusion: Pharmaceutical Applications is an essential multidisciplinary guide to the emerging pharmaceutical uses of this processing technology for researchers in academia and industry working in drug formulation and delivery, pharmaceutical engineering and processing, and polymers and materials science. This is the first book from our brand new series Advances in Pharmaceutical Technology. Find out more about the series here.

Hundreds of lubricant additives are available industry-wide to improve base stock properties and protect metal surfaces; however, the wrong combination of these commodities can result in substandard performance. Surface Activity of Petroleum Derived Lubricants explains how surface activity is affected by several factors: the interfacial properties of lube oil base stocks at oil/surface interfaces, lubricant solvency properties, additive interactions, and variations in temperature. The book provides an understanding of these factors that will influence proper selection of base stocks and additives necessary for resisting foaming and air entrainment, inhibiting rust and corrosion, preventing wear, and controlling emulsification and demulsification. Using 300 tables to provide experimental data from books, journals, and the patent literature, this practical and comprehensive reference examines: the refining of lube oil base stocks the chemistry of additives the formulation technology of lubricants the performance of the most important finished products such as turbine oils, hydraulic fluids, and engine oils Insight into these variables enables petroleum chemists and engineers to choose the right lubricant base stock and additive combination. By becoming aware of these important elements, those in industry are better able to make the right choices, leading to reduced costs, improved performance, and better management of production timelines.

Based on the author's decades of years of experience in oil refining, Catalytic Naphtha Reforming Process conveys essential information on key concepts, operations, and practices of catalytic naphtha reforming technologies and associated oil refining processes. The book reviews collective technical and operational advancements with respect to efficient use of catalysts and catalytic reformers in oil refining and incorporates key advancements from recent developments in catalytic reforming technologies and processes. High octane reformate gasoline blendstock production via the use of high performing continuous catalyst regenerative processes is emphasized for regulated, environmentally friendly gasoline. The benefits of timely, effective process unit monitoring are covered in this book. Some of the principal objectives of this book include the need to emphasize more proactive approaches in the planning, operations and maintenance of catalytic reforming units and oil refineries. A number of recommendations are provided for enhancing the operations, reliability, and productivity of catalytic reformers and oil refineries.

Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS), often referred to as per- (and poly) fluorinated compounds (PFCs), have been used for years in many everyday3/4 and some lifesaving3/4 products. However, their use has been linked to adverse health effects in humans, a problem compounded by their persistence in the environment. This book discusses the various challenges of PFAS in our environment today, including their historical use as well as their chemical and toxicological properties. It also presents robust discussion of analytical challenges and special considerations in sampling. The work goes on to give practical recommendations for dealing with these compounds in today's dynamic regulatory landscape and includes several chapters on various remediation techniques. Key Features: Comprehensive overview of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) historical use and chemical/physical properties which help us understand their persistence, transport, and transformation pathways in the environment In-depth analysis of PFAS toxicology Detailed descriptions of conventional and state-of-the-art remediation technologies Practical recommendations for dealing with PFAS in a dynamic regulatory landscape Robust discussion of important sampling and analytical considerations Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Environment: Theory, Practice, and Innovation explores the challenges across the topical areas of regulation and management, toxicology, environmental remediation, and analytical sampling and analysis.Readers will find this text helpful in understanding complexities associated with PFAS and informing management strategies to effectively protect this and future generations.

There is a wide consensus that furfural, a renewable commodity currently obtained from lignocellulosic agro-residues with a production volume of around 300 kTon per year, is a key feedstock for leveraging lignocellulosic residues in future biorefineries. Several chemicals are already being manufactured from furfural due to its advantageous production cost. Furthermore, a vast number of others are also technically viable, to produce from oil.This book compiles the vast existing information into relevant stages of transformations of furfural as renewable chemicals, biofuels and bioresins focusing on the relevant chemical and engineering aspects of processes to obtain them, including reactors and catalysis. It offers essential information for improving the economic and environmental viability of current commercial applications and upcoming future applications.It should be of particular interests to graduate and advanced undergraduate students, as well as, engineers and academic researchers alike who are working in the field.

Advances in Catalysis, Volume 61, fills the gap between journal papers and textbooks across the diverse areas of catalysis research. For more than 60 years, this series has dedicated itself to record and present the latest progress in the field of catalysis, providing the scientific community with comprehensive and authoritative reviews. This series is an invaluable and comprehensive resource for chemical engineers and chemists working in the field of catalysis in both academia and industry.

Optimizing Thermal, Chemical and Environmental Systems treats the evaluation of power or energy limits for processes that arise in various thermal, chemical and environmental engineering systems (heat and mass exchangers, power converters, recovery units, solar collectors, mixture separators, chemical reactors, catalyst regenerators, etc.). The book is an indispensable source for researchers and students, providing the necessary information on what has been achieved to date in the field of process optimization, new research problems, and what kind of further studies should be developed within quite specialized optimizations.

An introduction for postgraduate and undergraduate students to the chemical and physical principles of flame and combustion phenomena. This book should be of interest to undergraduate/postgraduate chemists; chemical engineers; undergraduate/postgraduate mechanical engineers and environmental scientists; and industrial combustion technologists.

Environmental Particles, Volume 2 presents a review of the sampling, characterization, and behavior of particles in air, water, sediments, and solids. The book analyzes the formation, aggregation, transport, and conversion of particles, and evaluates the capabilities of physical and chemical analytic methods. It also discusses physicochemical properties of environmental particles, their spectroscopic characterization and colloid chemical properties, and how they affect biochemical and toxicological processes. This book is an important reference for environmental chemists, limnologists, oceanographers, air and soil scientists, analytical chemists, environmental engineers, students, and more.

Personnel monitoring is a term designating the determination of the inhaled dose of an airborne toxic material of an air-mediated hazardous physical force by the continuous collection of samples in the breathing or auditory zone, or auditory zone, or other appropriate exposed body area, over a finite period of exposure time. A personnel monitor is a self-powered device worn by monitored individual to collect a representative sample of laboratory analysis, or to provide accumulated dose of instantaneous warning of immediately hazardous conditions by visible or auditory means while being worn.

Concepts in Cereal Chemistry stimulates critical thinking by emphasizing the important concepts related to the science. Written by distinguished researcher and teacher Dr. Finlay MacRitchie, this compact and reader-friendly book focuses mainly on cereal chemistry, but also incorporates relevant theory from the basic sciences, such as physics and genetics. A Targeted Approach, Rather than an Exhaustive Review The book discusses milling and some of the sciences that are relevant to wheat dry milling. It explains how to measure the efficiency of the dry milling process and provides explanations for grain hardness variation. The book also looks at the composition and structure of dough and how this determines the performance of a baked aerated product. It then covers dough rheology and some important aspects of processing. Logically Organized with Exercises at the End of Most Chapters Next, the book explores cereal shelf life and the well-known phenomenon of bread staling and its underlying causes. Coverage then shifts to proteins and the relationship between cereal composition and functionality. A discussion of strategies to manipulate end-use properties is followed by chapters on non-wheat cereals and health-related aspects of cereals. Suggested solutions to end-of-chapter questions and exercises round out the book's solid coverage. These solutions require critical thinking and, in some cases, searches of the literature. Demonstrations are included to further illustrate principles. This well-organized resource provides students and researchers in both academia and industry with the information they need to tackle problems likely to arise in cereal research.

Fuel Production with Heterogeneous Catalysis presents the groundbreaking discoveries, recent developments, and future perspectives of one of the most important areas of renewable energy research-the heterogeneous catalytic production of fuels. Comprised of chapters authored by leading experts in the field, this authoritative text: Focuses primarily on the state-of-the-art catalysts and catalytic processes anticipated to play a pivotal role in the production of fuels Describes production of fuels from renewable sources using environmentally friendly technologies Exposes the advantages and disadvantages of each production process Suggests solutions to minimize the impact of fuel transportation Conveys the importance of catalysis for the sustainable production of fuels Fuel Production with Heterogeneous Catalysis delivers a comprehensive overview of the current state of the art of the heterogeneous catalytic production of fuels, providing reaction mechanism schemes, engineering solutions, valuable industry insights, and more.

Advances in Catalysis, Volume 60 fills the gap between journal papers and textbooks across the diverse areas of catalysis research, with this updated volume in the series covering Advances in Photocatalysis, Advances in Catalysis for Biomass Conversion, Advances in Catalysis for Methanol to Olefin Conversion, and Advances in Catalysis for Syngas Conversion to Hydrocarbons. For more than 60 years, this series has dedicated itself to record and present the latest progress in the field of catalysis, providing the scientific community with comprehensive and authoritative reviews. It is an invaluable and comprehensive resource for chemical engineers and chemists working in the field of catalysis in both academia and industry.

Sustainable Design through Process Integration: Fundamentals and Applications to Industrial Pollution Prevention, Resource Conservation, and Profitability Enhancement, Second Edition, is an important textbook that provides authoritative, comprehensive, and easy-to-follow coverage of the fundamental concepts and practical techniques on the use of process integration to maximize the efficiency and sustainability of industrial processes. The book is ideal for adoption in process design and sustainability courses. It is also a valuable guidebook to process, chemical, and environmental engineers who need to improve the design, operation, performance, and sustainability of industrial plants. The book covers pressing and high growth topics, including benchmarking process performance, identifying root causes of problems and opportunities for improvement, designing integrated solutions, enhancing profitability, conserving natural resources, and preventing pollution. Written by one of the world's foremost authorities on integrated process design and sustainability, the new edition contains new chapters and updated materials on various aspects of process integration and sustainable design. The new edition is also packed with numerous new examples and industrial applications.

Membranes play a crucial role in ensuring the optimum use and recovery of materials in manufacturing. In the process industries, they are required for efficient production and minimization of environmental impact. They are also essential for the efficient production of clean water, a significant global issue. Membrane Fabrication brings together experts from various disciplines who discuss current membrane fabrication methods and how they are used in the optimization of membrane applications. They present innovative ideas on the development of membrane science and technology with a view toward efficient application of membrane separation processes. Exploring fabrication processes for polymeric, inorganic, and composite membranes, the book details the effects of different fabrication conditions and how these conditions can be controlled to optimize membrane construction and the subsequent application of the membrane system. It examines the advantages and disadvantages of each type of membrane, including the malleable yet vulnerable polymeric membranes, the robust yet costly inorganic membranes, and composite membranes, constructed with a blend of inorganic and organic materials. Offering a comprehensive survey of a range of fabrication methods, the book is essential reading for those engaged in the R & D activities of the field, as well as those interested in the sustainable development of membranes for various applications. It is also an important resource for industrialists and others charged with developing and introducing membrane processes into production or waste management.