This book is devoted to the problems of oxidation chemical reactions and addresses bimodal reaction sequences. Chemical reactions of oxidation, occurring under certain conditions and in multicomponent systems are complex processes. The process of the oxidation essentially changes in the presence and contact of the solid substances with reactants. The role of solid substances and the appearance of this phenomenon in oxidation reaction are discussed. The reader will understand the "driving forces" of this phenomenon and apply it in practice. Written for chemists, physicists, biologists and engineers working in the domain of oxidation reactions. Key Selling Features: Covers the historical background, modern state of the art, and perspectives in investigations of the coupling between heterogeneous and homogeneous reactions Discusses the feasible pathways of the coupling of heterogeneous and homogeneous reactions in oxidation in man-made and natural chemical systems Addresses the abundance, peculiarities and mechanisms of the bimodal reaction sequences in oxidation with dioxygen in recent decades Discusses the existence of the bimodal reaction sequences in chemical systems investigations in atmospheric chemistry and heterogeneous photocatalysis Presented in a simple concise style, accessible for both specialists and non-specialists

While modern computational methods can provide us with the wave function of a molecule in numerical form, most computer programs lack the sophisticated tools needed to extract chemical concepts from these wave functions. Saving researchers vast time and potential confusion, this volume collects and organizes those validated tools currently scattered throughout the literature and details their application. It provides immediate access for those needing to calculate such critical factors as bond order and valence indices, and atomic and diatomic contributions to molecular energy. Supporting material is available for download from the authors' continually updated website.

The primary purpose of this book is to prepare the ground for coordinated efforts aiming to answer the question: where and when life originated. The appearance of life involves three successive stages: i) the formation of chemical elements and their combination to simple molecules, which is the concern of physicists; ii) the evolution of organized complexity in biomolecules and their reactions, which falls within the field of chemistry; iii) the onset of Darwinian evolution after the appearance of the first cell-like structure, which is studied by biologists. This book focuses on the first two steps of this process with chapters exploring topics such as chemical element abundances; galaxies, galactic magnetic fields and cosmic rays; galactic chemical evolution. Key Features: Contains extensive lists of reference and additional reading. Includes new hypotheses concerning the origin of life. Combines consideration from nuclear physics, astrophysics, astro- and geochemistry. Despite its interdisciplinary nature, this book remains accessible to nonexperts, and would be a valuable companion for both experts and laypeople.

Recent advances in both experimental techniques and theoretical methodologies have meant that increasingly sophisticated studies concerning the formation, structures, energetics, and reaction dynamics of state- or energy-selected molecular ions can now be performed. In order to better serve the ion chemistry and physics community, each volume of this series will be dedicated to reviewing a specific topic, emphasizing new experimental and theoretical developments in the study of ions. The Wiley Series in Ion Chemistry and Physics will help stimulate new research directions and point to future opportunities in the field of ion chemistry and physics. This fourth volume is devoted to developments associated with the high resolution study of molecular photoionization, presented from both experimental and theoretical viewpoints. This field has been revolutionized in recent years through the rapid development of zero kinetic energy (ZEKE) photoelectron spectroscopy, which is featured prominently within this volume. These advances have expanded the researcher' s ability to probe not just structural features, but also the detailed dynamics of a system, resulting in the interest and applicability of the technique being broadened to areas of chemical physics extending beyond the traditional study of photoionization per se. Each of the twelve chapters making up this volume is written by leading researchers in their respective fields.

Low Energy Ion - Surface Interactions Edited by J. Wayne Rabalais, University of Houston, Texas, USA Recent advances in experimental techniques and theoretical methodologies mean that increasingly detailed and sophisticated studies of state - or energy - selected molecular ions can now be performed. Each volume in this series will be dedicated to reviewing a specific topic, emphasizing new experimental and theoretical developments in the study of ions. This volume details the current understanding of Low Energy Ion - Surface Interactions, along with some of the novel applications. Each of the ten chapters is authored by active researchers in the field who are at the forefront of research in their particular areas. This up-to-date compilation, detailing developments occurring within the last five years, will be particularly useful to researchers and teachers involved with Low Energy Ion - Surface Interactions.

This book explores a wide range of energy storage devices, such as a lithium ion battery, sodium ion battery, magnesium ion battery and supercapacitors. Providing a comprehensive review of the current field, it also discusses the history of these technologies and introduces next-generation rechargeable batteries and supercapacitors. This book will serve as a valuable reference for researchers working with energy storage technologies across the fields of physics, chemistry, and engineering. Features: Edited by established authorities in the field, with chapter contributions from subject area specialists Provides a comprehensive review of field Up to date with the latest developments and research

This book is an up-to-date review of the most important plasma-based techniques for material modification, from microelectronics to biological materials and from fusion plasmas to atmospheric ones. Each its technical chapters is written by long-experienced, internationally recognised researchers. The book provides a deep and comprehensive insight into plasma technology and its associated elemental processes and is illustrated throughout with excellent figures and references to complement each section. Although some of the topics covered can be traced back several decades, care has been taken to emphasize the most recent findings and expected evolution. The first time the word 'plasma' appeared in print in a scientific text related to the study of electrical discharges in gases was 1928, when Irving Langmuir published his article 'Oscillations in Ionized Gases'. It was the baptism of the predominant state of matter in the known universe (it is estimated that up to 99% of matter is plasma), although not on earth, where the conditions of pressure and temperature make normal the states of matter (solid, liquid, gas) which, in global terms, are exotic. It is enough to add energy to a solid (in the form of heat or electromagnetic radiation) to go into the liquid state, from which gas is obtained through an additional supply of energy. If we continue adding energy to the gas, we will partially or totally ionise it and reach a new state of matter, plasma, made up of free electrons, atoms and molecules (electrically neutral particles) and ions (endowed with a positive or a negative electric charge).

Quantum mechanics is a general theory of the motions, structures, properties, and behaviors of particles of atomic and subatomic dimensions. While quantum mechanics was created in the first third of the twentieth century by a handful of theoretical physicists working on a limited number of problems, it has further developed and is now applied by a great number of people working on a vast range of problems in wide areas of science and technology. Basic Molecular Quantum Mechanics introduces quantum mechanics by covering the fundamentals of quantum mechanics and some of its most important chemical applications: vibrational and rotational spectroscopy and electronic structure of atoms and molecules. Thoughtfully organized, the author builds up quantum mechanics systematically with each chapter preparing the student for the more advanced chapters and complex applications. Additional features include the following: This book presents rigorous and precise explanations of quantum mechanics and mathematical proofs. It contains qualitative discussions of key concepts with mathematics presented in the appendices. It provides problems and solutions at the end of each chapter to encourage understanding and application. This book is carefully written to emphasize its applications to chemistry and is a valuable resource for advanced undergraduates and beginning graduate students specializing in chemistry, in related fields such as chemical engineering and materials science, and in some areas of biology.

Renewable energies have become an attractive option to overcome the energy demands in sustainable and affordable ways. It has been estimated that one-third of the total renewable energies would be generated from photovoltaics (PVs). A solar or PV cell is a device that directly converts sunlight into electricity by taking benefit of the photoelectric effect. In the third-generation solar PVs, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are believed to be the most promising and have attracted wide attention. The optimization of a DSSC is focused on four main components: (i) metal oxide semiconductor, (ii) photosensitizer, (iii) redox couple electrolyte, and (iv) counter electrode. Among these, the counter electrode undertakes three functions: (i) as a catalyst, (ii) as a positive electrode of primary cells, and (iii) as a mirror. To obey these functions, the electrode material should have high catalytic activity, high conductivity, high reflectivity, high surface area, and electrochemical and mechanical stability. To improve the performance of DSSCs, many scientists have developed new counter electrodes made of platinum, carbon materials, transition metals, conductive polymers, and composites. This book converses the various aspects of materials for the fabrication of counter electrodes especially for the DSSCs.

This is introductory book for researchers, scientists and students in the area of organic and inorganic composite materials. This book has addressed timely the innovative topic "chalcogenide-multiwalled carbon nanotubes and chalcogenide-bilayer graphene" composite materials under a glassy regime. This book will give a clear idea on the concepts of the newly established composite materials area, by providing interpretations of inside physio-chemical mechanism. The remarkable landmark innovations related to this newly introduced research field are included in this book. Additionally, the possible futuristic applications in the area of nanoelectronics, optoelectronics, biomedical etc are also addressed.

This book offers a comprehensive presentation of the concepts, properties, and applications of complex materials. Authors of each chapter use a fundamental approach to define the structure and properties of a wide range of solids on the basis of the local chemical bonding and atomic order present in the material. Emphasizing the physical and chemical origins of different material properties, this important volume focuses on the most technologically important materials being utilized and developed by scientists and engineers.

Using fractal analysis, irreversible aggregation models, synergetics, and percolation theory, this book describes the main reactions of high-molecular substances. It is the first to give the structural and physical grounds of polymers synthesis and curing based on fractal analysis. It provides a single equation for describing the relationship between the reaction rate constants and the equilibrium constants with the nature of the medium.

This book covers a selection of recent research studies and new developments in physics and chemistry in micro and nanoscale materials. It brings together research contributions from eminent experts in the field from both academic and industry, providing the latest developments in advanced materials chemical domains.

In this book, new developments based on conceptual density functional theory (CDFT) and its applications in chemistry are discussed. It also includes discussion of some applications in corrosion and conductivity and synthesis studies based on CDFT. The electronic structure principles-such as the electronegativity equalization principle, the hardness equalization principle, the electrophilicity equalization principle, and the nucleophilicity equalization principle, along studies based on these electronic structure principles-are broadly explained. In recent years some novel methodologies have been developed in the field of CDFT. These methodologies have been used to explore mutual relationships between the descriptors of CDFT, namely electronegativity, hardness, etc. The mutual relationship between the electronegativity and the hardness depend on the electronic configuration of the neutral atomic species. The volume attempts to cover almost all such methodology. Conceptual Density Function Theory and Its Application in the Chemical Domain will be an appropriate guide for research students as well as the supervisors in PhD programs. It will also be valuable resource for inorganic chemists, physical chemists, and quantum chemists. The reviews, research articles, short communications, etc., covered by this book will be appreciated by theoreticians as well as experimentalists.

The use of mathematical modeling in engineering allows for a significant reduction of material costs associated with design, production, and operation of technical objects, but it is important for an engineer to use the available computational approaches in modeling correctly. Taking into account the level of modern computer technology, this new volume explains how an engineer should properly define the physical and mathematical problem statement, choose the computational approach, and solve the problem by proven reliable computational approach using computer and software applications during the solution of a particular problem. This work is the result of years of the authors' research and experience in the fields of power and rocket engineering where they put into practice the methods of mathematical modeling shown in this valuable volume. The examples in the book are based on two approaches. The first approach involves the use of the relatively simple mathematical system MathCad. The second one involves the solving of problems using Intel Visual Fortran compiler with IMSL Libraries. The use of other software packages (Maple, MathLab, Mathematica) or compilers ( , ++, Visual Basic) for code is equally acceptable in the solution of the problems given in the book. Intended for professors and instructors, scientific researchers, students, and industry professionals, the book will help readers to choose the most appropriate mathematical modeling method to solve engineering problems, and the authors also include methods that allow for the solving of nonmathematical problems as mathematical problems.

This new volume presents leading-edge research in the rapidly changing and evolving field of chemical materials characterization and modification. The topics in the book reflect the diversity of research advances in physical chemistry and electrochemistry, focusing on the preparation, characterization, and applications of polymers and high-density materials. Also covered are various manufacturing techniques. Focusing on the most technologically important materials being utilized and developed by scientists and engineers, the book will help to fill the gap between theory and practice in industry. This comprehensive anthology covers many of the major themes of physical chemistry and electrochemistry, addressing many of the major issues, from concept to technology to implementation. It is an important reference publication that provides new research and updates on a variety of physical chemistry and electrochemistry uses through case studies and supporting technologies, and it also explains the conceptual thinking behind current uses and potential uses not yet implemented. International experts with countless years of experience lend this volume credibility.

Written by highly regarded experts in the field, this book covers many of the major themes of chemical and biochemical physics, addressing important issues, from concept to technology to implementation. It provides new research and updates on a variety of issues in physical chemistry and biochemical physics. Many chapters include case studies and supporting technologies and explain the conceptual thinking behind current uses and potential uses not yet implemented. By providing an applied and modern approach, this volume presents a wide-ranging view of current developments in applied methodologies in chemical and biochemical physics research.

Electroinduced Drift of Neutral Charge Clusters in Salt Solutions presents studies of the processes accompanying the effect of periodic electric and magnetic fields on salt solutions in polar dielectric liquids. The authors explain phenomena from a physical point of view, without theoretical constructions and mathematical calculations. This is done in order to make the book accessible to a wide audience and to help the reader navigate in a multilateral topic that is touched upon when studying processes that occur in liquid media under the external influence of an electromagnetic nature. Additional Features: Explores the phenomenon of selective drift of solvated ions in polar dielectric liquids Applies general principles of electricity and magnetism to describe experimental results Demonstrates how small perturbations of the equilibrium distribution determine not the corrections to the effects but the effects themselves Approaches nonequilibrium molecular physics as a science of physical and chemical processes This book will be useful to specialists, engineers and graduate students, especially those recording and transmitting information in liquid media.

A valuable learning tool for students and an indispensable resource for professional scientists and engineers

Several outstanding features make this book a superior introduction to modern statistical mechanics: It is the only intermediate-level text offering comprehensive coverage of both basic statistical mechanics and modern topics such as molecular dynamic methods, renormalization theory, chaos, polymer chain folding, oscillating chemical reactions, and cellular automata. It is also the only text written at this level to address both equilibrium and nonequilibrium statistical mechanics. Finally, students and professionals alike will appreciate such aids to comprehension as detailed derivations for most equations, more than 100 chapter-end exercises, and 15 computer programs written in FORTRAN that illustrate many of the concepts covered in the text.

Statistical Mechanics begins with a refresher course in the essentials of modern statistical mechanics which, on its own, can serve as a handy pocket guide to basic definitions and formulas. Part II is devoted to equilibrium statistical mechanics. Readers will find in-depth coverage of phase transitions, critical phenomena, liquids, molecular dynamics, Monte Carlo techniques, polymers, and more. Part III focuses on nonequilibrium statistical mechanics and progresses in a logical manner from near-equilibrium systems, for which linear responses can be used, to far-from-equilibrium systems requiring nonlinear differential equations.

The authors examine topics in modern physics and offer a unitary and original treatment of the fundamental problems of the dynamics of physical systems, as well as a description of the nuclear matter within a framework of general relativity. They show that some physical phenomena studied at two different resolution scales (e.g. microscale, cosmological scale), apparently with no connection between them, become compatible by means of the operational procedures, acting either as some "hidden" symmetries, or harmonic-type mappings. The book is addressed to the students, researchers and university/high school teachers working in the fields of mathematics, physics, and chemistry.

Small systems are a very active area of research and development due to improved instrumentation that allows for spatial resolution in the range of sizes from one to 100 nm. In this size range, many physical and chemical properties change, which opens up new approaches to the study of substances and their practical application. This affects both traditional fields of knowledge and many other new fields including physics, chemistry, biology, etc. This book highlights new developments in statistical thermodynamics that answer the most important questions about the specifics of small systems - when one cannot apply equations or traditional thermodynamic models.

This book describes the physical mechanism of high-frequency (radio-frequency) capacitive discharge (RFCD) of low and medium pressure and the properties of discharge plasma in detail. The main properties and characteristics of RFCD, the features of electric breakdown in a high-frequency field are also investigated. The properties of near-electrode layers of a spatial discharge, the nature of the electric field in them, and the processes of charge transport to electrodes are explored. The work is intended for scientists engaged in gas discharge physics and low-temperature plasmas, graduate students and students of physics, physical chemistry, and relevant specialties.

Since their development in the 1990s, it has been discovered that diluted nitrides have intriguing properties that are not only distinct from those of conventional semiconductor materials, but also are conducive to various applications in optoelectronics and photonics. The book examines these applications and presents a broad and in-depth look at the basic electronic and optical properties of diluted nitrides. The aim of Physics and Applications of Diluted Nitrides is to provide graduate students, researchers and engineers with a comprehensive overview of the present knowledge and future perspectives of diluted nitrides. Co-authored by a group of leading scientists in the field, this book brings the reader up to speed on the development and current state of diluted nitride applications, as well as the technologies to be developed in the near future.

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is widely used across many fields of science because of the rich data it produces, and some of the most valuable data come from studies of nuclear spin relaxation in solution. The first edition of this book, published more than a decade ago, provided an accessible and cohesive treatment of the field. The present second edition is a significant update, covering important new developments in recent years. Collecting relaxation theory, experimental techniques, and illustrative applications into a single volume, this book clarifies the nature of the phenomenon, shows how to study it and explains why such studies are worthwhile. Coverage ranges from basic to rigorous theory and from simple to sophisticated experimental methods. Topics include cross-relaxation, multispin phenomena, relaxation studies of molecular dynamics and structure and special topics such as relaxation in systems with quadrupolar nuclei, in paramagnetic systems and in long-living spin states. Avoiding overly demanding mathematics, the authors explain spin relaxation in a manner that anyone with a familiarity with NMR can follow. The focus is on illustrating and explaining the physical nature of relaxation phenomena. Nuclear Spin Relaxation in Liquids: Theory, Experiments and Applications, 2nd Edition, provides useful supplementary reading for graduate students and is a valuable reference for NMR spectroscopists, whether in chemistry, physics or biochemistry.

The latest edition of the leading forum in chemical physics

Edited by Nobel Prize winner Ilya Prigogine and renowned authority Stuart A. Rice, the Advances in Chemical Physics series provides a forum for critical, authoritative evaluations in every area of the discipline. In a format that encourages the expression of individual points of view, experts in the field present comprehensive analyses of subjects of interest. This stand-alone, special topics volume reports recent advances in electron-transfer research, with significant, up-to-date chapters by internationally recognized researchers. Volume 123 collects innovative papers on "Transition Path Sampling," "Dynamics of Chemical Reactions and Chaos," "The Role of Self Similarity in Renormalization Group Theory," and several other related topics. Advances in Chemical Physics remains the premier venue for presentations of new findings in its field.