This book provides an overview of the underlying physics and technology of modern waveguide optoelectronics. By presenting these two aspects together in a coherent manner, readers will gain an appreciation of the fundamental physical limits to device performance as well as a critical understanding of the state of the art. Starting from the fundamental optical properties of matter, the book moves on to describe methods of device design, with an emphasis on low dimensional systems. The potential of III-IV semiconductors is highlighted because of their ability to incorporate lasers, waveguides, modulators and detectors. However, other technologies - principally lithium niobate and fibre devices - are studied and contrasted. The role of nonlinear optics and femtosecond pulses within the framework of waveguide optics is evaluated. Optical fibre devices show considerable promise in a range of systems applications and such devices are discussed and compared with planar devices. Finally, progress towards photonic and optoelectronic integrated circuits is addressed.

In recent years a number of non-linear Raman spectroscopic techniques have been substantially developed and are now proving to be powerful methods for the solution of many problems not only in spectroscopy but also in chemistry, physics and biology. These techniques include hyper Rayleigh and hyper Raman spectroscopy, coherent anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy (CARS), Raman Gain and In verse Raman Spectroscopy, Photoacoustic Raman Spectroscopy (PARS) and the Raman Induced Kerr Effect (RIKE). Hyper Raman spectro scopy although experimentally difficult is valuable for investi gating transitions which are not active in the infrared or in the linear Raman effect; and the other non-linear Raman effects can provide signal strength and resolution which are orders of magni tude higher than those obtainable with linear Raman spectroscopy. The thirty chapters in this book will form the basis of lectures presented at the NATO Advanced Study Institute in Bad Windsheim, F. R. Germany from August 23 - September 3, 1982."

The study of surfaces has experienced dramatic growth over the past decade. Now, the editors of the internationally celebrated series Advances in Chemical Physics have brought together in this self-contained, special topic volume contributions from leading researchers in the field treating some of the most crucial aspects of the experimental and theoretical study of surfaces. This work delves into such core issues as:

• Kinetics and dynamics of hydrogen adsorption on silicon surfaces.
• Potential energy surfaces of transition- metal-catalyzed chemical reactions.
• High-resolution helium atom scattering as a proof of surface vibrations.
• Ordering and phase transitions in adsorbed monolayers of diatomic molecules.
• The influence of dimensionality on static and dynamic properties of a system.
• New applications to fields as varied as catalysts and the passage of molecules through membranes.

This valuable resource provides important insights into the current state of knowledge about surface properties. Prigogine and Rice's latest work will stimulate the imagination and motivate the exploration of other aspects of this fascinating subject.

The first volume in this series appeared in 1977, the second in 1980. From these volumes and the present one, some research trends in chemical communication can be perceived. In the 1977 volume, studies on 13 animal taxa were reported. In the present volume, the number is 25. This taxonomie diversi fication of research since the first volume of this series demon strates the wide variety of ecological adaptions, although no new general principles of chemical communication have ernerged. Further more, divergences in chemical comrnunication below the species level have become more apparent. In general, more sophisticated observa tions and techniques have led to greater awareness of the com plexities in chemical communication. As such awareness has also developed in the field of insect chemical communication, there has been a corresponding increase in the identification of the chemical compounds involved. However, in the vertebrates, no such correlation exists; in the present volume, conclusive chemical identifications of semiochemicals are remarkable by their paucity.

The polydiacetylenes are a class of polymers that are attrac ting increasing attention worldwide. There are many reasons for this interest one of the most important being the availability of many polydiacetylenes as macroscopic, high quality, single crystals. This fact was first reported in the pioneering work of Prof. G. Hegner on the solid-state polymerization of disub stituted diacetylenes in the late 1960s. Since then studies of the polymerization process and the properties of monomers and polymers have advanced understanding of solid-state reactivity and the physiCS of quasi-one-dimensional materials. More recently work on soluble polydiacetylenes, gels and films has been of interest for both academic and technological reasons. Progress in this area has required a combination of research disciplines ranging from synthetic organic chemistry to solid state physics. The interdisciplinary effort required for success ful research in polydiacetylenes was reflected in the mix of chemists, physicists and materials scientists who attended the Workshop. The emerging potential for commercial applications of polydiacetylenes was also evident in the nearly equal partici pation of academic and industrial/government scientists. The WOrkshop was the first major international meeting to focus solely on polydiacetylenes. It provided a forum in which problems of mutual interest could be discussed by scientists with diverse backgrounds and interests. It also satisfied the need for a review of the science of these materials at a time when this basic understanding is leading to technological applications."

"Physics of Cryocrystals offers the first comprehensive treatment of molecular cryosolids. The book focuses on the distinctions between molecular and atomic cryocrystals, especially on the role of molecular rotation. Also considered are how cryocrystals are used for investigating the lattice dynamics of crystals with isotropic and anisotropic interactions, phase transitions, melting, different kinds of electronic excitations in insulators, and impurity effects. Detailed tables and graphs of molecular parameters, essential thermodynamic data, and lattice-dynamic data serve to make Physics of Cryocrystals an invaluable sourcebook." "Contents" Physics of Cryocrystals offers the first comprehensive treatment of molecular cryosolids. The book focuses on the distinctions between molecular and atomic cryocrystals, especially on the role of molecular rotation. Also considered are how cryocrystals are used for investigating the lattice dynamics of crystals with isotropic and anisotropic interactions, phase transitions, melting, different kinds of electronic excitations in insulators, and impurity effects. Detailed tables and graphs of molecular parameters, essential thermodynamic data, and lattice-dynamic data serve to make Physics of Cryocrystals an invaluable sourcebook.

We have shown that simple power-law dynamics is expected for flexible fractal objects. Although the predicted behavior is well established for linear polymers, the situationm is considerably more complex for colloidal aggregates. In the latter case, the observed K-dependence of (r) can be explained either in terms of non-asymptotic hydrodynamics or in terms of weak power-law polydispersity. In the case of powders (alumina, in particular) apparent fractal behavior seen in static scattering is not found in the dynamics. ID. W. Schaefer, J. E. Martin, P. Wiitzius, and D. S. Cannell, Phys. Rev. Lett. 52,2371 (1984). 2 J. E. Martin and D. W. Schaefer, Phys. Rev. Lett. 5:1,2457 (1984). 3 D. W. Schaefer and C. C. Han in Dynamic Light Scattering, R. Pecora ed, Plenum, NY, 1985) p. 181. 4 P. Sen, this book. S J. E. Martin and B. J. Ackerson, Phys. Rev. A :11, 1180 (1985). 6 J. E. Martin, to be published. 7 D. A. Weitz, J. S. Huang, M. Y. Lin and J. Sung, Phys. Rev. Lett. 53,1657 (1984) . 8 J. E. Martin, D. W. Schaefer and A. J. Hurd, to be published; D. W. Schaefer, K. D. Keefer, J. E. Martin, and A. J. Hurd, in Physics of Finely Divided Matter, M. Daoud, Ed., Springer Verlag, NY, 1985. 9 D. W. Schaefer and A. J. Hurd, to be published. lOJ. E. Martin, J. Appl. Cryst. (to be published).

Multiphoton processes in atoms in intense laser-light fields is gaining ground as a spectroscopic diagnostic tool. This text presents descriptions of processes occurring in atoms under the action of strong electromagnetic radiation, in particular, the shift, broadening and mixing of atomic states. The topics covered include tunnelling ionization, above-threshold ionization, ionization of multiply charged ions, resonance-enhanced ionization, super-intense radiation fields, and properties of Rydberg states strongly perturbed by laser radiation.

The use of numerical grid methods to solve the Schrodinger equation has rapidly evolved in the past decade.The early attempts to demonstrate the computational viability of grid methods have been largely superseded by applications to specific problems and deeper research into more sophisticated quadrature schemes. Underpinning this research, of course, is the belief that the generic nature of grid methods can enjoy a symbiotic development with advances in computer technology, harnessing this technology in an effective manner. The contributions to this proceedings demonstrate these points in full: several appli cations displayed creative use and extension of existing grid methodology; other research concentrated on the development of new quadrature schemes or mixed numerical meth ods. The research represented ranges from highly specific spectral simulations of van der Waals complexs to general schemes for reactive scattering. The novelty of grid methods in Density Functional Theory calculations should also be highlighted since it represents an alternative to standard basis set expansion techniques and might offer distinct advantages to the standard techniques. A deliberate attempt was made to present research material with more motivational and background discussion than is typical of research publications. It is hoped that these contributed proceedings will be useful to students and researchers outside the field to have a rapid and complete introduction to many of the exciting uses of grid methodology in atomic and molecular physics. Special thanks are due to the NATO Science Committee for its generous support of the activities of this workshop."

Taking an individual approach, this book focuses on the concepts underlying chemical physics. It presents the essence of a connected theory rather than mere explanations of apparently unrelated facts, helping readers to understand chemical phenomena in terms of the most fundamental laws of physics.

This is a textbook on the theory and calculation of molecular electromagnetic and spectroscopic properties designed for a one-semester course with lectures and exercise classes. The idea of the book is to provide thorough background knowledge for the calculation of electromagnetic and spectroscopic properties of molecules with modern quantum chemical software packages.
The book covers the derivation of the molecular Hamiltonian in the presence of electromagnetic fields, and of time-independent and time-dependent perturbation theory in the form of response theory. It defines many molecular properties and spectral parameters and gives an introduction to modern computational chemistry methods.

Microfluidics deals with fluids flowing in miniaturized systems. It is a young discipline, which is expected to substantially expand over the next few years, stimulated by the considerable development of applications in the pharmaceutical, biomedical and chemical engineering domains.
The book is an introduction to this discipline. In the first chapter, it presents a short historical background and discusses the main perspectives of the domain, at economical and scientific levels. Then the physics of miniaturization and the fluid mechanics of microflows are discussed. In the following three chapters, dispersion, electrical and thermal phenomena in miniaturized devices are presented. A brief introduction to microfabrication techniques is given in chapter six and the book concludes by providing a few examples of microfludic systems.
The book is written in a simple, direct, pedagogical way. It emphasizes concepts and understanding, rather than technical detail. It offers a cross-disciplinary view of the field embracing biological, chemical, physical and engineering perspectives. By using the book, the reader will have concepts, methods and data to grasp situation, which typically arise in mircofludic systems.

Leading research, perspectives, and analysis of dynamical systems and irreversibility

Edited by Nobel Prize winner Ilya Prigogine and renowned authority Stuart A. Rice, the Advances in Chemical Physics series provides a forum for critical, authoritative evaluations in every area of the discipline. In a format that encourages the expression of individual points of view, experts in the field present comprehensive analyses of subjects of interest. Volume 122 collects papers from the XXI Solvay Conference on Physics, dedicated to the exploration of "Dynamical Systems and Irreversibility." Ioannis Antoniou, Deputy Director of the International Solvay Institutes for Physics and Chemistry, edits and assembles this cutting-edge research, including articles such as "Non-Markovian Effects in the Standard Map," "Harmonic Analysis of Unstable Systems," "Age and Age Fluctuations in an Unstable Quantum System," and discussion of many more subjects. Advances in Chemical Physics remains the premier venue for presentations of new findings in its field.

A stand-alone, monograph present results on mechanochemical synthesis of nanostructured composite materials on the base of inorganic and organic components The book summarizes and systematizes the results of a fundamentally new complex approach to the creation of composite polymer-inorganic systems by mechanochemical treatment, both as a result of the traditional approach with the use of dynamic mills (mechanical reactors) and ultrasonic action on powder mixtures In addition, the book will present a chapter that will focus on the method of mechanochemical preparation of materials for high-energy systems, which are the most promising, since it allows the most productive management of the formation of new structural compositions that increase the energy intensity of the system.

Specialist Periodical Reports provide systematic and detailed review coverage of progress in the major areas of chemical research. Written by experts in their specialist fields the series creates a unique service for the active research chemist, supplying regular critical in-depth accounts of progress in particular areas of chemistry. For over 80 years the Royal Society of Chemistry and its predecessor, the Chemical Society, have been publishing reports charting developments in chemistry, which originally took the form of Annual Reports. However, by 1967 the whole spectrum of chemistry could no longer be contained within one volume and the series Specialist Periodical Reports was born. The Annual Reports themselves still existed but were divided into two, and subsequently three, volumes covering Inorganic, Organic and Physical Chemistry. For more general coverage of the highlights in chemistry they remain a 'must'. Since that time the SPR series has altered according to the fluctuating degree of activity in various fields of chemistry. Some titles have remained unchanged, while others have altered their emphasis along with their titles; some have been combined under a new name whereas others have had to be discontinued.

Electroinduced Drift of Neutral Charge Clusters in Salt Solutions presents studies of the processes accompanying the effect of periodic electric and magnetic fields on salt solutions in polar dielectric liquids. The authors explain phenomena from a physical point of view, without theoretical constructions and mathematical calculations. This is done in order to make the book accessible to a wide audience and to help the reader navigate in a multilateral topic that is touched upon when studying processes that occur in liquid media under the external influence of an electromagnetic nature. Additional Features: Explores the phenomenon of selective drift of solvated ions in polar dielectric liquids Applies general principles of electricity and magnetism to describe experimental results Demonstrates how small perturbations of the equilibrium distribution determine not the corrections to the effects but the effects themselves Approaches nonequilibrium molecular physics as a science of physical and chemical processes This book will be useful to specialists, engineers and graduate students, especially those recording and transmitting information in liquid media.

Prigogine and Rice's highly acclaimed series, Advances in Chemical Physics, provides a forum for critical, authoritative reviews of current topics in every area of chemical physics. Edited by J.K. Vij, this volume focuses on recent advances in liquid crystals with significant, up-to-date chapters authored by internationally recognized researchers in the field.

While modern computational methods can provide us with the wave function of a molecule in numerical form, most computer programs lack the sophisticated tools needed to extract chemical concepts from these wave functions. Saving researchers vast time and potential confusion, this volume collects and organizes those validated tools currently scattered throughout the literature and details their application. It provides immediate access for those needing to calculate such critical factors as bond order and valence indices, and atomic and diatomic contributions to molecular energy. Supporting material is available for download from the authors' continually updated website.

This book is devoted to the problems of oxidation chemical reactions and addresses bimodal reaction sequences. Chemical reactions of oxidation, occurring under certain conditions and in multicomponent systems are complex processes. The process of the oxidation essentially changes in the presence and contact of the solid substances with reactants. The role of solid substances and the appearance of this phenomenon in oxidation reaction are discussed. The reader will understand the "driving forces" of this phenomenon and apply it in practice. Written for chemists, physicists, biologists and engineers working in the domain of oxidation reactions. Key Selling Features: Covers the historical background, modern state of the art, and perspectives in investigations of the coupling between heterogeneous and homogeneous reactions Discusses the feasible pathways of the coupling of heterogeneous and homogeneous reactions in oxidation in man-made and natural chemical systems Addresses the abundance, peculiarities and mechanisms of the bimodal reaction sequences in oxidation with dioxygen in recent decades Discusses the existence of the bimodal reaction sequences in chemical systems investigations in atmospheric chemistry and heterogeneous photocatalysis Presented in a simple concise style, accessible for both specialists and non-specialists

The primary purpose of this book is to prepare the ground for coordinated efforts aiming to answer the question: where and when life originated. The appearance of life involves three successive stages: i) the formation of chemical elements and their combination to simple molecules, which is the concern of physicists; ii) the evolution of organized complexity in biomolecules and their reactions, which falls within the field of chemistry; iii) the onset of Darwinian evolution after the appearance of the first cell-like structure, which is studied by biologists. This book focuses on the first two steps of this process with chapters exploring topics such as chemical element abundances; galaxies, galactic magnetic fields and cosmic rays; galactic chemical evolution. Key Features: Contains extensive lists of reference and additional reading. Includes new hypotheses concerning the origin of life. Combines consideration from nuclear physics, astrophysics, astro- and geochemistry. Despite its interdisciplinary nature, this book remains accessible to nonexperts, and would be a valuable companion for both experts and laypeople.

This book is an up-to-date review of the most important plasma-based techniques for material modification, from microelectronics to biological materials and from fusion plasmas to atmospheric ones. Each its technical chapters is written by long-experienced, internationally recognised researchers. The book provides a deep and comprehensive insight into plasma technology and its associated elemental processes and is illustrated throughout with excellent figures and references to complement each section. Although some of the topics covered can be traced back several decades, care has been taken to emphasize the most recent findings and expected evolution. The first time the word 'plasma' appeared in print in a scientific text related to the study of electrical discharges in gases was 1928, when Irving Langmuir published his article 'Oscillations in Ionized Gases'. It was the baptism of the predominant state of matter in the known universe (it is estimated that up to 99% of matter is plasma), although not on earth, where the conditions of pressure and temperature make normal the states of matter (solid, liquid, gas) which, in global terms, are exotic. It is enough to add energy to a solid (in the form of heat or electromagnetic radiation) to go into the liquid state, from which gas is obtained through an additional supply of energy. If we continue adding energy to the gas, we will partially or totally ionise it and reach a new state of matter, plasma, made up of free electrons, atoms and molecules (electrically neutral particles) and ions (endowed with a positive or a negative electric charge).

This book explores a wide range of energy storage devices, such as a lithium ion battery, sodium ion battery, magnesium ion battery and supercapacitors. Providing a comprehensive review of the current field, it also discusses the history of these technologies and introduces next-generation rechargeable batteries and supercapacitors. This book will serve as a valuable reference for researchers working with energy storage technologies across the fields of physics, chemistry, and engineering. Features: Edited by established authorities in the field, with chapter contributions from subject area specialists Provides a comprehensive review of field Up to date with the latest developments and research

Quantum mechanics is a general theory of the motions, structures, properties, and behaviors of particles of atomic and subatomic dimensions. While quantum mechanics was created in the first third of the twentieth century by a handful of theoretical physicists working on a limited number of problems, it has further developed and is now applied by a great number of people working on a vast range of problems in wide areas of science and technology. Basic Molecular Quantum Mechanics introduces quantum mechanics by covering the fundamentals of quantum mechanics and some of its most important chemical applications: vibrational and rotational spectroscopy and electronic structure of atoms and molecules. Thoughtfully organized, the author builds up quantum mechanics systematically with each chapter preparing the student for the more advanced chapters and complex applications. Additional features include the following: This book presents rigorous and precise explanations of quantum mechanics and mathematical proofs. It contains qualitative discussions of key concepts with mathematics presented in the appendices. It provides problems and solutions at the end of each chapter to encourage understanding and application. This book is carefully written to emphasize its applications to chemistry and is a valuable resource for advanced undergraduates and beginning graduate students specializing in chemistry, in related fields such as chemical engineering and materials science, and in some areas of biology.

Using fractal analysis, irreversible aggregation models, synergetics, and percolation theory, this book describes the main reactions of high-molecular substances. It is the first to give the structural and physical grounds of polymers synthesis and curing based on fractal analysis. It provides a single equation for describing the relationship between the reaction rate constants and the equilibrium constants with the nature of the medium.

This book covers a selection of recent research studies and new developments in physics and chemistry in micro and nanoscale materials. It brings together research contributions from eminent experts in the field from both academic and industry, providing the latest developments in advanced materials chemical domains.