In 399 BC Socrates was prosecuted, convicted, sentenced to death and executed. These events were the culmination of a long philosophical career, a career in which, without writing a word, he established himself as the figure whom all philosophers of the next few generations wished to follow. The Apologies (or Defence Speeches) by Plato and Xenophon are rival accounts of how, at his trial, Socrates defended himself and his philosophy. This edition brings together both Apologies within a single volume. The commentary answers literary, linguistic and philosophical questions in a way that is suitable for readers of all levels, helping teachers and students engage more closely with the Greek texts. The introduction examines Socrates himself, the literature generated by his trial, Athenian legal procedures, his guilt or innocence of the crimes for which he was executed, and the rivalry between Xenophon and Plato.

Im Jahre 2000 erschien die grundlegende Bibliographie zu den Sermones ad populum Augustins. Inzwischen wurden mehr als 450 weitere Titel dazu publiziert, die hier erganzend prasentiert werden als Arbeitsinstrument der immer mehr aufbluhenden Forschung zu Augustinus als Prediger. Die Einleitung stellt den neuesten Forschungsstand vor sowie eine umfassende Liste des gegenwartig anerkannten Bestandes an authentischen Predigten. Die ausfuhrlichen Indices bieten vor allem eine detaillierte Aufschlusselung aller Publikationen (Editionen - UEbersetzungen - Studien) fur jede einzelne der 567 Predigten.

Writing Tangier discusses an array of topics relating to the literature on Tangier from the seventeenth century to the present. Major questions include: Why has Tangier come to play an important role in contemporary world literary history as a signifier in the literary imagination; what is the nature of the inter-textual output produced through Paul Bowles' translations of the oral tales of a circle of uneducated storytellers (including Mohammed Mrabet and Larbi Layachi) and the text (For Bread Alone) brought to Bowles by the literate Mohamed Choukri; how do academics, artists, and writers who have been based in the city or who have written about it assess the various socio-economic, political, and cultural factors that have shaped its cultural production and the relationship of this production to the celebrated hybrid aspects of its identity; does the success of the literature of Tangier reflect a truly new multicultural cosmopolitanism, or does it stem from the fact that this literature is congenial to Westerners, that it is understood in terms that they themselves define, and that much of it (including productions in Arabic prepared with the expectation of translation) has even been «written to measure for them?

The "Nicomachean Ethics" is one of Aristotle's most widely read and influential works. Ideas central to ethics - that happiness is the end of human endeavor, that moral virtue is formed through action and habituation, and that good action requires prudence - found their most powerful proponent in the person medieval scholars simply called "the Philosopher." Drawing on their intimate knowledge of Aristotle's thought, Robert C. Bartlett and Susan D. Collins have produced here an English-language translation of the "Ethics" that is as remarkably faithful to the original as it is graceful in its rendering. Aristotle is well known for the precision with which he chooses his words, and in this elegant translation his work has found its ideal match. Bartlett and Collins provide copious notes and a glossary providing context and further explanation for students, as well as an introduction and a substantial interpretive essay that sketch central arguments of the work and the seminal place of Aristotle's "Ethics" in his political philosophy as a whole. The "Nicomachean Ethics" has engaged the serious interest of readers across centuries and civilizations - of people ancient, medieval, and modern; pagan, Christian, Muslim, and Jewish - and this new edition will take its place as the standard English-language translation.

Confronting Patriarchy: Psychoanalytic Theory in the Prose of Cristina Peri Rossi examines three works of the contemporary Uruguayan author who lives in exile as she dialogues with the psycho-analytic discourse endemic to patriarchal society. Peri Rossi's prose, structured like unconscious productions that give free expression to desire and passion as emanating from the forbidden recesses of the psyche, powerfully reveals the message as a treatment for an «ill society. The language in the three works studied facilitates and reveals the male protagonist's interaction with the desired female object as a regression to a semiotic, pre-oedipal state in a type of «return of the repressed of consuming desire that has been written out of mainstream patriarchy and that serves to challenge its rational, symbolic order. It is from this vantage point that the author attempts to re-write the conclusions obtained through Lacanian and patriarchal discourse so that woman can emerge as a subject in her own right.

This is a book about language and education in one of the smallest European Union member-states, Luxembourg. It presents the results of an ethnographic study of code-switching and language ideologies among transnational, luso-descendant youngsters attending a number of youth centres in Luxembourg city. It offers a comprehensive description of the processes of construction and negotiation of new, emergent identities and ethnicities. The author considers the implications of these results for language-in-education policy, including the EU policy of multilingualism. He criticizes mother-tongue education and advocates instead the use of "literacy bridges." Clearly argued and widely applicable, this book is essential reading for students and researchers interested in multilingualism, migration and education.

Thema des Bandes ist die Kontinuitat antiker Traditionen in der europaischen Literatur des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit. Ein Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf der produktiven Aufnahme und Weiterentwicklung mythologischer Stoffe in verschiedenen nationalsprachlichen Literaturen Europas, ein weiterer auf der ideengeschichtlichen und literarischen Tradition, insbesondere auf Fragen der Poetologie und AEsthetik sowie der Aufnahme von Gattungsmustern. Dabei wird nachgezeichnet, in welchen Formen die Antike auf die Literatur des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit einwirkte. Die leitende Frage gilt der Konstitution, Vergewisserung oder auch Neubestimmung der eigenen Identitat in der bewussten und produktiven Auseinandersetzung mit dem antiken Erbe.

Antigone is one of the most influential and thought-provoking of all Greek tragedies. Set in a newly victorious society, where possibilities seem boundless and mankind can overcome all boundaries except death, the action is focussed through the prism of Creon, a remarkable anti-hero - a politician who, in crisis, makes a reckless decision, whose pride (or insecurity) prevents him from backing down until it is too late, and who thereby ends up losing everything. Not just the story of a girl who confronts the state, Antigone is an exploration of inherent human conflicts - between men and women, young and old, power and powerlessness, civil law and the 'unwritten laws' of nature. Lauded in Antiquity, it has influenced drama and philosophy throughout history into the modern age. With an introduction discussing the nature of the community for which Antigone was written, this collection of essays by 12 leading academics from across the world draws together many of the themes explored in Antigone, from Sophocles' use of mythology, his contemporaries' reactions and later reception, to questions of religion and ritual, family life and incest, ecology and the environment. The essays are accompanied by David Stuttard's performer-friendly, accurate and easily accessible English translation.

The Thesaurus linguae Latinae is not only the largest Latin dictionary in the world, but also the first to cover all the Latin texts from the classical period up to about 600 A.D. 27 academise from different countries, and scholarly societies from three continents support the work of the Bayerische Akademie (Thesaurus-Buro Munchen). Two thirds of the dictionary have now been completed.

Cicero saw publication as a means of perpetuating a distinctive image of himself as statesman and orator. He memorialized his spiritual and oratorical self by means of a very solid body of texts. Educationalists and schoolteachers in antiquity relied on Cicero's oratory to supervise the growth of the young into intellectual maturity. By reconstructing the main phases of textual transmission, from the first authorial dissemination of the speeches to the medieval manuscripts, and by re-examining the abundant evidence on Ciceronian scholarship from the first to the sixth century CE, Cicero and Roman Education traces the history of the exegetical tradition on Cicero's oratory and re-assesses the 'didactic' function of the speeches, whose preservation was largely determined by pedagogical factors.

The early modern period saw the study of classical history flourish. From debates over the rights of women to the sources of Shakespeare's plays, the Greco-Roman historians played a central role in the period's political, cultural, and literary achievements. An Ocean Untouched and Untried: The Tudor Translations of Livy explores the early modern translations of Livy, the single most important Roman historian for the development of politics and culture in Renaissance Europe. It examines the influence exerted by Livy's history of Rome, the Ab Urbe Condita, in some of the most pressing debates of the day, from Tudor foreign policy to arguments concerning the merits of monarchy at the height of the English Civil War. An Ocean Untouched and Untried examines Livy's initial reception into print in Europe, outlining the attempts of his earliest editors to impose a critical order onto his enormous work. It then considers the respective translations undertaken by Anthony Cope, William Thomas, William Painter, and Philemon Holland, comparing each translation in detail to the Latin original and highlighting the changes that Livy's history experienced in each process. It explores the wider impact of Livy on popular forms of literature in the period, especially the plays and poetry of Shakespeare, and demonstrate the Livy played a fundamental though underexplored role in the development of vernacular literature, historiography, and political thought in early modern England.

Mixtures is of central importance for Galen's views on the human body. It presents his influential typology of the human organism according to nine mixtures (or 'temperaments') of hot, cold, dry and wet. It also develops Galen's ideal of the 'well-tempered' person, whose perfect balance ensures excellent performance both physically and psychologically. Mixtures teaches the aspiring doctor how to assess the patient's mixture by training one's sense of touch and by a sophisticated use of diagnostic indicators. It presents a therapeutic regime based on the interaction between foods, drinks, drugs and the body's mixture. Mixtures is a work of natural philosophy as well as medicine. It acknowledges Aristotle's profound influence whilst engaging with Hippocratic ideas on health and nutrition, and with Stoic, Pneumatist and Peripatetic physics. It appears here in a new translation, with generous annotation, introduction and glossaries elucidating the argument and setting the work in its intellectual context.

This is the endorsed publication from OCR and Bloomsbury for the Latin AS and A-Level (Group 1) prescription of Cicero's Philippic II sections 44-50 (... viri tui similis esses) and 78 (C. Caesari ex Hispania redeunti...)-92, and the A-Level (Group 2) prescription of sections 100-119, giving full Latin text, commentary and vocabulary, with a detailed introduction that also covers the prescribed text to be read in English for A Level. It is 44 BC. Following Caesar's assassination, his supporters are looking for a new leader. Caesar's deputy, Antony, and the 18-year-old Octavian, the future Augustus, are vying with each other to fill the role; each seems more concerned with personal power than the good of Rome. Cicero returns to the city to try to save it with the one weapon at his disposal: his oratory. In this speech, the longest of the Philippics (so-called after a series of speeches made against Philip of Macedon), Cicero starts by defending his own career and then - the part we read - demolishes Antony's. A masterpiece of invective, it ensures Antony's bitter hostility and Cicero's eventual elimination. Resources are available on the Companion Website www.bloomsbury.com/ocr-editions-2019-2021

Die Apophthegmata (geistreiche Ausspruche) des Erasmus von Rotterdam (1469-1536) sind ein literatur- und kulturgeschichtlich wichtiges Werk des Renaissance-Humanismus. Dieses bedeutende Spatwerk stellt eine Sammlung von fast 3000 Anekdoten und erbaulichen Erzahlungen dar, in deren Mittelpunkt geistreiche Ausspruche beruhmter Manner und Frauen der Antike stehen. Das Werk ist 1532 in acht Buchern erschienen und dem jugendlichen Herzog von Kleve, Berg und Julich gewidmet. Es stellt eine Art Furstenspiegel dar, wendet sich daruber hinaus an ein groesseres Publikum, das auf unterhaltsame Weise belehrt werden soll. Mit der vorliegenden Ausgabe wird zum ersten Mal ein lateinisch-deutscher Paralleltext zusammen mit einem wissenschaftlichen Kommentar vorgestellt. Dieser soll nicht nur die Abhangigkeit des Erasmus von seinen griechischen und lateinischen Quellen dokumentieren, sondern auch durch gezielte sprachlich-stilistische Untersuchungen und durch Erlauterungen zu Inhalt und Komposition das Verstandnis fur den Autor und sein umfangreiches Spatwerk foerdern und somit einen Beitrag zur Erasmusforschung leisten.

Das in der Forschung vielfach und kontrovers diskutierte Verhaltnis von Platonismus und Christentum eroertert die Arbeit anhand der menschlichen Seele, die ein gemeinsamer Gegenstand der platonischen und der fruhchristlichen Denkarbeit war. Gregor von Nyssa, ein massgebender Theologe der fruhen Kirche, wandte sich in mehreren Schriften diesem Gegenstand zu. Die platonische Tradition bot ihm gerade in dieser Frage umfangreiches Material fur seine Abhandlungen. Die Arbeit analysiert die theoretischen Voraussetzungen der platonischen Anleihen bei Gregor. Zu diesem Zweck werden die Person und das Leben Gregors untersucht und der Gebrauch des platonischen Materials bei ihm vor dem Hintergrund der Arbeitsmethode der Zeit und seiner eigenen Auffassungen vom Stellenwert des nichtchristlichen Gedankengutes diskutiert. Anschliessend eroertert die Arbeit die Ansichten Gregors im Vergleich zu Plato, Plotin und Porphyr an einer Reihe von Themen. Die Analyse ergibt eine vielschichtige Nutzung des philosophischen Materials bei Gregor, die sich einer eindeutigen Definition entzieht.

Augustins Sermones ad populum bilden den groessten Einzelposten all seiner Werke. Ihre Rolle in der Augustinus-Rezeption entspricht dagegen keineswegs ihrer Bedeutung. Die Vorstellungen von Person und Denken Augustins sind daher oft verzeichnet, weil seine Pastoral zu wenig zur Kenntnis genommen wird. Zu ihrer besseren Erschliessung legt der vierte Band der zweisprachigen Ausgabe dreizehn Weihnachtspredigten vor, wovon elf erstmals ins Deutsche ubertragen wurden. Der en face abgedruckte Text gibt die grundlegende Maurineredition unter kritischem Vergleich mit den spateren Editionen und deren Abweichungen wieder. Die Einleitungen und Anmerkungen erlautern das zur Einordnung und zum Verstandnis der Texte Erforderliche: Echtheit, UEberlieferung, Chronologie, Textkritik, Struktur, Stil, historische Daten, Theologie und Liturgie. Ein besonderer Schwerpunkt liegt auf dem Nachweis des biblischen Gedankengutes.

Traditionally ascribed to the early third-century BCE tragedian Lykophron, the Alexandra is a powerful Greek poem by an unknown author, probably written c. 190, when Rome had defeated Hannibal and the Carthaginians and was poised to humble the Seleukid king Antiochos III. The poem is an ingeniously constructed masterpiece, a generic mix with elements of tragedy, epic, and history. Priam's beautiful daughter, the prophetic Kassandra, foresees her rape in Athena's temple by the hateful Greek warrior Ajax after Troy's fall, and warns of disastrous returns (nostoi) for all the Greek 'heroes'. But Troy will rise again as Rome, founded by Trojan refugees. Alexandra (another name for Kassandra), narrates these Mediterranean foundation myths, adopting a bitterly disillusioned female perspective, but culminating in prophecies of Roman rule over land and sea.

This volume presents a new edition and annotated translation of Pompeius Magnus, a Neo-Latin tragedy on the death of the Roman general, which was published in 1621 by the French Jesuit Petrus Mussonius. The content and language of the play were strongly influenced by Classical literature.

Virgil's masterpiece and one of the greatest works in all of literature, now in a beautiful clothbound edition designed by Coralie Bickford-Smith Virgil's Aeneid, inspired by Homer and the inspiration for Dante and Milton, is an immortal poem that sits at the heart of Western life and culture. Virgil took as his hero Aeneas, legendary survivor of the fall of Troy and father of the Roman race. In telling a story of dispossession and defeat, love and war, he portrayed human life in all its nobility and suffering, in its physicality and its mystery.

Statius' narrative of the fraternal strife of the Theban brothers Eteocles and Polynices has had a profound influence on Western literature and fascinated generations of scholars and readers. This book studies in detail the poem's view of power and its interaction with historical contexts. Written under Domitian and in the aftermath of the civil war of 69 CE, the Thebaid uses the veil of myth to reflect on the political reality of imperial Rome. The poem offers its contemporary readers, including the emperor, a cautionary tale of kingship and power. Rooted in a pessimistic view of human beings and human relationships, the Thebaid reflects on the harsh necessity of monarchical power as the only antidote to a world always on the verge of returning to chaos. While humans, and especially kings, are fragile and often the prey of irrational passions, the Thebaid expresses the hope that an illuminated sovereign endowed with clementia (mercy) may offer a solution to the political crisis of the Roman empire. Statius' narrative also responds to Domitian's problematic interaction with the emperor Nero, whom Domitian regarded as both a negative model and a secret source of inspiration. With The Fragility of Power, Stefano Rebeggiani offers thoughtful parallels between the actions of the Thebaid and the intellectual activities and political views formulated by the groups of Roman aristocrats who survived Nero's repression. He argues that the poem draws inspiration from an initial phase in Domitian's regime characterized by a positive relationship between the emperor and the Roman elite. Statius creates a number of innovative strategies to negotiate elements of continuity between Domitian and Nero, so as to show that, while Domitian recuperated aspects of Nero's self-presentation, he was no second Nero. Statius' poem interacts with aspects of imperial ideology under Domitian: Statius' allusions to the stories of Phaethon and Hercules engage Domitian's use of solar symbols and his association with Hercules. This book also shows that the Thebaid adapts previous texts (in particular Lucan's Bellum Civile) in order to connect the mythical subject of its narrative with the historical experience of civil war in Rome in 69 CE. By moving past recent solely aesthetic readings of the Thebaid, The Fragility of Power offers a serious and thoughtful addition to the recent scholarship in Statian studies.

This is the OCR-endorsed publication from Bloomsbury for the Latin AS and A-Level (Group 1) prescription of Cicero's Pro Cluentio, sections 1-7 and 10-11, and the A-Level (Group 2) prescription of sections 27-32 and 35-37, giving full Latin text, commentary and vocabulary, with a detailed introduction that also covers the prescribed poems to be read in English for A Level. In 66 BC, Aulus Cluentius Habitus was tried for the attempted murder of Statius Albius Oppianicus the Elder. The prosecutor was Sassia, Cluentius' own mother. Marcus Tullius Cicero, the famous statesman, orator and lawyer, defended Cluentius in his Pro Cluentio, a persuasive oratorical tour de force. The selections in this edition prove that Cicero was not above using character assassinations in his speeches, first attacking Oppianicus the Elder, then Sassia in a vivid, melodramatic narrative which distracts and diverts the jury from Cluentius' alleged crimes. Resources are available on the Companion Website.

In the last year of his life, Ted Hughes completed translations of three major dramatic works: Racine's Phedre, Euripedes' Alcestis, and the trilogy of plays known as at The Oresteia, a family story of astonishing power and the background or inspiration for much subsequent drama, fiction, and poetry.

The Oresteia--Agamemnon, Choephori, and the Eumenides--tell the story of the house of Atreus: After King Agamemnon is murdered by his wife, Clytemnestra, their son, Orestes, is commanded by Apollo to avenge the crime by killing his mother, and he returns from exile to do so, bringing on himself the wrath of the Furies and the judgment of the court of Athens.

Hughes's "acting version" of the trilogy is faithful to its nature as a dramatic work, and his translation is itself a great performance; while artfully inflected with the contemporary, it has a classical beauty and authority. Hughes's Oresteia is quickly becoming the standard edition for English-language readers and for the stage, too.