Leading chemists and engineers concisely explain the principles behind microchip capillary electrophoresis and demonstrate its use in a variety of biochemical applications, ranging from the analysis of DNA, proteins, and peptides to single cell analysis and measuring the impact of surface modification on flow in microfluidic channels. Since surface chemistry must be carefully considered for optimal operation at this scale, the authors also discuss methods of both adsorbed and covalent surface modification for its control. Fabrication methods for producing microchips with glass, poly(dimethylsiloxane), and other polymers are also provided so that even novices can produce simple devices for standard separations. Microchip Capillary Electrophoresis: Methods and Protocols provides a practical starting point for either initiating research in the field of microchip capillary electrophoresis or understanding the full range of what can be done with existing systems.

This volume of Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry reviews the latest developments in electrochemical science and technology related to biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. In particular, this book discusses electrochemical applications to medical devices, implants, antimicrobially active materials, and drug delivery systems.

In this book well-known experts highlight cutting-edge research priorities and discuss the state of the art in the field of solid oxide fuel cells giving an update on specific subjects such as protonic conductors, interconnects, electrocatalytic and catalytic processes and modelling approaches.Fundamentals and advances in this field are illustrated to help young researchers address issues in the characterization of materials and in the analysis of processes, not often tackled in scholarly books.

The second edition of this textbook includes refined text in each chapter, new sections on corrosion of steel-reinforced concrete and on cathodic protection of steel reinforced bars embedded in concrete, and some new solved examples. The book introduces mathematical and engineering approximation schemes for describing the thermodynamics and kinetics of electrochemical systems, which are the essence of corrosion science, in addition to electrochemical corrosion, forms of corrosion and mechanisms of corrosion. This approach should capture the reader's attention on the complexity of corrosion. Thus, the principles of electrochemistry and electrochemical cells are subsequently characterized in simple electrolytes from a thermodynamics point of view.

This book focuses on nanotechnology in electrocatalysis for energy applications. In particular the book covers nanostructured electrocatalysts for low temperature fuel cells, low temperature electrolyzers and electrochemical valorization. The function of this book is to provide an introduction to basic principles of electrocatalysis, together with a review of the main classes of materials and electrode architectures. This book will illustrate the basic ideas behind material design and provide an introductory sketch of current research focuses. The easy-to-follow three part book focuses on major formulas, concepts and philosophies. This book is ideal for professionals and researchers interested in the field of electrochemistry, renewable energy and electrocatalysis.

This book is devoted to the synthetic and physical chemistry of aromatic thiols and their closest derivatives, sulfides, sulfoxides, sulfones, including those substituted by various functional groups such as acyl and thioacyl, alkoxide, ester, hydroxyl and halogens. In some cases, for comparison, selenium and oxygen analogues are also detailed. The main focus of the book is on synthetic methods, both traditional and new, based on the use of transition metals as catalysts, as well as the reactivity of the compounds obtained. Its addition to the influence of conformational and electronic factors on spectral (NMR, IR, UV, NQR) and electrochemical characteristics of the compounds is presented. Finally, the book describes the application of aromatic thiols and their derivatives as drug precursors, high-tech materials, building blocks for organic synthesis, analytical reagents and additives for oils and fuels. It is a useful handbook for all those interested in organosulfur chemistry.

This second, completely updated edition of a classic textbook provides a concise introduction to the fundamental principles of modern electrochemistry, with an emphasis on applications in energy technology. The renowned and experienced scientist authors present the material in a didactically skilful and lucid manner.

They cover the physical-chemical fundamentals as well as such modern methods of investigation as spectroelectrochemistry and mass spectrometry, electrochemical analysis and production methods, as well as fuel cells and micro- and nanotechnology.

The result is a must-have for advanced chemistry students as well as those studying chemical engineering, materials science and physics.

This volume is meant as an introductory resource aimed at practitioners of electrochemistry research, technology and development mainly at the atomic, molecular or macromolecular levels. Emphasis is placed at length scales in the 1-100 nm range.

The aim of the volume is to help provide understanding of electrochemical phenomena and materials at the nanoscale through modeling and numeric simulations. It is also designed to serve as a means to create and use structures.

In this volume expert researchers in the field detail the operations of microchip capillary electrophoresis. Chapters focus on small molecule, biomolecule applications, various detection modes, and sample preparation approaches are described. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and key tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Microchip Capillary Electrophoresis Protocol aids scientists in continuing to study microchip capillary electrophoresis.

-Encapsulation by Miniemulsion Polymerization By K. Landfester and C. K. Weiss -Enzyme-Encapsulated Layer-by-Layer Assemblies: Current Status and Challenges Toward Ultimate Nanodevices By K. Ariga, Q. Ji, and J. P. Hill -Non-LBL Assembly and Encapsulation Uses 1 of Nanoparticle-Shelled Hollow Spheres 2 By G.C. Kini, S. L. Biswal, and M. S. Wong -Polymersomes: A Synthetic Biological Approach to Encapsulation and Delivery By M. Massignani, H. Lomas, and G. Battaglia -Reaction Vessels Assembled by the Sequential Adsorption of Polymers By A.D. Price, A.P.R. Johnston, G.K. Such, and F. Caruso

New Antisense Strategies: Chemical Synthesis of RNA Oligomers, by Junichi Yano und Gerald E. Smyth Development and Modification of Decoy Oligodeoxynucleotides for Clinical Application, by Mariana Kiomy Osako, Hironori Nakagami und Ryuichi Morishita Modulation of Endosomal Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated Immune Responses by Synthetic Oligonucleotides, by Ekambar R. Kandimalla und Sudhir Agrawal Delivery of Nucleic Acid Drugs, by Yan Lee und Kazunori Kataoka Aptamer: Biology to Applications, by Yoshikazu Nakamura Development and Clinical Applications of Nucleic Acid Therapeutics, by Veenu Aishwarya, Anna Kalota und Alan M. Gewirtz

This lab manual guides chemists through demonstrations of synergistic effects between polyelectrolytes and nanoparticles. After a short introduction into the field of polyelectrolytes and polyelectrolyte characterization, the book discusses the role of polyelectrolytes in the process of nanoparticle formation. The book also explains methods for characterization of the polyelectrolyte-modified nanoparticles.

Polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) or proton exchange m- brane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have been suggested as alternatives to replace many existing energy conversion technologies, incl- inginternalcombustionenginesandbatteries.Themostsigni?cant advances in PEFC technology achieved in the last decade have occurredinareasrelatedtoautomotiveapplications,namelyco- start capabilities, enhanced durability and better understanding of watermanagementandmasstransportlosses. This volume of Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry is intendedtoprovideanoverviewofadvancementsinexperimental diagnosticsandmodelingofpolymerelectrolytefuelcells.Chapters byHuangandReifsniderandGuetal.provideanin-depthreview of the durability issues in PEFCs as well as recent developments in understanding and mitigation of degradation in the polymer membraneandelectrocatalyst. Enabling cold start, the startup of PEFC stacks from subzero temperatures, is a very important capability achieved only within thelastfewyears.TajiriandWangprovideatutorialoverviewofthe requirementsforcoldstart,andprovideasummaryofexperimental diagnosticsandcold-startmodelingstudies. Chapters 4-6 address speci?c diagnostic methods in PEFCs. Martin et al. provide a detailed review of methods for distributed diagnostics of species, temperature, and current in PEFCs in Chapter 4.In Chapter 5, Hussey and Jacobson describe the op- ationalprinciplesofneutronradiographyforin-situvisualizationof liquidwaterdistribution,andalsooutlineissuesrelatedtotemporal andspatialresolution.TsushimaandHiraidescribebothmagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique for visualization of water in PEFCsandtunablediodelaserabsorptionspectroscopy (TDLAS) formeasurementofwatervaporconcentrationinChapter6. Diffusionmedia(DM)areproneto?oodingwithliquidwater. AlthoughtheDMisanessentialcomponentofPEFCsthatenable distributionofspeciesandcollectionofcurrentandheat,littlewas knownaboutcapillarytransportinDMsuntilrecently.InChapters7 Gostick et al. provide a description of liquid water transport in porousDMduetocapillarityanddescribeexperimentaltechniques usedtocharacterizeDMproperties. v vi Preface The?naltwochaptersdiscussmodelingofPEFCs.Mukherjee and Wang provide an in-depth review of meso-scale modeling of two-phase transport, while Zhou et al. summarize both the s- ulation of electrochemical reactions on electrocatalysts and the transport of protons through the polymer electrolyte using at- isticsimulationtoolssuchasmoleculardynamicsandMonteCarlo techniques. Eachchapterinthevolumeisself-contained;thereforetheydo notneedtobereadinacertainorder. Special thanks are due to 23 authors who contributed to this volume.

This volume explores the latest developments in the area of polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs) used for high-temperature fuel cells. Featuring contributions from an international array of researchers, it presents a unified viewpoint on the operating principles of fuel cells, various methodologies used for the fabrication of PEMs, and issues related to the chemical and mechanical stabilities of the membranes. Special attention is given to the fabrication of electrospun nanocomposite membranes. The editors have consciously placed an emphasis on developments in the area of fast-growing and promising PEM materials obtained via hygroscopic inorganic fillers, solid proton conductors, heterocyclic solvents, ionic liquids, anhydrous H3PO4 blends, and heteropolyacids. This book is intended for fuel cell researchers and students who are interested in a deeper understanding of the organic-inorganic membranes used in fuel cells, membrane fabrication methodologies, properties and clean energy applications.

The author provides a unified account of the electrochemical material science of metal chalcogenide (MCh) compounds and alloys with regard to their synthesis, processing and applications.

Starting with the chemical fundamentals of the chalcogens and their major compounds, the initial part of the book includes a systematic description of the MCh solids on the basis of the Periodic Table in terms of their structures and key properties. This is followed by a general discussion on the electrochemistry of chalcogen species, and the principles underlying the electrochemical formation of inorganic compounds/alloys. The core of the book offers an insight into available experimental results and inferences regarding the electrochemical preparation and microstructural control of conventional and novel MCh structures. It also aims to survey their photoelectrochemistry, both from a material-oriented point of view and as connected to specific processes such as photocatalysis and solar energy conversion.

Finally, the book illustrates the relevance of MCh materials to various applications of electrochemical interest such as (electro)catalysis in fuel cells, energy storage with intercalation electrodes, and ion sensing.

This volume of Modern Aspects contains a remarkable spread of topics covered in an authoritative manner by some internationally renowned specialists. In a seminal chapter Drs. Babu, Oldfield and Wieckowski demonstrate eloquently the strength of electrochemical nuclear magnetic resonance (EC-NMR) to study in situ both sides of the electrochemical interface via the simultaneous use of and This powerful non-invasive technique brings new insights to both fundamental and practical key aspects of electrocatalysis, including the design of better anodes for PEM fuel cells. The recent impressive advances in the use of rigorous ab initio quantum chemical calculations in electrochemistry are described in a remarkable chapter by Marc Koper, one of the leading protagonists in this fascinating area. This lucid chapter is addressed to all electrochemists, including those with very little prior exposure to quantum chemistry, and demonstrates the usefulness of ab initio calculations, including density functional theory (DFT) methods, to understand several key aspects of fuel cell electrocatalysis at the molecular level. The most important macroscopic and statistical thermodynamic models developed to describe adsorption phenomena on electrodes are presented critically in a concise and authoritative chapter by Panos Nikitas. The reader is guided through the seminal contributions of Frumkin, Butler, Bockris, Guidelli and others, to the current state of the art adsorption isotherms, which are both rigorous, and in good agreement with experiment.

The book deals with recent scientific highlights on molecular magnetism in Europe. Molecular magnetism is a new interdisciplinary discipline gathering together chemists and physicists, theoreticians and experimentalists. The book intends to provide the reader with documented answers to some current questions. How chemists can use soft conditions to transform molecules in light and transparent magnets? How a molecular system can behave as a single molecule magnet? How to combine several functions in the same molecular system? How light can be used to switch molecular magnetic properties? How can molecules be used for ultimate high density information storage or in quantum computing? What kind of methods do physicists develop and use to explore these new properties of matter? What kind of concepts and calculations can be provided for theoreticians to design new objects and to better understand the field and to enlarge its exciting developments?

Today high magnetic fields play an increasingly important role in many scientific fields. Formerly their use was largely restricted to the measurement of physical phenomena and the characterization of materials. But more recently they have found application in many new areas such as materials processing, crystal growth, and even in chemistry and biology. This book gives a broad survey of some of the most exciting recent applications of high magnetic fields, with the emphasis on materials science. These include, among others, the study of conventional and high-Tc superconductors, semiconductors, low-dimensional organic conductors, conducting polymers and protein crystallization. Each chapter begins with a general introduction and goes on to present detailed experimental results together with their interpretation. Researchers and students alike will find this book an excellent introduction to, and overview of current applications of static high magnetic fields.

Forensic DNA profiling procedures are mainly based on high resolution and high throughput capillary electrophoresis separation and detection systems of PCR amplicons obtained from DNA genomic markers with different inheritance patterns. In DNA Electrophoresis Protocols for Forensic Genetics, expert researchers in the field detail many of the protocols and methods which are now commonly used to perform forensic DNA profiling. It includes protocols for profiling of autosomal STRs, Y-STRs, X-STRs, autosomal SNPs, INDELS, Y-SNPs, mtDNA-SNPs, and mtDNA hypervariable regions HV1 and HV2 . Protocols for molecular identification of non-human species and mRNA profiling for body fluid identification are also included. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology (TM) series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and key tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) operate at high temperatures allowing more fuel flexibility and also useful heat output and so increase total efficiency, but does give some interesting engineering challenges." ""Solid Oxide Fuels Cells: Facts and Figures" provides clear and accurate data for a selection of SOFC topics from the specific details of Ni cermet anodes, chemical expansion in materials, and the measuring and modelling of mechanical stresses, to the broader scope of the history and present design of cells, to SOFC systems and the future of SOFC.

Celebrating Ulf Bossel s work on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, and especially his running of the European Fuel Cell Forum, " ""Solid Oxide Fuels Cells: Facts and Figures" covers important topics on the way including intermediate temperature fuel cells, metal supported fuel cells and both new materials and engineering solutions to some of the challenges of getting SOFC to market. The chapters are based on the special plenary talks given by some of the most respected and talented people in the field at the 2010 European SOFC Forum in Luzern and the title for this book comes from the report produced by Ulf for the IEA Final Report on SOFC Data, Facts and Figures, Swiss Federal Office of Energy, Berne, 1992.

The comprehensive nature of" ""Solid Oxide Fuels Cells: Facts and Figures" makes it a key resource of SOFC topics for students, lecturers, researchers and industry practitioners alike.

Celebrating Ulf Bossel s work on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, and especially his running of the European Fuel Cell Forum, " ""Solid Oxide Fuels Cells: Facts and Figures" covers important topics on the way including intermediate temperature fuel cells, metal supported fuel cells and both new materials and engineering solutions to some of the challenges of getting SOFC to market. The chapters are based on the special plenary talks given by some of the most respected and talented people in the field at the 2010 European SOFC Forum in Luzern and the title for this book comes from the report produced by Ulf for the IEA Final Report on SOFC Data, Facts and Figures, Swiss Federal Office of Energy, Berne, 1992.

The comprehensive nature of" ""Solid Oxide Fuels Cells: Facts and Figures" makes it a key resource of SOFC topics for students, lecturers, researchers and industry practitioners alike.

The comprehensive nature of" ""Solid Oxide Fuels Cells: Facts and Figures" makes it a key resource of SOFC topics for students, lecturers, researchers and industry practitioners alike."

The book is an up-to-date introduction to the fundamentals of the initial stages of Electrocrystallization, which are dominated by nucleation and growth of the first clusters of the new phase. It offers a readable exposition of the topic, in simple terms, providing a detailed theoretical description of the phenomena involved. The most relevant aspects of the experimental studies of electrochemical nucleation and growth are considered, as well, including some important methods for acquiring and analyzing experimental results.

Having specific properties quite different from those of bulk materials, these small, nano-clusters have always attracted considerable attention, and many sophisticated methods have been developed for cluster studies. In spite of this, information on small clusters can still be obtained by simple experiments, and the book shows that Electrocrystallization is unique in this respect. In this special case the phase change may be controlled experimentally by controlling the voltage and current, two simple and easily measurable electrical quantities. Certainly, this is what makes electrochemical systems an attractive object of study both from a scientific and from a practical point of view.

Electrochemistry plays an important role in preserving our cultural heritage. For the first time this has been documented in the present volume. Coverage includes both electrochemical processes such as corrosion and electroanalytical techniques allowing to analyse micro- and nanosamples from works of art or archaeological finds. While this volume is primarily aimed at electrochemists and analytical chemists, it also contains relevant information for conservators, restorers, and archaeologists.

Li-Co-Mn-Ni oxides have been of extreme interest as potential positive electrode materials for next generation Li-ion batteries. Though many promising materials have been discovered and studied extensively, much debate remains in the literature about the structures of these materials. There is no consensus as to whether the lithium-rich layered materials are single-phase or form a layered-layered composite on the few nanometer length-scales. Much of this debate came about because no phase diagrams existed to describe these systems under the synthesis conditions used to make electrode materials. Detailed in this thesis are the complete Li-Co-Mn-O and Li-Mn-Ni-O phase diagrams generated by way of the combinatorial synthesis of mg-scale samples at over five hundred compositions characterized with X-ray diffraction. Selected bulk samples were used to confirm that the findings are relevant to synthesis conditions used commercially. The results help resolve a number of points of confusion and contradiction in the literature. Amongst other important findings, the compositions and synthesis conditions giving rise to layered-layered nano-composites are presented and electrochemical results are used to show how better electrode materials can be achieved by making samples in the single phase-layered regions.

This book explores the conversion for solar energy into renewable liquid fuels through electrochemical reactions. The first section of the book is devoted to the theoretical fundamentals of solar fuels production, focusing on the surface properties of semiconductor materials in contact with aqueous solutions and the reaction mechanisms. The second section describes a collection of current, relevant characterization techniques, which provide essential information of the band structure of the semiconductors and carrier dynamics at the interface semiconductor. The third, and last section comprises the most recent developments in materials and engineered structures to optimize the performance of solar-to-fuel conversion devices.