Electrochemical reactions make significant contributions to organic synthesis either in the laboratory or on an industrial scale. These methods have the potential for developing more "green" chemical synthesis. Over recent years, modern investigations have clarified the mechanisms of important organic electrochemical reactions. Progress has also been made in controlling the reactivity of intermediates through either radical or ionic pathways. Now is the time to gather all the electrochemical work into a textbook.

As an essential addition to the armory of synthetic organic chemists, electrochemical reactions give results not easily achieved by many other chemical routes. This book presents a logical development of reactions and mechanisms in organic electrochemistry at a level suited to research scientists and final year graduate students. It forms an excellent starting point from which synthetic organic chemists, in both academia and industry, can appreciate uses for electrochemical methods in their own work. The book is also a reference guide to the literature.

This new edition presents principle methods in capillary electrophoresis (CE) separation involving CZE, MEKC, MECC, NACE, and corresponding hyphenated techniques to organic mass spectrometry and ICP-MS. Recent developments in the techniques of single cell analysis, as well as derivation, enantioseparation or the use of ionic liquids, and the use of CZE for the separation of living cells are also highlighted. This book discusses various application methods for the analysis of small ions, organic acids, amino acids, and (poly)saccharides to peptides that are shown with pollutants and biomarkers in food and health. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Cutting edge and thorough, Capillary Electrophoresis: Methods and Protocols, Second Edition covers a wide field of interests and will be especially great for beginners and students because of its combined focus on mini-reviews and application notes that will help them quickly get an overview of the field.

The present volume presents six chapters, two of them fairly brief, covering both fundamental and applied electrochemistry. The latter aspect has, of course, historical significance in the subject as well as a major technological profile in recent decades, while intimate connections between these complementary facets of the subject have always been a driving force for its earlier and continu ing development. In the Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry series we have periodically included contributions from the several schools of Russi n electrochemistry. This approach is continued in the present volume by inclusion of the chapter by Benderskii, Brodskii, Daikhin, and Velichko from the Frumkin Institute, Moscow, on phase transitions among molecules adsorbed in the double-layer interphase at electrodes. This topic has attracted attention for some years through the works of the Russian school and of Gierst and Buess-Herman. Such behavior is also related to the important phenomenon of self-assembly of molecules in films at interfaces. In Chapter 1, these authors give an account of the factors associated with two-dimensional phase transitions and associated orientation effects with polar adsorbates at electrode interfaces. The theoretical interpretation of these effects are also treated in some detail. Chapter 2, by Rusling, deals with electrochemistry and electro catalysis in microemulsions, thus connecting aspects of electrode kinetics, adsorption at electrode interfaces, and colloid chemistry."

This highly interdisciplinary thesis reports on two innovative photonic biosensors that combine multiple simultaneous measurements to provide unique insights into the activity and structure of surface immobilized biological molecules. In addition, it presents a new silicon photonic biosensor that exploits two cascaded resonant sensors to provide two independent measurements of a biological layer immobilized on the surface. By combining these two measurements, it is possible to unambiguously quantify the density and thickness of the molecular layer; here, the approach's ability to study molecular conformation and conformational changes in real time is demonstrated. The electrophotonic biosensor integrates silicon photonics with electrochemistry into a single technology. This multi-modal biosensor provides a number of unique capabilities that extend the functionality of conventional silicon photonics. For example, by combining the complementary information revealed by simultaneous electrochemical and photonic measurements, it is possible to provide unique insights into on-surface electrochemical processes. Furthermore, the ability to create electrochemical reactions directly on the silicon surface provides a novel approach for engineering the chemical functionality of the photonic sensors. The electrophotonic biosensor thus represents a critical advance towards the development of very high-density photonic sensor arrays for multiplexed diagnostics.

Lithium Process Chemistry: Resources, Extraction, Batteries and Recycling presents, for the first time, the most recent developments and state-of-the-art of lithium production, lithium-ion batteries, and their recycling. The book provides fundamental and theoretical knowledge on hydrometallurgy and electrochemistry in lithium-ion batteries, including terminology related to these two fields. It is of particular interest to electrochemists who usually have no knowledge in hydrometallurgy and hydrometallurgists not familiar with electrochemistry applied to Li-ion batteries. It is also useful for both teachers and students, presenting an overview on Li production, Li-ion battery technologies, and lithium battery recycling processes that is accompanied by numerous graphical presentations of different battery systems and their electrochemical performances. The book represents the first time that hydrometallurgy and electrochemistry on lithium-ion batteries are assembled in one unique source.

This volume documents the proceedings of the Second Symposium on Metallized Plastics: Fundamental and Applied Aspects held under the aegis of the Dielectric Science and Technology Division of the Electrochemical Society in Montreal, Canada, May 7-10, 1990. The first symposium on this topic was held in Chicago, October 10-12, 1988 and the proceedings of l which have been chronicled in a hard-bound volume l As pointed out in the Preface to the proceedings of the first symposium the metallized plastics find scores of applications ranging from very mundane to very sophisticated. Even a cursory look at the literature will convince that this field has sprouted; and there is every reason to believe that with all the research and development activities taking place, new and exciting applications of metallized plastics will emerge. The program for the second symposium was very comprehensive as it included 46 papers covering many aspects of metallized plastics. This symposium was a testimonial to the brisk research activity and keen interest in the topic of metallized plastics. The success of this symposium reinforced our earlier belief that there was a definite need to hold symposia on this topic on a regular basis. Concomitantly, the third symposium in this vein was held in Phoenix, Arizona, October 13-18, 1991 and the fourth is planned for May 16-21, 1993 in Honolulu, Hawaii. As regards the present volume, it contains a total of 35 papers covering a variety of topics ranging from very fundamental to very applied.

A one-stop resource on all aspects of semiconductor wafer bonding for materials scientists and electrical engineers

Semiconductor Wafer Bonding addresses the entire spectrum of mainstream and likely future applications of wafer bonding. It examines all of the important issues surrounding this technology, including basic interactions between flat surfaces, the influence of particles, surface steps and cavities, surface preparation and room-temperature wafer bonding, thermal treatment of bonded wafer pairs, and much more.

This unique, one-stop resource consolidates information previously available only by time-consuming searches through technical journals, proceedings, and book chapters for more than 1,000 published articles on wafer bonding. It covers all materials used for wafer bonding—including silicon, III-V compounds, fused and crystalline quartz, glass, silicon carbide, sapphire, ferroelectrics, and many others.

For materials scientists and electrical engineers who need to exploit the potential of this flourishing technology, Semiconductor Wafer Bonding is a convenient one-stop resource for answers to many common questions. It is also an excellent text/reference for graduate students eager to learn about this interdisciplinary field, which spans surface chemistry, solid-state physics, materials science, and electrical engineering.

This book provides a comprehensive overview of contemporary basic research, emerging technology, and commercial and industrial applications associated with the electrophoretic deposition of nanomaterials. This presentation of the subject includes an historical survey, the underlying theory of electrophoresis, dielectrophoresis, and the colloidal deposition of materials. This is followed by an assessment of the experimental equipment and procedures for electrophoretic and dielectrophoretic aggregation, manipulation, and deposition of nanoparticles, nanotubes, and other nanomaterials. Additional chapters explore the specific science and technology of electrophoretic film formation, using widely studied and application-driven nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes, luminescent nanocrystals, and nano-ceramics. The concluding chapters explore industrial applications and procedures associated with electrophoretic deposition of nanomaterials.

This textbook covers essential electrochemistry and materials science content and provides an extensive collection of examples in order to bridge the gap between engineering students' basic knowledge and the concrete skills they need to handle practical problems in fuel cells. The book starts with an introduction to the basic thermodynamics and electrochemistry principles and techniques in fuel cells. It subsequently discusses fuel cell operation principles, electrocatalysts, electrode materials, cell and system configuration and technologies in low-temperature fuel cells such as alkaline fuel cells and proton exchange membrane fuel cells, and in high-temperature fuel cells including solid oxide and molten carbonate fuel cells. Other energy conversion and storage technologies such as supercapacitors, batteries and electrolysis are also covered. A special chapter on laboratory experiments with fuel cells is also included, which can be conducted in conjunction with classroom teaching. Each chapter includes problems and exercises. The book provides students with an engineering background essential information on the basic thermodynamics, electrochemistry and materials of fuel cells, the most efficient and environmentally friend energy conversion technologies, all in a single book.

This book aims to discuss the cutting-edge materials and technologies for zinc-air batteries. From the perspective of basic research and engineering application, the principle innovation, research progress, and technical breakthrough of key materials such as positive and negative electrodes, electrolytes, and separators of zinc-air batteries are discussed systematically, which can be used to guide and promote the development of zinc-air battery technology. We do believe that our experiences and in-depth discussions would make this book useful for researchers at all levels in the energy area and provide them with a quick way of understanding the development of zinc-air batteries.

Complex plasmas differ from traditional plasmas in many ways: these are low-temperature high pressure systems containing nanometer to micrometer size particles which may be highly charged and strongly interacting. The particles may be chemically reacting or be in contact with solid surfaces, and the electrons may show quantum behaviour. These interesting properties have led to many applications of complex plasmas in technology, medicine and science.

Yet complex plasmas are extremely complicated, both experimentally and theoretically, and require a variety of new approaches which go beyond standard plasma physics courses. This book fills this gap presenting an introduction to theory, experiment and computer simulation in this field. Based on tutorial lectures at a very successful recent Summer Institute, the presentation is ideally suited for graduate students, plasma physicists and experienced undergraduates.

Incorporating the latest theoretical and experimental developments in the field over the past decade, Brainina and Neyman's Electroanalytical Stripping Methods focuses on the theory associated with the most progressive stripping electroanalytical methods (SEAMs) and their application to environmental monitoring and industry. Wherever appropriate, it highlights the main advantages of these methods, including their extremely low detection limit, the low cost of the instruments used, the possibility of speciation analysis, and their use in the investigation of solids as well as solutions. The combined work of two eminent researchers from the former Soviet Union, the book closes the previous information gap that existed between West and East and now makes accessible the most recent developments from Russia, including a different approach to initial electro-crystallization stages, the interconnection between voltammograms of binary metal systems and work functions, and the use of these phenomena in applied stripping voltammetry. Electroanalytical Stripping Methods also provides a critical assessment of current achievements in the field of electrode materials, and in the design of electrodes and electrochemical cells used in stripping methods. Here, the authors provide unique insight into the advantages of graphite electrodes - largely used in the East - over glassy carbon electrodes generally favored by the West. The book presents a number of other modern ideas, including the theory behind and the application of a new internal standard in stripping voltammetry...the catalysis of metals electrodeposition on the foreign substrate with adatoms...and the electrochemical transformation of solidsand adsorbates and their use in phase analysis and the investigation of the defect structure of solids. Electroanalytical Stripping Methods will prove to be an invaluable tool for professionals involved in environmental monitoring, helping them to develop and use trace analysis in evaluating drinking water, food, waste, and other solids and solutions and to apply stripping voltammetry to the analyses of chemicals. Researchers in the food, clinical, and pharmaceutical industries will similarly use the book to develop and apply SEAMs for trace analysis. Practitioners in the microelectronics industry will find useful information on solids that will help them improve the quality of catalyzers, films, special ceramics, and semiconductors. Finally, medical technicians will tap this resource for the insight it can provide in the electroanalysis of blood, urine, and other body fluids.

The book deals with perovskite-type ferroelectric solid solutions for modern materials science and applications, solving problems of complicated heterophase/domain structures near the morphotropic phase boundary and applications to various systems with morphotropic phases. In this book domain state-interface diagrams are presented for the interpretation of heterophase states in perovskite-type ferroelectric solid solutions. It allows to describe the stress relief in the presence of polydomain phases, the behavior of unit-cell parameters of coexisting phases and the effect of external electric fields. The novelty of the book consists in (i) the first systematization of data about heterophase states and their evolution in ferroelectric solid solutions (ii) the general interpretation of heterophase and domain structures at changing temperature, composition or electric field (iii) the complete analysis of interconnection domain structures, unit-cell parameters changes, heterophase structures and stress relief.

Over-consumption of fossil fuels has caused deficiency of limited resources and environmental pollution. Hence, deployment and utilization of renewable energy become an urgent need. The development of next-generation rechargeable batteries that store more energy and last longer has been significantly driven by the utilization of renewable energy.This book starts with principles and fundamentals of lithium rechargeable batteries, followed by their designs and assembly. The book then focuses on the recent progress in the development of advanced functional materials, as both cathode and anode, for next-generation rechargeable batteries such as lithium-sulfur, sodium-ion, and zinc-ion batteries. One of the special features of this book is that both inorganic electrode materials and organic materials are included to meet the requirement of high energy density and high safety of future rechargeable batteries. In addition to traditional non-aqueous rechargeable batteries, detailed information and discussion on aqueous batteries and solid-state batteries are also provided.

III-V semiconductors have attracted considerable attention due to their applications in the fabrication of electronic and optoelectronic devices as light emitting diodes and solar cells. The electrical properties of these semiconductors can also be tuned by adding impurity atoms. Because of their wide application in various devices, the search for new semiconductor materials and the improvement of existing materials is an important field of study. This book covers all known information about phase relations in multinary systems based on III-V semiconductors, providing the first systematic account of phase equilibria in multinary systems based on III-V semiconductors and making research originally published in Russian accessible to the wider scientific community. This book will be of interest to undergraduate and graduate students studying materials science, solid state chemistry, and engineering. It will also be relevant for researchers at industrial and national laboratories, in addition to phase diagram researchers, inorganic chemists, and solid state physicists. Features: Provides up-to-date experimental and theoretical information Allows readers to synthesize semiconducting materials with predetermined properties Delivers a critical evaluation of many industrially important systems presented in the form of two-dimensional sections for the condensed phases

A cogent and useful introduction to thetheory and application of electrochemistry

A significantly revised and improved edition of a noted text, this Second Edition of Fundamentals of Electrochemistry is designed to serve both professionals and novices with the essential information they require to understand and apply electrochemical processes. For students not yet familiar with this field, the text offers a basic outline of the essential topics of theoretical and applied electrochemistry; for practicing researchers and engineers, the book serves as a key to recent and advanced developments in the field.

This new edition features: Improved organization that includes a rewritten and simplified introductory section that makes the basics more accessible to undergraduates More advanced topics of interest to postgraduate readers, discussed in later sections A new focus on experimental techniques, including a comprehensive chapter on physical methods for the investigation of electrode surfaces New chapters dealing with recent trends in electrochemistry, including nanoelectrochemistry, solid-state electrochemistry, conducting polymers, electrocatalysis, computer simulation in electrochemistry, and electrochemistry and the environment Chapters on batteries, fuel cells, supercapacitors, and other electrochemical devices and phenomena

The thoughtfully revised Fundamentals of Electrochemistry, Second Edition is a cogent and comprehensive resource for anyone needing to master this highly relevant field.

This interdisciplinary book focuses on the various aspects transformation of the energy from sunlight into the chemical bonds of a fuel, known as the artificial photosynthesis, and addresses the emergent challenges connected with growing societal demands for clean and sustainable energy technologies. The editors assemble the research of world-recognized experts in the field of both molecular and materials artificial systems for energy production. Contributors cover the full scope of research on photosynthesis and related energy processes.

This thesis describes in-depth theoretical efforts to understand the reaction mechanism of graphite and lithium metal as anodes for next-generation rechargeable batteries. The first part deals with Na intercalation chemistry in graphite, whose understanding is crucial for utilizing graphite as an anode for Na-ion batteries. The author demonstrates that Na ion intercalation in graphite is thermodynamically unstable because of the unfavorable Na-graphene interaction. To address this issue, the inclusion of screening moieties, such as solvents, is suggested and proven to enable reversible Na-solvent cointercalation in graphite. Furthermore, the author provides the correlation between the intercalation behavior and the properties of solvents, suggesting a general strategy to tailor the electrochemical intercalation chemistry. The second part addresses the Li dendrite growth issue, which is preventing practical application of Li metal anodes. A continuum mechanics study considering various experimental conditions reveals the origins of irregular growth of Li metal. The findings provide crucial clues for developing effective counter strategies to control the Li metal growth, which will advance the application of high-energy-density Li metal anodes.

This book discusses the roles of nanostructures and nanomaterials in the development of battery materials for state-of-the-art electrochemical energy storage systems, and provides detailed insights into the fundamentals of why batteries need nanostructures and nanomaterials. It explores the advantages offered by nanostructure electrode materials, the challenges of using nanostructured materials in batteries, as well as the rational design of nanostructures and nanomaterials to achieve optimal battery performance. Further, it closely examines the latest advances in the application of nanostructures and nanomaterials for future rechargeable batteries, including high-energy and high-power lithium ion batteries, lithium metal batteries (Li-O2, Li-S, Li-Se, etc.), all-solid-state batteries, and other metal batteries (Na, Mg, Al, etc.). It is a valuable reference resource for readers interested in or involved in research on energy storage, energy materials, electrochemistry and nanotechnology.

The series Topics in Current Chemistry Collections presents critical reviews from the journal Topics in Current Chemistry organized in topical volumes. The scope of coverage is all areas of chemical science including the interfaces with related disciplines such as biology, medicine and materials science. The goal of each thematic volume is to give the non-specialist reader, whether in academia or industry, a comprehensive insight into an area where new research is emerging which is of interest to a larger scientific audience. Each review within the volume critically surveys one aspect of that topic and places it within the context of the volume as a whole. The most significant developments of the last 5 to 10 years are presented using selected examples to illustrate the principles discussed. The coverage is not intended to be an exhaustive summary of the field or include large quantities of data, but should rather be conceptual, concentrating on the methodological thinking that will allow the non-specialist reader to understand the information presented. Contributions also offer an outlook on potential future developments in the field.

Explores both electrochemistry fundamentals and the applications of oxygen in electrochemical systems. Much of the information is summarized in tables which are accompanied by a list of references to consult for details. Emphasizes fuel cells and metal/air batteries.

This monograph evolved over the past five years. It had its origin as a set of lecture notes prepared for the Ninth Summer School of Mathematical Physics held at Ravello, Italy, in 1984 and was further refined in seminars and lectures given primarily at the University of Colorado. The material presented is the product of a single mathematical question raised by Dave Kassoy over ten years ago. This question and its partial resolution led to a successful, exciting, almost unique interdisciplinary col laborative scientific effort. The mathematical models described are often times deceptively simple in appearance. But they exhibit a mathematical richness and beauty that belies that simplicity and affirms their physical significance. The mathe matical tools required to resolve the various problems raised are diverse, and no systematic attempt is made to give the necessary mathematical background. The unifying theme of the monograph is the set of models themselves. This monograph would never have come to fruition without the enthu siasm and drive of Dave Eberly-a former student, now collaborator and coauthor-and without several significant breakthroughs in our understand ing of the phenomena of blowup or thermal runaway which certain models discussed possess. A collaborator and former student who has made significant contribu tions throughout is Alberto Bressan. There are many other collaborators William Troy, Watson Fulks, Andrew Lacey, Klaus Schmitt-and former students-Paul Talaga and Richard Ely-who must be acknowledged and thanked."