For centuries, electrochemistry has played a key role in technologically important areas such as electroplating or corrosion. In recent decades, electrochemical methods are receiving increasing attention in important strongly growing fields of science and technology such as nanosciences (nanoelectrochemistry) and life-sciences (organic and biological electrochemistry). Characterization, modification and understanding of various electrochemical interfaces or electrochemical processes at the nanoscale, has led to a huge increase of the scientific interest in electrochemical mechanisms as well as of application of electrochemical methods in novel technologies. This book presents exciting emerging scientific and technological aspects of the introduction of the nanodimension in electrochemical approaches are presented in 12 chapters/subchapters.

In the past few decades, research in the science of electrodeposition of metals has shown the important practical applications of electronic, magnetic, energy devices and biomedical materials. The aim of this new volume is to review the latest developments electrodeposition and present them to teachers, professionals, and students working in the field.

Polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) or proton exchange m- brane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have been suggested as alternatives to replace many existing energy conversion technologies, incl- inginternalcombustionenginesandbatteries.Themostsigni?cant advances in PEFC technology achieved in the last decade have occurredinareasrelatedtoautomotiveapplications,namelyco- start capabilities, enhanced durability and better understanding of watermanagementandmasstransportlosses. This volume of Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry is intendedtoprovideanoverviewofadvancementsinexperimental diagnosticsandmodelingofpolymerelectrolytefuelcells.Chapters byHuangandReifsniderandGuetal.provideanin-depthreview of the durability issues in PEFCs as well as recent developments in understanding and mitigation of degradation in the polymer membraneandelectrocatalyst. Enabling cold start, the startup of PEFC stacks from subzero temperatures, is a very important capability achieved only within thelastfewyears.TajiriandWangprovideatutorialoverviewofthe requirementsforcoldstart,andprovideasummaryofexperimental diagnosticsandcold-startmodelingstudies. Chapters 4-6 address speci?c diagnostic methods in PEFCs. Martin et al. provide a detailed review of methods for distributed diagnostics of species, temperature, and current in PEFCs in Chapter 4.In Chapter 5, Hussey and Jacobson describe the op- ationalprinciplesofneutronradiographyforin-situvisualizationof liquidwaterdistribution,andalsooutlineissuesrelatedtotemporal andspatialresolution.TsushimaandHiraidescribebothmagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique for visualization of water in PEFCsandtunablediodelaserabsorptionspectroscopy (TDLAS) formeasurementofwatervaporconcentrationinChapter6. Diffusionmedia(DM)areproneto?oodingwithliquidwater. AlthoughtheDMisanessentialcomponentofPEFCsthatenable distributionofspeciesandcollectionofcurrentandheat,littlewas knownaboutcapillarytransportinDMsuntilrecently.InChapters7 Gostick et al. provide a description of liquid water transport in porousDMduetocapillarityanddescribeexperimentaltechniques usedtocharacterizeDMproperties. v vi Preface The?naltwochaptersdiscussmodelingofPEFCs.Mukherjee and Wang provide an in-depth review of meso-scale modeling of two-phase transport, while Zhou et al. summarize both the s- ulation of electrochemical reactions on electrocatalysts and the transport of protons through the polymer electrolyte using at- isticsimulationtoolssuchasmoleculardynamicsandMonteCarlo techniques. Eachchapterinthevolumeisself-contained;thereforetheydo notneedtobereadinacertainorder. Special thanks are due to 23 authors who contributed to this volume.

Electrocatalysts are the heart of power devices where electricity is produced via conversion of chemical into electrical energy. - pressive advances in surface science techniques and in first pr- ciples computational design are providing new avenues for signi- cant improvement of the overall efficiencies of such power dev- es, especially because of an increase in the understanding of el- trocatalytic materials and processes. For example, the devel- ment of high resolution instrumentation including various electron and ion-scattering and in-situ synchrotron spectroscopies, elect- chemical scanning tunneling microscopy, and a plethora of new developments in analytical chemistry and electrochemical te- niques, permits the detailed characterization of atomic distribution, before, during, and after a reaction takes place, giving unpre- dented information about the status of the catalyst during the re- tion, and most importantly the time evolution of the exposed ca- lytic surfaces at the atomistic level. These techniques are c- plemented by the use of ab initio methods which do not require input from experimental information, and are based on numerical solutions of the time-independent Schrodinger equation including electron-electron and electron-atom interactions. These fir- principles computational methods have reached a degree of - turity such that their use to provide guidelines for interpretation of experiments and for materials design has become a routine practice in academic and industrial communities.

This is the first of two volumes offering the very first comprehensive treatise of self-organization and non-linear dynamics in electrochemical systems. The second volume covers spatiotemporal patterns and the control of chaos. The content of both volumes is organized so that each description of a particular electrochemical system is preceded by an introduction to basic concepts of nonlinear dynamics, in order to help the reader unfamiliar with this discipline to understand at least fundamental concepts and the methods of stability analysis. The presentation of the systems is not limited to laboratory models but stretches out to real-life objects and processes, including systems of biological importance, such as neurons in living matter. Marek Orlik presents a comprehensive and consistent survey of the field.

The book entails investigative methods for better understanding of the degradation process and uses of high performance paints formulation and also compares them on mild steel (MS) and weathering steel (WS) through various AC/DC electrochemical test methods and surface characterization through electron microscopy, XRD and Raman spectroscopy. This book also deals with the corrosion studies undertaken considering three phases (solid, liquid and gas) with latest techniques and the emphasis has also been given on degradation of materials due to atmospheric corrosion as this is of immense interest to present engineers and researchers. MS has got versatile application as structural steel for construction of buildings, bridges, flyovers, pipelines etc. But this is very much prone to corrosion in industrial and marine environments in presence of harmful pollutants and other industrial effluents in addition to normal humid atmosphere. These corrosion problems are much severe in a tropical country like India with vast coastline. MS corrodes relatively faster and thus leads to colossal loss in every year and to reduce this loss some kind of protection in the form of paints and coatings is always used. Painting is an effective means but quite costly amounting 10-15% of the initial construction cost of superstructures besides cost of repainting at regular interval.

This is the second of two volumes offering the very first comprehensive treatise of self-organization and non-linear dynamics in electrochemical systems. The first volume covers general principles of self-organization as well as temporal instabilities. The content of both volumes is organized so that each description of a particular electrochemical system is preceded by an introduction to basic concepts of nonlinear dynamics, in order to help the reader unfamiliar with this discipline to understand at least fundamental concepts and the methods of stability analysis. The presentation of the systems is not limited to laboratory models but stretches out to real-life objects and processes, including systems of biological importance, such as neurons in living matter. Marek Orlik presents a comprehensive and consistent survey of the field.

As world demand for electrical energy increases, it will be the ingenuity and skill of brilliant electrochemists that enables us to utilize the planet's mineral reserves responsibly. This biographical dictionary profiles 85 electrochemists from 19 nations who during the past 270 years have researched and developed ever more efficient batteries and energy cells. Each entry traces the subject's origin, education, discoveries and patents, as well as hobbies and family life. The breakthroughs of early innovators are cataloged and the work of living scientists and technicians is brought up to date. An appendix provides a cross-referenced timeline of innovation.

Iron Phosphate Materials as Cathodes for Lithium Batteries describes the synthesis and the chemical-physical characteristics of iron phosphates, and presents methods of making LiFePO4 a suitable cathode material for lithium-ion batteries. The author studies carbon's ability to increase conductivity and to decrease material grain size, as well as investigating the electrochemical behaviour of the materials obtained. Iron Phosphate Materials as Cathodes for Lithium Batteries also proposes a model to explain lithium insertion/extraction in LiFePO4 and to predict voltage profiles at various discharge rates. Iron Phosphate Materials as Cathodes for Lithium Batteries is written for postgraduate students and researchers in electrochemistry, R&D professionals and experts in electrochemical storage.

New Antisense Strategies: Chemical Synthesis of RNA Oligomers, by Junichi Yano und Gerald E. Smyth Development and Modification of Decoy Oligodeoxynucleotides for Clinical Application, by Mariana Kiomy Osako, Hironori Nakagami und Ryuichi Morishita Modulation of Endosomal Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated Immune Responses by Synthetic Oligonucleotides, by Ekambar R. Kandimalla und Sudhir Agrawal Delivery of Nucleic Acid Drugs, by Yan Lee und Kazunori Kataoka Aptamer: Biology to Applications, by Yoshikazu Nakamura Development and Clinical Applications of Nucleic Acid Therapeutics, by Veenu Aishwarya, Anna Kalota und Alan M. Gewirtz

Sean Ashton's doctoral thesis, which he finished at the Technical University in Munich, describes the challenge of constructing a Differential Electrochemical Mass Spectrometer instrument (DEMS). DEMS combines an electrochemical cell with mass spectrometry via a membrane interface, allowing gaseous and volatile electrochemical reaction species to be monitored online. The thesis carefully introduces the fuel cell electrocatalyst development concerns before reviewing the pertinent literature on DEMS. This is followed by the presentation and discussion of the new extended design, including a thorough characterization of the instrument. The capabilities of the new setup are demonstrated in two research studies: The methanol oxidation reaction on Pt and PtRu catalysts, and the electrochemical corrosion of fuel cell catalyst supports. Despite both topics having long since been studied, new insights can be obtained through careful investigations with the new DEMS instrument that are of great, general interest. The thesis and the instrument thus show the way for future investigations in the field.

This book, written by the leading experts in the field of plant electrophysiology, provides a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the current state of knowledge on electrical signaling and responses in plant physiology. It covers a significant interdisciplinary area for a broad range of researchers, emphasizing the physical, chemical, biological, and technological aspects of plant electrophysiology, while also demonstrating the role of electrochemical processes and ion channels in plant life cycles. Separate chapters describe the electrophysiology of the Venus flytrap, the Telegraph plant, Mimosa pudica, and other interesting plant species. Subsequent sections focus on mechanisms of plant movement, the role of ion channels, morphing structures, and the effects of electrical signal transduction on photosynthesis and respiration. Further topics include the electrophysiology of plant-insect interactions, how plants sense different environmental stresses and stimuli, and how phytoactuators respond to them. All chapters analyze the generation and transmission of electrical signals in plants.

This book compiles new findings from the work of internationally renowned experts in plant electrophysiology, biophysics, bioelectrochemistry, ion channels, membrane transport, imaging of water transport, photosynthesis, mechanosensors, osmotic motors, sensing and actuation in plants. First volume covers modern methods in plant electrophysiology and cell electrophysiology. Second volume deals with signal transduction and responses in plants.

This edition is fully revised to reflect the current state off the field.
* Significant additions include ultramicroelectrodes, modified electrodes, and scanning probe methods.
* Many chapters have been modified and improved, including electrode kinetics, voltammetric methods, and mechanisms of coupled chemical reactions.

Laser-enabled measurements are valuable tools for the investigation of surfaces and interfaces or for the in situ investigation of interfacial processes including electrode processes. The understanding of the thermodynamics of solid/liquid surfaces is important for surface science and electrochemistry. In the first part of this book, the authors describe a range of techniques for investigating interfacial tension and surface stress, which is important for coatings, thin films, and fuel cells. The techniques covered comprise bending beam (bending plate, bending cantilever, wafer curvature) methods with different detection techniques. Special attention is given to methods using optical detection by laser beam deflection or interferometry. The second part is devoted to the techniques based on the detection of refractive index gradients in the solution. The refractive index changes could be related to concentration gradients (Probe Beam Deflection, PBD) or light-induced thermal gradients (Photothermal Deflection Spectroscopy, PDS). The application of the techniques to surface-confined and solution electrochemical systems is described. Subsequently, a comparison with others techniques able to monitor ion fluxes is performed.

Boron-Doped Diamond Electrodes for Electroorganic Chemistry, by Siegfried R. Waldvogel, Stamo Mentizi und Axel Kirste.- Modern Developments in Aryl Radical Chemistry, by Gerald Pratsch und Markus R. Heinrich.- Radical Additions to Chiral Hydrazones: Stereoselectivity and Functional Group Compatibility, by Gregory K. Friestad.- Hydrogen Atom Donors: Recent Developments, by Andreas Gansauer, Lei Shi, Matthias Otte, Inga Huth, Antonio Rosales, Iris Sancho-Sanz, Natalia M. Padial und J. Enrique Oltra.- Radicals in Transition Metal Catalyzed Reactions? Transition Metal Catalyzed Radical Reactions? - A Fruitful Interplay Anyway Part 1. Radical Catalysis by Group 4 to Group 7 Elements, by Ullrich Jahn.- Radicals in Transition Metal Catalyzed Reactions? Transition Metal Catalyzed Radical Reactions? - A Fruitful Interplay Anyway Part 2. Radical Catalysis by Group 8 and 9 Elements, by Ullrich Jahn.- Radicals in Transition Metal Catalyzed Reactions? Transition Metal Catalyzed Radical Reactions?: A Fruitful Interplay Anyway Part 3: Catalysis by Group 10 and 11 Elements and Bimetallic Catalysis, by Ullrich Jahn.-"

Batteries that can store electricity from solar and wind generation farms are a key component of a sustainable energy strategy. Featuring 15 peer-reviewed entries from the Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology, this book presents a wide range of battery types and components, from nanocarbons for supercapacitors to lead acid battery systems and technology. Worldwide experts provides a snapshot-in-time of the state-of-the art in battery-related R&D, with a particular focus on rechargeable batteries. Such batteries can store electrical energy generated by renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydropower installations with high efficiency and release it on demand. They are efficient, non-polluting, self-contained devices, and their components can be recovered and used to recreate battery systems. Coverage also highlights the significant efforts currently underway to adapt battery technology to power cars, trucks and buses in order to eliminate pollution from petroleum combustion. Written for an audience of undergraduate and graduate students, researchers, and industry experts, Batteries for Sustainability is an invaluable one-stop reference to this essential area of energy technology.

This second edition of a well-received volume has been thoroughly updated and expanded to cover the most recent developments. Coverage now includes additional polymers such as polyindole and polyazines, composites of polymers with carbon nanotubes, metals, and metal oxides, as well as bending-beam techniques for characterization. Again, the author provides a systematic survey of the knowledge accumulated in this field in the last thirty years. This includes thermodynamic aspects, the theory of the mechanism of charge transport processes, the chemical and physical properties of these compounds, the techniques of characterization, the chemical and electrochemical methods of synthesis as well as the application of these systems. The book contains a compilation of the polymers prepared so far and covers the relevant literature with almost 2000 references. From reviews of the previous edition 'a comprehensive reference guide for those interested in this field' (Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry)

Salen Metal Complexes as Catalysts for the Synthesis of Polycarbonates from Cyclic Ethers and Carbon Dioxide, by Donald J. Darensbourg.- Material Properties of Poly(Propylene Carbonates), by Gerrit. A. Luinstra and Endres Borchardt.- Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate) from Carbon Monoxide, by Robert Reichardt and Bernhard Rieger. - Ecoflex(r) and Ecovio(r): Biodegradable, Performance-Enabling Plastics, by K. O. Siegenthaler, A. Kunkel, G. Skupin and M. Yamamoto.- Biodegradability of Poly(Vinyl Acetate) and Related Polymers, by Manfred Amann and Oliver Minge.- Recent Developments in Ring-Opening Polymerization of Lactones, by P. Lecomte and C. Jerome.- Recent Developments in Metal-Catalyzed Ring-Opening Polymerization of Lactides and Glycolides: Preparation of Polylactides, Polyglycolide, and Poly(lactide-co-glycolide), by Saikat Dutta, Wen-Chou Hung, Bor-Hunn Huang and Chu-Chieh Lin.- Bionolle (Polybutylenesuccinate), by Yasushi Ichikawa, Tatsuya Mizukoshi.- Polyurethanes from Renewable Resources, by David A. Babb.-"

Magnetic Oxides offers a cohesive up-to-date introduction to magnetism in oxides. Emphasizing the physics and chemistry of local molecular interactions essential to the magnetic design of small structures and thin films, this volume provides a detailed view of the building blocks for new magnetic oxide materials already advancing research and development of nano-scale technologies. Clearly written in a well-organized structure, readers will find a detailed description of the properties of magnetic oxides through the prism of local interactions as an alternative to collective electron concepts that are more applicable to metals and semiconductors. Researchers will find Magnetic Oxides a valuable reference.

Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production describes the principles and materials challenges for the conversion of sunlight into hydrogen through water splitting at a semiconducting electrode. Readers will find an analysis of the solid state properties and materials requirements for semiconducting photo-electrodes, a detailed description of the semiconductor/electrolyte interface, in addition to the photo-electrochemical (PEC) cell. Experimental techniques to investigate both materials and PEC device performance are outlined, followed by an overview of the current state-of-the-art in PEC materials and devices, and combinatorial approaches towards the development of new materials. Finally, the economic and business perspectives of PEC devices are discussed, and promising future directions indicated. Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production is a one-stop resource for scientists, students and R&D practitioners starting in this field, providing both the theoretical background as well as useful practical information on photoelectrochemical measurement techniques. Experts in the field benefit from the chapters on current state-of-the-art materials/devices and future directions.

"Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy in PEM Fuel Cells" discusses one of the most powerful and useful diagnostic tools for various aspects of the study of fuel cells: electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). This comprehensive reference on EIS fundamentals and applications in fuel cells contains information about basic principles, measurements, and fuel cell applications of the EIS technique. Many illustrated examples are provided to ensure maximum clarity and observability of the spectra. "Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy in PEM Fuel Cells" will enable readers to explore the frontiers of EIS technology in PEM fuel cell research and other electrochemical systems. As well as being a useful text for electrochemists, it can also help researchers who are unfamiliar with EIS to learn the technique quickly and to use it correctly in their fuel cell research. Managers or entrepreneurs may also find this book a useful guide to accessing the challenges and opportunities in fuel cell technology.

Do not learn the tricks of the trade, learn the trade I started teachinggraduate coursesin chemical sensors in early 1980s, ?rst as a o- quarter (30 h) class then as a semester course and also as several intensive, 4-5-day courses. Later I organized my lecture notes into the ?rst edition of this book, which was published by Plenum in 1989 under the title Principles of Chemical Sensors. I started working on the second edition in 2006. The new edition of Principles of Chemical Sensors is a teaching book, not a textbook. Let me explain the difference. Textbooks usually cover some more or less narrow subject in maximum depth. Such an approach is not possible here. The subject of chemical sensors is much too broad, spanning many aspects of physical and analytical chemistry, biochemistry, materials science, solid-state physics, optics, device fabrication, electrical engine- ing, statistical analysis, and so on. The challengefor me has been to present uniform logical coverage of such a large area. In spite of its relatively shallow depth, it is intended as a graduate course. At its present state the amount of material is more thancan be coveredin a one-semestercourse (45h). Two one-quartercourseswould be more appropriate. Because of the breadth of the material, the sensor course has a somewhat unexpected but, it is hoped, bene?cial effect.

Proceedings of the Baroda Workshop on Nanomaterials, Magnetic Ions and Magnetic Semiconductors studied mostly by Hyperfine Interactions (IWNMS 2004), held in Baroda, India, 10-14 February, 2004. Researchers and graduate students interested in the application of hyperfine interaction techniques, mostly Moessbauer Effect and Perturbed Angular Correlations, to the fast developing fields of magnetic nanomaterials, magnetic ions and magnetic semiconductors will find this volume indispensable. The volume also addresses to the application of synchrotron radiation and ion beams to these systems.

The understanding of hydrogen/lithium insertion phenomena is of great importance for the development of the next generation of functional electrochemical devices such as rechargeable batteries, electrochromic devices, and fuel cells. This volume introduces a variety of viable electrochemical methods to identify reaction mechanisms and evaluate relevant kinetic properties of insertion electrodes. The authors also outline various ways to analyze anomalous behaviour of hydrogen/lithium transport through insertion electrodes.