In Number 20 of Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry, we present chapters whose organization is typical for the series: They start with the most fundamental aspects and then work to the more complex. Thus, Jerry Goodisman gives us an interesting contribution on a subject in which he is one of the pioneers, the electron overlap contribution to the double layer potential difference. Closely related to this theme, but not always imbued with knowledge ofit, is the electron transfertheory, treated in this volume by the experienced author A. M. Kuznetsov ofthe Frumkin Institute. H. P. Agarwal is a well-known figure in the field of faradaic rectification, which he originated, and he now teils us about the more recent thinking in the field. On the other hand, Hector D. Abruna comes relatively new to us, and his field, that of X-ray interactions with electrodes, is new, too, but probably augers the trend for the future. The photoelectrochemical reduction of CO2 , described here by Isao Taniguchi from Kumamoto University, is a subject which will have much practical importance as the greenhouse effect continues. Finally, alu mi nu m in aqueous solutions and the physics of its anodic oxide is a subject which seems ever with us, and is described in its latest guise by Aleksandar Despie and Vitaly P. Parkhutik.

This book primarily focuses on the fundamentals of and new developments in electrochemiluminescence (ECL), presenting high-quality content and explicitly aiming to summarize and disseminate the current state-of-the-art. The topics covered include the fundamental theory, mechanism, types of reactions involved, and the instrumental techniques. The book also examines the applications of ECL in many of the emerging fields of science, such as bioanalytical, analytical, clinical, pharmaceutical, forensic, military, microchip, TAS, and LED. It will be invaluable to bioanalysts, drug analysts, pharmaceutical researchers and other professionals worldwide, as well as to other interested readers.

In light of recent alarming environmental trends combined with increasing commercial viability of fuel cells, the time is propitious for a book focusing on the systematic aspects of cell plant technology. This multidisciplinary text covers the main types of fuel cells, R&D issues, plant design and construction, and economic factors to provide industrial and academic researchers working in electrical systems design, electrochemistry, and engineering with a unique and comprehensive resource.

This volume documents the proceedings of the Second Symposium on Metallized Plastics: Fundamental and Applied Aspects held under the aegis of the Dielectric Science and Technology Division of the Electrochemical Society in Montreal, Canada, May 7-10, 1990. The first symposium on this topic was held in Chicago, October 10-12, 1988 and the proceedings of l which have been chronicled in a hard-bound volume l As pointed out in the Preface to the proceedings of the first symposium the metallized plastics find scores of applications ranging from very mundane to very sophisticated. Even a cursory look at the literature will convince that this field has sprouted; and there is every reason to believe that with all the research and development activities taking place, new and exciting applications of metallized plastics will emerge. The program for the second symposium was very comprehensive as it included 46 papers covering many aspects of metallized plastics. This symposium was a testimonial to the brisk research activity and keen interest in the topic of metallized plastics. The success of this symposium reinforced our earlier belief that there was a definite need to hold symposia on this topic on a regular basis. Concomitantly, the third symposium in this vein was held in Phoenix, Arizona, October 13-18, 1991 and the fourth is planned for May 16-21, 1993 in Honolulu, Hawaii. As regards the present volume, it contains a total of 35 papers covering a variety of topics ranging from very fundamental to very applied.

r Convegno Internazionale su ( Aspetti Biologici dell' Elettrochimica" by Prof. G.B. MARINI BETTOLO Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Roma, Italy Sono lieto di porgere il benvenuto a quanti da varie parti del mondo e precisamente da 22 paesi di quattro continenti, sono accorsi qui a Romi!. per partecipare a questa primo Simposio Intemazionale sugli " Aspetti Bio- logici dell'Elettrochimica ", accogliendo l'invito del Comitato Intemazionale di Termodinamica e Cinetica Elettrochimiche e dell'Istituto Superiore di SanitiL L'Istituto Superiore di Sanita., che ha come suo scopo 10 studio e la ricerca per la tutela della sanita. pubblica, ha sempre favorito e promosso gli incontri di scienziati e ricercatori di tutto i1 mondo su temi di interesse attuale ed in rapida evoluzione che attenessero alle ricerche sia di base che applicate nel campo delle scienze biomediche. si sono svolti in questa stessa Questo Simposio fa seguito ad altri che sede, anche essi su temi di viva attualita., dai metodi di produzione di nuovi antibiotici agli aspetti tossicologici dell'impiego degli additivi, ai me- todi moderni di analisi dei farmaci, al meccanismo delle protezioni dalle radiazioni ionizzanti sulla materia vivente. Tutti questi incontri hanno avuto una comune caratteristica, sia pure nella grande eterogeneita dei temi, quella di riunire cultori e specialisti di varie parti della scienza e della tecnologia per concorrere alla soluzione di un unico problema interdisciplinare.

This and volume no. 47of "Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry" is composed of eight chapters covering topics having relevance both in corrosion science and materials engineering. In particular, the first seven chapters provide comprehensive coverage of recent advances in corrosion science."

Many chemical processes that are important to society take place at boundaries between phases. Understanding these processes is critical in order for them to be subject to human control. The building of theoretical or computational models of them puts them into a theoretical framework in terms of which the behavior of the system can be understood on a detailed level. Theoretical and computational models are often capable of giving descriptions of interfacial phenomena that are more detailed, on a molecular level, than can be obtained through experimental observation. Advances in computer hardware have also made possible the treatment of larger and chemically more interesting systems. The study of interfacial phenomena is a multi-disciplinary endeavor which requires collaboration and communication among researchers in different fields and across different types of institutions. Because there are many important problems in this field much effort is being expended to understand these processes by industrial laboratories as well as by groups at universities. Our conference titled "Theoretical and Computational Approaches to Interface Phenomena" held at South Dakota State University, August 2-4, 1993 brought together over thirty scientists from industry and academia and three countries in the western hemisphere to discuss the modeling of interfacial phenomena.

The development of "tailormade" electrode surfaces using electroactive polymer films has been one of the most active and exciting areas of electrochemistry over the last 15 years. The properties of these materials have been examined by a wide range of scientists from a variety of perspectives, and now electroactive polymer research is considered to be a reasonably mature area of research endeavor. Much is now understood about the fundamental mechanism of conduction in these materials. A wide range of electrochemical techniques may be used to probe the conductivity processes in these materials, and more recently, a number of in situ spectroscopic techniques have been used to further elucidate the structure of these materials. The in situ spectroscopies and allied techniques have also been used to obtain correlations between structure and redox activity. The applications found for electroactive polymers are many and varied, and range from thin film amperometric chemical and biological sensors, electrocatalytic systems, drug delivery devices, and advanced battery systems through to molecular electronic devices. The research literature on electroactive polymers is truly enormous and can daunt even the most hardened researcher. The vast quantity of material reported in the literature can also intimidate beginning graduate students. Hence the present book. The original idea for this book arose as a result of a series of lectures on chemically modified eiectrodes and electroactive polymers given by the writer to final-year undergraduates at Trinity College Dublin.

Organic Inhibitors of Corrosion of Metals provides a detailed review of the various theories advanced to explain the mechanisms of organic inhibitors. Author Yu.I. Kuznetsov explores the role of potential and charge of the metal, the nature of the organic species used as the inhibitor, and the function of the solvent. The author draws connections between these key elements and the processes of passivation, pitting, synergism, and complex formation. This unique volume brings together the mechanistic and practical aspects of corrosion control by organic inhibitors.

The properties of Si02 and the Si-Si02 interface provide the key foundation onto which the majority of semiconductor device technology has been built Their study has consumed countless hours of many hundreds of investigators over the years, not only in the field of semiconductor devices but also in ceramics, materials science, metallurgy, geology, and mineralogy, to name a few. These groups seldom have contact with each other even though they often investigate quite similar aspects of the Si02 system. Desiring to facilitate an interaction between these groups we set out to organize a symposium on the Physics and Chemistry of Si()z and the Si-Si()z Interface under the auspices of The Electrochemical Society, which represents a number of the appropriate groups. This symposium was held at the 173rd Meeting of The Electrochemical Society in Atlanta, Georgia, May 15-20, 1988. These dates nearly coincided with the ten year anniversary of the "International Topical Conference on the Physics of Si02 and its Interfaces" held at mM in 1978. We have modeled the present symposium after the 1978 conference as well as its follow on at North Carolina State in 1980. Of course, much progress has been made in that ten years and the symposium has given us the opportunity to take a multidisciplinary look at that progress.

The field of solid state ionics is multidisciplinary in nature. Chemists, physicists, electrochimists, and engineers all are involved in the research and development of materials, techniques, and theoretical approaches. This science is one of the great triumphs of the second part of the 20th century. For nearly a century, development of materials for solid-state ionic technology has been restricted. During the last two decades there have been remarkable advances: more materials were discovered, modem technologies were used for characterization and optimization of ionic conduction in solids, trial and error approaches were deserted for defined predictions. During the same period fundamental theories for ion conduction in solids appeared. The large explosion of solid-state ionic material science may be considered to be due to two other influences. The first aspect is related to economy and connected with energy production, storage, and utilization. There are basic problems in industrialized countries from the economical, environmental, political, and technological points of view. The possibility of storing a large amount of utilizable energy in a comparatively small volume would make a number of non-conventional intermittent energy sources of practical convenience and cost. The second aspect is related to huge increase in international relationships between researchers and exchanges of results make considerable progress between scientists; one find many institutes joined in common search programs such as the material science networks organized by EEC in the European countries.

Electrochemical synthesis of inorganic compounds is a relatively unknown field. The successful, large industrial processes, such as chlorine-caustic production, are well known, but the large number of other compounds that have been synthesized electrochemically are much less appreciated, even by electrochemists and inorganic chemists. The last comprehensive book on this subject was published in the 1930's and no modern review or summary of the whole field is in existence. But the field is in no way dormant, as attested by the large number of publications, undiminished throughout the years, describing new syntheses and improvements of old ones. Indeed, it can be expected that practical applications of electrochemical inor ganic syntheses will increase in the future as an increasing portion of our energy will be available in electrical form. Electrochemical processes have important advantages over chemical routes: often the selectivity of the reaction can be better controlled through the use of potential control at the electrode, and the creation of environmen tally harmful waste material can be avoided more easily since one is using the purest reagent - the electron. In addition to development of new synthetic routes, many old ones, which were found to be un economical in the past, are worth reexamining in light of the recent considerable advances in cell design principles, materials of construc tion, and electrode and separator materials, together with our im proved understanding of electrode reactions and electrocatalysis. It is in the hope of accelerating this process that this bibliography is published."

I knew nothing of the work of C. G. Vayenas on NEMCA until the early nineties. Then I learned from a paper of his idea (gas interface reactions could be catalyzed electrochemically), which seemed quite marvelous; but I did not understand how it worked. Consequently, I decided to correspond with Professor Vayenas in Patras, Greece, to reach a better understanding of this concept. I think that my early papers (1946, 1947, and 1957), on the relationship between the work function of metal surfaces and electron transfer reactions thereat to particles in solution, held me in good stead to be receptive to what Vayenas told me. As the electrode potential changes, so of course, does the work function at the interface, and gas metal reactions there involve adsorbed particles which have bonding to the surface. Whether electron transfer is complete in such a case, or whether the effect is on the desorption of radicals, the work function determines the strength of their bonding, and if one varies the work function by varying the electrode potential, one can vary the reaction rate at the interface. I got the idea. After that, it has been smooth sailing. Dr. Vayenas wrote a seminal article in Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry, Number 29, and brought the field into the public eye. It has since grown and its usefulness in chemical catalytic reactions has been demonstrated and verified worldwide.

Ionic liquids have attracted considerable interest in recent years. In this book the bulk and interfacial physico-chemical characteristics of various fluid systems dominated by Coulomb interactions are treated which includes molten salts, ionic liquids as well as metal-molten salt mixtures and expanded fluid metals. Of particular interest is the comparison of the different systems. Topics in the bulk phase concern the microscopic structure, the phase behaviour and critical phenomena, and the metal-nonmetal transition. Interfacial phenomena include wetting transitions, electrowetting, surface freezing, and the electrified ionic liquid/ electrode interface. With regard to the latter 2D and 3D electrochemical phase formation of metals and semi-conductors on the nanometer scale is described for a number of selected examples. The basic concepts and various experimental methods are introduced making the book suitable for both graduate students and researchers interested in Coulombic fluids.

This volume chronicles the proceedings of the Symposium on Metallized Plastics: Fundamental and Applied Aspects held under the auspices of the Dielectrics and Insulation Division of the Electrochemical Society in Chicago, October 10-12, 1988. This was the premier symposium on this topic and if the comments from the attendees are any barometer of the success of a symposium then it was a grand success. Concomitantly, it has been decided to hold it on a regular basis (at intervals of 18 months) and the second event in this series is planned as a part of the Electrochemical Society meeting in Montreal, Canada, May 6-10, 1990. Metallized plastics find a legion of applications ranging from mundane to very sophisticated. A complete catalog of the various technological applications of metallized plastics will be prohibitively long, so here some eclectic examples should suffice to show why there is such high tempo of R&D activity in the arena of metallized plastics, and all signals indicate that this high tempo will continue unabated. For example, polymeric films are metallized for packaging (food and other products) purposes, and the applications of metallized plastics in the automotive industry are quite obvious. In the field of microelectronics and computer technology, insulators are metallized for interconnection and other functional purposes. Also plastics are metallized to provide electromagnetic shielding.

This is the first course devoted to bioelectrochemistry held within the frame work of the International School of Biophysics. Although this branch of scientific research is already about two centuries old, as a truly independent one it has been in a stage of lively development since only a few decades ago and this is why a first course at the E. Majorana Center was devoted to it. Since bioelectrochemistry consists of many sub-fields, it is impossible to include, even superficially, all of them in a short course lasting just a week, and therefore the chapter of redox-reactions was chosen for this first course as being most general in character. But even restricting the course to redox-reactions, only a few subjects could be included and therefore the choice among them was made considering the most general guidelines that could serve as a basis for the further study of individual problems. In this way we hope to give a sound basis to the study of and to stimulate further interest in this branch of both biological and physical chemistry. This dual interdisciplinary approach is, on the other hand, unavoidable if a more rigorous and logical attack on biological problems in living bodies is to be carried ahead. VII CONTENTS ix Symbols and acronyms Opening address A. BORSELLINO 1 Bioelectrochemistry and bioenergetics: an interdisciplinary survey G. MILAZZO 5 General criteria for the fulfilment of redox reactions R. BUVET 15 Photosynthesis - selected topics H."

Bioelectrochemistry conferences. journals and texts are be ginning to proliferate and to attract researchers and scholars with a bent for multiple disciplines, electrochemistry, electrical engineering, physics, biology and medicine. With the development of highly sophisticated apparatus, new techniques and embracing skills, bioelectrochemistry represents the area where searching questions can now be asked about processes of Life itself, not only how sub stances interact in vivo but what distinguishes animate from in animate matter. During this Joint Seminar, for example, it was pointed out that a human liver alive appeared mauve while in the isolated state it is brown, even though it is capable of a comprehensive range of biochem ical activities ordinarily encountered in laboratory "in vivo" sit uations. Bioelectrochemical studies are beginning to elucidate the growth of bone, the genesis and division of living cells, the transfer of energy and matter from one compartment to other compartments in a living system, with great promise for curative and preventative medicine. The organizers of this Seminar have been truly fortunate to be able to bring together workers who have been intimately associated with the origins and development of some of the more powerful concepts which have stimulated progress in the field of bioelectrochemistry. These include the solid state, semiconduction and structured water. By a happy circumstance a number of Australian researchers in this field were present in the United States. or en route thereto, at about the proposed dates of the Seminar."

Recognized experts present incisive analysis of both fundamental and applied problems in this continuation of a highly-acclaimed series. Topics discussed include: * The way in which electrochemical systems may function as on a single electrode; * The foundational area of voltaic measurements at liquid interfaces; * Direct methanol fuel cells, which would avoid the unpleasant necessity faced by the current general of fuel cells - namely, using hydrogen; * Dynamic processes in molten salts; * Electrochemical techniques and Microbial Induced Corrosion (MIC).

It may be argued that silicon, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and iron are among the most important elements on our planet, because of their involvement in geological, biol- ical, and technological processes and phenomena. All of these elements have been studied exhaustively, and voluminous material is available on their properties. Included in this material are numerous accounts of their electrochemical properties, ranging from reviews to extensive monographs to encyclopedic discourses. This is certainly true for C, H, O, and Fe, but it is true to a much lesser extent for Si, except for the specific topic of semiconductor electrochemistry. Indeed, given the importance of the elect- chemical processing of silicon and the use of silicon in electrochemical devices (e. g. , sensors and photoelectrochemical cells), the lack of a comprehensive account of the electrochemistry of silicon in aqueous solution at the fundamental level is surprising and somewhat troubling. It is troubling in the sense that the non-photoelectrochemistry of silicon seems "to have fallen through the cracks," with the result that some of the electrochemical properties of this element are not as well known as might be warranted by its importance in a modern technological society. Dr. Zhang's book, Electrochemical Properties of Silicon and Its Oxide, will go a long way toward addressing this shortcoming. As with his earlier book on the elect- chemistry of zinc, the present book provides a comprehensive account of the elect- chemistry of silicon in aqueous solution.

It is now time for a comprehensive treatise to look at the whole field of electrochemistry. The present treatise was conceived in 1974, and the earliest invitations to authors for contributions were made in 1975. The completion of the early volumes has been delayed by various factors. There has been no attempt to make each article emphasize the most recent situation at the expense of an overall statement of the modern view. This treatise is not a collection of articles from Recent Advances in Electrochemistry or Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry. It is an attempt at making a mature statement about the present position in the vast area of what is best looked at as a new interdisciplinary field. Texas A & M University J. O'M. Bockris University of Ottawa B. E. Conway Case Western Reserve University Ernest Yeager Texas A & M University Ralph E. White Preface to Volume 3 Of events which have affected progress in the field of electrochemistry, the decision of NASA to use electrochemical auxiliary power in space vehicles was one of the more important. Another important decision was Ford's announcement of their sodium-sulfur cell for vehicular use in 1969.

This volume of Modern Aspects contains seven chapters. The major topics covered in the first six chapters of this volume include fundamentals of solid state electrochemistry; kinetics of electrochemical hydrogen entry into metals and alloys; oxidation of organics; fuel cells; electrode kinetics of trace-anion catalysis; nano structural analysis. The last chapter is a corrected version of chapter four from Volume 35. Faisal M. AI-faqeer and Howard W. Pickering begin the first chapter by going back to 1864 and Cailletet who found that some hydrogen evolved and was absorbed by iron when it was immersed in dilute sulfuric acid. The absorption of hydrogen into metals and alloys can lead to catastrophic failures of structures. They discuss the kinetics of electrochemical hydrogen entry into metals and alloys. In chapter three, Clyde L. Briant reviews the electrochemistry, corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement of unalloyed titanium. He begins by reviewing the basic electrochemistry and general corrosion of titanium. He also discusses pitting and galvanostatic corrosion followed by a review of hydrogen embrittlement emphasizing the formation of hydrides and the effect of these on titanium's mechanical properties. Christos Comninellis and Gy6rgy F6ti discuss the oxidative electrochemical processes of organics in chapter three. They begin by defining direct and indirect electrochemical oxidation of organics. They introduce a model that allows them to distinguish between active (strong) and non-active (weak) anodes. Different classes of organic compounds are used for kinetic models of organic oxidation at active and non-active type anodes.

An apparently appropriate control scheme for PEM fuel cells may actually lead to an inoperable plant when it is connected to other unit operations in a process with recycle streams and energy integration. PEM Fuel Cells with Bio-Ethanol Processor Systems presents a control system design that provides basic regulation of the hydrogen production process with PEM fuel cells. It then goes on to construct a fault diagnosis system to improve plant safety above this control structure. PEM Fuel Cells with Bio-Ethanol Processor Systems is divided into two parts: the first covers fuel cells and the second discusses plants for hydrogen production from bio-ethanol to feed PEM fuel cells. Both parts give detailed analyses of modeling, simulation, advanced control, and fault diagnosis. They give an extensive, in-depth discussion of the problems that can occur in fuel cell systems and propose a way to control these systems through advanced control algorithms. A significant part of the book is also given over to computer-aided engineering software tools that can be used to evaluate the dynamic performance of the overall plant. PEM Fuel Cells with Bio-Ethanol Processor Systems is intended for use by researchers and advanced students on chemical, electrical-electronic and mechanical engineering courses in which dynamics and control are incorporated with the traditional steady-state coverage of flowsheet synthesis, engineering economics and optimization.

Third Edition covers the latest advances in methodologies, sensors, detectors, and mIcrochips

The greatly expanded Third Edition of this internationally respected text continues to provide readers with a complete panorama of electroanalytical techniques and devices, offering a balancebetween voltammetric and potentiometric techniques. Emphasizing electroanalysis rather than physical electrochemistry, readers gain a deep understanding of the fundamentals of electrodereactions and electrochemical methods. Moreover, readers learn to apply their newfoundknowledge and skills to solve real-world analytical problems.
The text consists of six expertly crafted chapters:
* Chapter 1 introduces fundamental aspects of electrode reactions and the structure of the interfacial region
* Chapter 2 studies electrode reactions and high-resolution surface characterization, using techniques ranging from cyclic voltammetry to scanning probe microscopies
* Chapter 3 features an overview of modern finite-current controlled potential techniques
* Chapter 4 presents electrochemical instrumentation and electrode materials, including modified electrodes and ultramicroelectrodes
* Chapter 5 details the principles of potentiometric measurements and various classes of ion selective electrodes
* Chapter 6 explores the growing field of chemical sensors, including biosensors, gas sensors, microchip devices, and sensor arrays
Among the new topics covered, readers discover DNA biosensors, impedance spectroscopy, detection of capillary electrophoresis, diamond electrodes, carbon-nanotube and nanoparticle-based arrays and devices, large-amplitude AC voltammetry, solid-state ion-selective electrodes, ion selective electrodes for trace analysis, and lab-on-a-chip devices. New figures, worked examples, and end-of-chapter questions have also been added to this edition.
Given the rapid pace of discovery and growth of new applications in the field, this text is essential for an up-to-date presentation of the latest advances in methodologies, sensors, detectors, and microchips. It is recommended for graduate-level courses in electroanalytical chemistry and as a supplement for upper-level undergraduate courses in instrumental analysis. The text also meets the reference needs for any industry, government, or academic laboratory engaged in electroanalysis and biosensors.