This book offers an essential overview of screen-printing. Routinely utilised to fabricate a range of useful electrochemical architectures, screen-printing is also used in a broad range of areas in both industry and academia. It supports the design of next-generation electrochemical sensing platforms, and allows proven laboratory-based approaches to be upscaled and commercially applied. To those skilled in the art, screen-printing allows novel and useful electrochemical architectures to be mass produced, offering fabrication processes that are cost-effective yet highly reproducible and yield significant electrical benefits. However, there is no readily available textbook that actually equips readers to set about the task of screen-printing, explaining its techniques and implementation. Addressing that gap, this book will be of interest to both academics and industrialists delving into screen-printing for the first time. It offers an essential resource for those readers who want learn to successfully design, fabricate and implement (and mass-produce) electrochemical based architectures, as well as those who already have a basic understanding of the process and want to advance their technical knowledge and skills.

Nanoscale electrochemistry has revolutionized electrochemical research and technologies and has made broad impacts in other fields, including nanotechnology and nanoscience, biology, and materials chemistry. Nanoelectrochemistry examines well-established concepts and principles and provides an updated overview of the field and its applications. This book covers three integral aspects of nanoelectrochemistry. The first two chapters contain theoretical background, which is essential for everyone working in the field-specifically, theories of electron transfer, transport, and double-layer processes at nanoscale electrochemical interfaces. The next chapters are dedicated to the electrochemical studies of nanomaterials and nanosystems, as well as the development and applications of nanoelectrochemical techniques. Each chapter is self-contained and can be read independently to provide readers with a compact, up-to-date critical review of the subfield of interest. At the same time, the presented collection of chapters serves as a serious introduction to nanoelectrochemistry for graduate students or scientists who wish to enter this emerging field. The applications discussed range from studies of biological systems to nanoparticles and from electrocatalysis to molecular electronics, nanopores, and membranes. The book demonstrates how electrochemistry has contributed to the advancement of nanotechnology and nanoscience. It also explores how electrochemistry has transformed itself by leading to the discovery of new phenomena, enabling unprecedented electrochemical measurements and creating novel electrochemical systems.

This book focuses on water content estimation and control of the PEM fuel cell stack and the individual cell in vehicle. Firstly, the mathematical connection between polarization curve and equivalent circuit model proves importance of MEA and its feasibility to study water content. Optimizing structure of MEA realizes the internal water content recirculation of a fuel cell and improves its performance under middle or lower current density. The influence of water content on performance of MEA is quantified, and variation of equivalent circuit model is an excellent indicator of water content. Secondly, the comprehensive online AC impedance measurement method is put forward, including current excitation method, weak voltage and current signal processing method, and method for analyzing measurement error, and experiment validates measurement accuracy. The high-frequency impedance and statistical characteristic are proposed as indicator of water content. Finally, the dynamic model of the air supply system of a fuel cell engine is established and the closed-loop control of the air supply system and the water content estimation are decoupled. The experiment on a fuel cell system validates the proposed method for searching optimized operating conditions and the water management strategy.

In the late 1990s, there was an explosion of research on ionic liquids and they are now a major topic of academic and industrial interest with numerous existing and potential applications. Since then, the number of scientific papers focusing on ionic liquids has risen exponentially, including a few edited multi-author books covering the latest advances in ionic liquids chemistry and several volumes of symposium proceedings. Much of the content in these books and volumes is written using technical jargon that only scientists at the cutting edge of ionic liquids research will understand and ionic liquids are hardly covered in most modern chemistry textbooks. This is the first single-author book on ionic liquids and the first introductory book on the topic. It is written in a clear, concise and consistent way. The book provides a useful introduction to ionic liquids for those readers who are not familiar with the topic. It is also wide ranging, embracing every aspect of the chemistry and applications of ionic liquids. The book draws extensively on the primary scientific literature to provide numerous examples of research on ionic liquids. These examples will enable the reader to become familiar with the key developments in ionic liquids chemistry over recent years. The book provides an introduction to: ionic liquids; their nomenclature; history; physical, chemical and biological properties; and their wide ranging uses and potential applications in catalysis, electrochemistry, inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, analysis, biotechnology, green chemistry and clean technology. Notable and important chapters include "The Green Credentials of Ionic Liquids" and "Biotechnology." The chapter on "Applications" includes sections with brief descriptions of recent research on the development of ionic liquids: - for the construction of a liquid mirror for a moon telescope - for use as rocket propellants - for use as antimicrobial agents that combat MRSA - as active pharmaceutical ingredients and antiviral drugs - for embalming and tissue preservation Science students, researchers, teachers in academic institutions and chemists and other scientists in industry and government laboratories will find the book an invaluable introduction to one of the most rapidly advancing and exciting fields of science and technology today.

This book covers a wide range of advanced analytical tools, from electrochemical to in-situ/ex-situ material characterization techniques, as well as the modeling of corrosion systems to foster understanding and prediction. When used properly, these tools can enrich our understanding of material performance (metallic materials, coatings, inhibitors) in various environments/contexts (aqueous corrosion, high-temperature corrosion). The book encourages researchers to develop new corrosion-resistant materials and supports them in devising suitable asset integrity strategies. Offering a valuable resource for researchers, industry professionals, and graduate students alike, the book shows them how to apply these valuable analytical tools in their work.

Transition metal oxides form a series of compounds with a uniquely wide range of electronic properties. They have important applications as dielectrics, semiconductors and metals, and as materials for magnetic and optical uses. The discovery of high temperature superconductors has brought the attention of a wide scientific community to this area and has highlighted the problems involved in trying to understand transition metal oxides. The present book is not primarily about Tc superconductors, although their main properties are discussed in the final sections. The main aim is to describe the varied electronic behaviour shown by transition metal oxides, and to discuss the different types of theoretical models that have been proposed to interpret this behaviour.

Ab initio quantum chemistry has emerged as an important tool in chemical research and is appliced to a wide variety of problems in chemistry and molecular physics. Recent developments of computational methods have enabled previously intractable chemical problems to be solved using rigorous quantum-mechanical methods.

This is the first comprehensive, up-to-date and technical work to cover all the important aspects of modern molecular electronic-structure theory. Topics covered in the book include:

• Second quantization with spin adaptation

• Gaussian basis sets and molecular-integral evaluation

• Hartree-Fock theory

• Configuration-interaction and multi-configurational self-consistent theory

• Coupled-cluster theory for ground and excited states

• Perturbation theory for single- and multi-configurational states

• Linear-scaling techniques and the fast multipole method

• Explicity correlated wave functions

• Basis-set convergence and extrapolation

• Calibration and benchmarking of computational methods, with applications to moelcular equilibrium structure, atomization energies and reaction enthalpies.

This book is a must for researchers in the field of quantum chemistry as well as for nonspecialists who wish to acquire a thorough understanding of ab initio molecular electronic-structure theory and its applications to problems in chemistry and physics. It is also highly recommended for the teaching of graduates and advanced undergraduates.

The renowned Oxford Chemistry Primers series, which provides focused introductions to a range of important topics in chemistry, has been refreshed and updated to suit the needs of today's students, lecturers, and postgraduate researchers. The rigorous, yet accessible, treatment of each subject area is ideal for those wanting a primer in a given topic to prepare them for more advanced study or research. Moreover, cutting-edge examples and applications throughout the texts show the relevance of the chemistry being described to current research and industry. The learning features provided, including questions at the end of every chapter and online multiple-choice questions, encourage active learning and promote understanding. Furthermore, frequent diagrams, margin notes, further reading, and glossary definitions all help to enhance a student's understanding of these essential areas of chemistry. This brand new addition to the series provides the most accessible first introduction to electrochemistry, combining explanation of the fundamental concepts with practical examples of how they are applied in a range of real-world situations. Online resources The online resources that accompany Electrochemistry include: For students: - Multiple-choice questions for self-directed learning - Online tutorials to explain difficult concepts For registered adopters of the text: - Figures from the book available to download

This book focuses on the electrochemical and nanostructural properties of new photoanode/electrolyte combinations used in the development of novel surface-modified nanomaterials for environmental applications. As water treatment is rapidly becoming a global challenge due to the increasing complexity and number of the various pollutants present, the book explores fundamental issues relating to environmental applications of nanomaterials. It addresses relevant topics ranging from electrochemical synthesis and characterization, to applications of photoanodes in corrosion prevention and biosensors for wastewater treatment. Featuring up-to-date experimental results on nanomaterials for detection of pharmaceuticals and heavy metals in wastewater, this contributed volume is useful to electrochemical researchers, materials scientists, and chemical and civil engineers interested in advanced photoelectrochemical research for environmental applications.

Modelling of heterogeneous processes, such as electrochemical reactions, extraction or ion-exchange, usually requires solving the transport problem associated to the process. Since the processes at the phase boundary are described by scalar quantities and transport quantities are vectors or tensors, coupling of them can take place only via conservation of mass, charge or momentum. In this book, transport of ionic species is addressed in a versatile manner, emphasizing the mutual coupling of fluxes in particular. Treatment is based on the formalism of irreversible thermodynamics, i.e. on linear (ionic) phenomenological equations, from which the most frequently used Nernst-Planck equation is derived. Limitations and assumptions made are thoroughly discussed.
The Nernst-Planck equation is applied to selected problems at the electrodes and in membranes. Mathematical derivations are presented in detail so that the reader can learn the methodology of solving transport problems. Each chapter contains a large number of exercises, some of them more demanding than others.

This book provides a comprehensive review of the production of smelter grade alumina from bauxite ores. It emphasizes the best practices applied in the industry today but seen in a historical context with a view to future challenges and developments. The control of alumina quality is discussed in detail including the effects that alumina quality have on the aluminum smelter process with respect to environmental performance, current efficiency, and metal purity. The discussion of alumina quality will be relevant to people on the smelter side, as this is the interface between refinery and smelter. Emphasis is placed on the major steps of the Bayer Process including: digestion, clarification, precipitation, calcination, and management of water, energy, and bauxite residue. This book is a valuable resource for active, seasoned practitioners and for new engineers entering the industry.

This brief book introduces the Poisson-Boltzmann equation in three chapters that build upon one another, offering a systematic entry to advanced students and researchers. Chapter one formulates the equation and develops the linearized version of Debye-Hückel theory as well as exact solutions to the nonlinear equation in simple geometries and generalizations to higher-order equations.    Chapter two introduces the statistical physics approach to the Poisson-Boltzmann equation. It allows the treatment of fluctuation effects, treated in the loop expansion, and in a variational approach. First applications are treated in detail: the problem of the surface tension under the addition of salt, a classic problem discussed by Onsager and Samaras in the 1930s, which is developed in modern terms within the loop expansion, and the adsorption of a charged polymer on a like-charged surface within the variational approach.  Chapter three finally discusses the extension of Poisson-Boltzmann theory to explicit solvent. This is done in two ways: on the phenomenological level of nonlocal electrostatics and with a statistical physics model that treats the solvent molecules as molecular dipoles. This model is then treated in the mean-field approximation and with the variational method introduced in Chapter two, rounding up the development of the mathematical approaches of Poisson-Boltzmann theory. After studying this book, a graduate student will be able to access the research literature on the Poisson-Boltzmann equation with a solid background. 

This book reviews the impact of water content in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) as well as the reactivity of anodes, cathodes and electrolytes with water and processes that provide water-resistance to materials in LIBs. Water in LIBs which were constructed with anode, cathode and organic electrolyte containing lithium salts can degrade the cell performance and seriously damage the materials present. However, because a small amount of water in cells contributes to the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase, complete removal of water from cells lowers the battery performance and increases costs due to removal of water from the battery materials. This book presents the optimal concentration of water for each battery material along with appropriate removal methods and water-scavengers which were developed recently to establish both high performance and lower costs. Moreover this book describes the development of anodes and cathodes prepared by aqueous process and aqueous LIBs in which aqueous electrolytes containing lithium salts are used as an electrolyte. This book will be useful not only for academic researchers but also for company researchers who deal with LIBs.

This book comprehensively outlines synchrotron-based X-ray imaging technologies and their associated applications in gaining fundamental insights into the physical and chemical properties as well as reaction mechanisms of energy materials. In this book the major X-ray imaging technologies utilised, depending on research goals and sample specifications, are discussed. With X-ray imaging techniques, the morphology, phase, lattice and strain information of energy materials in both 2D and 3D can be obtained in an intuitive way. In addition, due to the high penetration of X-rays, operando/in situ experiments can be designed to track the qualitative and quantitative changes of the samples during operation. This book will broader the reader's view on X-ray imaging techniques and inspire new ideas and possibilities in energy materials research.

This book discusses two silicon biosensors: an electrochemical sensor - the Electrolyte Insulator Silicon Capacitor (EISCAP), and a mechanical resonant cantilever sensor. The author presents the principle and the technology behind the device fabrication and miniaturization, stable and reproducible functionalization protocols for bioreceptor immobilization, and the measurement and the data analysis for extracting the best performance from these sensors. EISCAP sensors, used for the estimation of triglycerides and urea, have been improved through the use of micromachining processes. The miniaturization brought out advantages as well as challenges which are discussed in this book, resulting in a prototype mini-EISCAP with a readout circuit for fast and accurate estimation of triglycerides. The author also reports on the sensitivity improvements in the estimation of triglycerides and urea obtained with the polycrystalline silicon cantilever and its measurements in liquid media. The book is ideal for materials scientists and engineers working in the field of biosensors and MicroElectroMechanical systems (MEMS) and their optimizations, as well as researchers with biochemical or biomedical expertise, in order to have a fresh and updated review on the last progresses reached with EISCAPs and cantilever sensors.

This book is a concise introductory guide to understanding the field of modern batteries, which is fast becoming an important area for applications in renewable energy storage, transportation, and consumer devices. By using simplified classroom-tested methods developed while teaching the subject to engineering students, the author explains in simple language an otherwise complex subject in terms that enable readers to gain a rapid understanding of battery basics and the fundamental scientific and engineering concepts and principles behind the technology. This powerful tutorial is a great resource for engineers from other disciplines, technicians, analysts, investors, and other busy professionals who need to quickly acquire a solid understanding of the fast emerging and disruptive battery landscape.

This book is a concise introductory guide to understanding the foundations of electrochemistry. By using simplified classroom-tested methods developed while teaching the subject to engineering students, the author explains in simple language an otherwise complex subject that can be difficult to master for most. It provides readers with an understanding of important electrochemical processes and practical industrial applications, such as electrolysis processes, metal electrowinning, corrosion and analytical applications, and galvanic cells such as batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors. This powerful tutorial is a great resource for students, engineers, technicians, and other busy professionals who need to quickly acquire a solid understanding of the science of electrochemistry.

This book highlights the state of the art in solid electrolytes, with particular emphasis on lithium garnets, electrolyte-electrode interfaces and all-solid-state batteries based on lithium garnets. Written by an international group of renowned experts, the book addresses how garnet-type solid electrolytes are contributing to the development of safe high energy density Li batteries. Unlike the flammable organic liquid electrolyte used in existing rechargeable Li batteries, garnet-type solid electrolytes are intrinsically chemically stable in contact with metallic lithium and potential positive electrodes, while offering reasonable Li conductivity. The book's respective chapters cover a broad spectrum of topics related to solid electrolytes, including interfacial engineering to resolve the electrolyte-electrode interfaces, the latest developments in the processing of thin and ultrathin lithium garnet membranes, and fabrication strategies for the high-performance solid-state batteries.This highly informative and intriguing book will appeal to postgraduate students and researchers at academic and industrial laboratories with an interest in the advancement of high energy-density lithium metal batteries

In Flame Structure and Processes, renowned physical chemist Robert M. Fristrom comprehensively documents the numerous experimental techniques used to study flame microstructure, and provides an interdisciplinary overview of how such research is revealing exciting new information about combustion and high temperature processes. Using premixed laminar flames as models for studying individual high temperature chemistries, physical processes, and their interactions, Fristrom expertly details experimental and mathematical methods for analyzing overall flame structure or any other high temperature reacting flow system. Specialized techniques required to obtain high spatial resolution under extreme temperature conditions are also described. Fristrom goes on to discuss what is currently known about flame chemistry, physical processes common to all flames, and combustion. An extensive bibliography and many useful tables round out the book. The only up-to-date book solely devoted to flame structure and processes, this book will be welcomed by students and professionals in chemical/mechanical engineering and physical chemistry.

Transition metal oxides form a series of compounds with a uniquely wide range of electronic properties. They have important applications as dielectrics,semiconductors, and metals, and as materials for magnetic and optical uses. The recent discovery of `high temperature' superconductors has brought the attention of a wide scientific community to this area and has highlighted the problems involved in trying to understand transition metal oxides. The present book is not primarily about Tc superconductors, although their main properties are discussed in the final sections. The main aim is to describe the varied electronic behaviour shown by transition metal oxides, and to discuss the different types of theoretical model that have been proposed to interpret it. It is intended to provide an introduction to this fascinating and difficult field, at a level suitable for graduate students and other research workers with a background in solid- state chemistry or physics.

This volume provides a practical, intuitive approach to electroanalytical chemistry, presenting fundamental concepts and experimental techniques without the use of technical jargon or unnecessarily extensive mathematics. This edition offers new material on ways of preparing and using microelectrodes, the processes that govern the voltammetric behavior of microelectrodes, methods for characterizing chemically modified electrodes, electrochemical studies at reduced temperatures, and more. The authors cover such topics as analog instrumentation, overcoming solution resistance with stability and grace in potentiostatic circuits, conductivity and conductometry, electrochemical cells, carbon electrodes, film electrodes, microelectrodes, chemically modified electrodes, mercury electrodes, and solvents and supporting electrolytes.

Answering the widespread demand for an introductory book on rehabilitation engineering (RE), Dr. Rory A. Cooper, a distinguished RE authority, and his esteemed colleagues present An Introduction to Rehabilitation Engineering. This resource introduces the fundamentals and applications of RE and assistive technologies (ATs).
After providing a brief introduction, the book describes the models for AT service delivery, the design tools and principles of universal design, and various technology-transfer mechanisms, models, and principles. The text then explains the process for creating assistive device standards, followed by a review of seating biomechanics and soft tissue biomechanics. Subsequent chapters examine design and service delivery principles of wheelchairs and scooters, functional electrical stimulation and its applications, wheelchair-accessible transportation legislation, and the applications of robotics in medical rehabilitation. The book proceeds to discuss prosthetic and orthotic design and usage, visual and hearing impairment, Web-related AT, and augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) technology. It concludes with an introduction to adaptive sports and recreation.
Incorporating the critical aspects of RE and AT, An Introduction to Rehabilitation Engineering focuses on the principles, modeling, standards, devices, and technologies of RE and AT. It presents a concise yet complete overview of RE to provide a solid foundation in the subject as well as to stimulate further study.

Rapid growth in the research and development of clean energy storage techniques has yielded a significant number of electrochemically active compounds/materials possessing enormous potential to facilitate the fabrication of next generation devices such as the supercapacitor. This Brief describes recent progress in the field of metal-ion based hybrid electrical energy storage devices, with emphasis on the effect of different metal ions and other constituent components on the overall electrochemical performance of battery-supercapacitor hybrids (BSHs). Although significant efforts have been made to create an effective electrical energy storage system that would have the energy density of a battery and the power density of a supercapacitor, persistent challenges still lie in combining these two altogether different systems to form a cost-effective and safe storage device. Detailed comparisons of output performance and longevity (in terms of cyclic stability) are provided, including device fabrication cost and safety. Of the several proposed schematics/prototypes, hybrid supercapacitors, with both carbon-based EDLC electrode and pure faradic (battery type) electrode can work in tandem to yield high energy densities with little degradation in specific power. As a promising electric energy storage device, supercapacitors address several critical issues in various fields of applications from miniaturized electronic devices and wearable electronics to power hungry heavy automobiles. Depending on the electrode configuration and other controlling parameters, these BSHs can have contrasting performance statistics. Metal ion BSHs such as Li+, Na+, Mg+2, Zn+2 etc., acid-alkaline BSHs, and redox electrolyte based BSHs all represent recent approaches, with BSHs based on metal ions, particularly Lithium, of particular interest because of the extreme popularity of Li-ion based batteries. This book is written for a broad readership of graduate students and academic and industrial researchers who are concerned with the growth and development of sustainable energy systems where efficient and cost-effective storage is key.

Lithium-ion batteries are an established technology with recent large-scale batteries finding emerging markets for electric vehicles and household energy storage. Battery research during the past two decades has focussed on practical improvements to available batteries, such as cell design to enhance energy density, which are currently nearing their maximum potential. We must now consider alternative avenues of research in pursuit of a new breakthrough in this technology. This book collects authoritative perspectives from leading researchers to project the emerging opportunities in the field of lithium-ion batteries. Covering topics including anode and cathode materials, electrolytes, emerging markets and the challenges and opportunities of lithium-ion battery supply, it will provide researchers with cutting-edge leads to advance the next generation of materials. Edited by a pioneer in the field, and with contributions from experts from across the globe, this book will be of use to graduate students and researchers in academia and industry interested in lithium-ion batteries and energy storage.