Lithium-Ion Battery Chemistries: A Primer offers a simple description on how different lithium-ion battery chemistries work, along with their differences. It includes a refresher on the basics of electrochemistry and thermodynamics, and an understanding of the fundamental processes that occur in the lithium-ion battery. Furthermore, it reviews each of the major chemistries that are in use today, including Lithium-Iron Phosphate (LFP), Lithium-Cobalt Oxide (LCO), Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO), Lithium-Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC), Lithium-Nickel Cobalt Aluminium (NCA), and Lithium-Titanate Oxide (LTO) and outlines the different types of anodes, including carbon (graphite, hard carbon, soft carbon, graphene), silicon, and tin. In addition, the book offers performance comparisons of different chemistries to help users select the right battery for the right application and provides explanations on why different chemistries have different performances and capabilities. Finally, it offers a brief look at emerging and beyond-lithium chemistries, including lithium-air, zinc-air, aluminum air, solid-state, lithium-sulfur, lithium-glass, and lithium-metal.

Tailored Thin Coatings for Corrosion Inhibition Using a Molecular Approach discusses the fundamentals and applications of various thin coatings for the inhibition of fouling and corrosion from a molecular perspective. It provides the reader with a fundamental understanding of why certain coatings perform better than others in a given environment. Surface analytical and electrochemical techniques in understanding the coating performance are emphasized throughout the book, providing readers with a useful reference on how to pursue a systematic corrosion inhibitor R&D program that involves the testing of coating performance using various, currently available, state-of-the-art laboratory techniques. Wherever relevant, environmental considerations of the discussed coatings' technologies are highlighted and discussed, with current and upcoming regulatory trends put forth by different governmental organizations.

Chapter One examines the effect of water addition on some physicochemical properties of deep eutectic solvents through experimentation. Chapter Two deliberates on ionic liquids electrochemical behaviour for corrosion inhibition of different metals. Chapter Three presents the process and mechanism of electrochemical synthesis of DMC in ionic liquids. Chapter Four provides an overview of the applications of ionic liquids on the electrochemical reduction of CO2. Chapter Five studies the biocatalyst process for the esterification of dihydrocaffeic acid (DHCA) with different ionic liquids: 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazoliumhexafluorosphosphate, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazoliumhexafluorosphosphate, 1-octyl-3-methyllidazoliumhexafluorosphosphate. Chaper Six continues with a study on predicting wine quality, with the suggestion that investors should further their knowledge on all aspects of winemaking. Chapter Seven reviews the advantages of ionic liquids in biorefinery processes.

Ion exchange materials are extremely effective absorbents generally containing some functional groups with insoluble structures, which have high affinity capacities towards the targets among a series of structurally similar ions or ion groups. In recent decades, the various methods used to preparing the absorbents for contaminant removal and resource recycle from environment have been extensively studied under the backgrounds of environment pollution and resource shortages. Molecular imprinting technology (MIT) was developed rapidly as a research hot topic to prepare ion exchange materials with shape memory effects. In consideration of the advantages of molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs), including high adsorption capacities, high selectivity, easy recycle etc., their applications in the separation and concentration of target molecules or ions have been widely explored. This book briefly narrates the fundamentals and preparations of MIPs, and particularly focus on the research advances relevant to human-living environment including water, atmosphere and soil. An overview of the most important applications of the ion exchange method in the treatment of industrial wastewaters which contain heavy metal ions, and the main environmental benefits of this method are highlighted. The most important ion exchangers used in environment remediation processes, including their classification and environmental utilisations, are presented as well. The influence of operating conditions on the ion exchange process is discussed, both from efficiency and mechanism perspectives. Also, the opportunities and challenges, which make that the ion exchange method to be still an important research issue at international level, are reviewed. Other chapters familiarise the reader with innovative practices to develop sustainable water treatment methods; review the use of adsorption materials, including raw biomasses, and ion exchange resins for the treatment of olive mill wastewater; various examples of selective removal of heavy metal ions discharged in an effluent from electroplating plants, metal finishing operations, as well as mining and electronics industries through ion exchange are presented and finally; the principal mechanisms and specific features of the copper ion exchange in alkali silicate glasses is explored.

Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) is attracting many researchers attention nowadays because of its numerous advantages, such as simple deposition apparatus, fast deposition rate, and the ease of deposition with a controlled thickness, compared to the other processing techniques. Chapter One reports the effectiveness of AC-EPD for the deposition and infiltration of various ceramic nanoparticles in an aqueous suspension. In Chapter Two, the authors discuss the functionalization of SnO2 thick films prepared by electrophoretic deposition. Chapter Three concludes that despite being a wet process, EPD offers easy control of the thickness and morphology of a deposited film through simple adjustments to the deposition time and the applied potential.

Magnetic nanomaterials have undergone a significant evolution during the past decade, with supramolecular nanoparticle organization reaching unprecedented levels of complexity and the materials providing new approaches to treating cancer. Magnetic Nanomaterials will provide a comprehensive overview of the latest research in the area of magnetic nanoparticles and their broad applications in synthesis, catalysis and theranostics. The book starts with an introduction to magnetism in nanomaterials and magnetic nanoparticle design followed by individual chapters which focus on specific uses. Applications covered include drug delivery, theranostic agents for cancer treatment as well as catalysis, biomass conversion and catalytic enhancement of NMR sensitivity. The reader will have the opportunity to learn about the frontier of magnetic nanotechnology from scientists that have shaped this unique and highly collaborative field of research. Written and edited by experts working within the field across the world, this book will appeal to students and researched interested in nanotechnology, engineering and physical sciences.

Magnetoresistance is an effect associated with the change of the quanta of the magnetic field due to the energy emission by the atom. In this book, Chapter One discusses magnetoresistive multilayers using various iron oxides and their characteristics. Chapter Two examines magnetoresistance connected with quantum electron transitions in the hydrogen atom. Chapter Three focuses on giant injection magnetoresistance in ferromagnet/semiconductor heterostructures.

Molybdenum and its compounds (oxides, sulphides, carbides, nitrides, selenides, molybdates and molybdenum complexes) have a number of applications in alloys, catalysts, electrochromics, sensors, capacitors, batteries, solar cells and so on. Promising works on their nanostructures have been reported as a means to enhance the performance of materials. The present book is an edited volume on molybdenum and its compounds in different applications. There are chapters concentrating on molybdenum and its alloys, molybdenum oxides, molybdenum sulphides, molybdenum carbides, molybdenum nitrides, molybdenum selenides, molybdenum blues, Keplerate-type molecular spheres, molybdenum complexes and molybdates.

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is an analytical technique that separates ions based on their electrophoretic mobility with the use of an applied voltage. With the high efficiency and broad separating capabilities, CE has continuously spurred research interests among the scientific society to execute further developments in the technique. This book is a timely synthesis of the on-going CE development and application research in the formats of general reviews and detailed case studies. All chapters are invited contributions and peer-reviewed. This book is basically the result of the combined efforts of the dedicated international group of contributors who are from Argentina, Canada, China, Czech Republic, France, Italy, Japan, and USA. This book should be of interest to university faculty, graduate students, research scientists, industrial engineers, and anyone who works and deals with various aspects of CE development and application.

Clay minerals are typically formed over long periods of time by the gradual chemical weathering of rocks, usually silicate-bearing, by low concentrations of carbonic acid and other diluted solvents. Since ancient times, clay minerals have been investigated because of their importance in agriculture, ceramics, building and other uses. In this book, the authors present current research in the study of the types, properties and uses of clay. Topics discussed include clay mineral application in electrochemistry and wastewater treatment; organoclay/polymer nanocomposites; use of clays to manufacture honeycomb monoliths for pollution control applications; clays for the removal of dyes from aqueous solutions and structural modification of montmorillonite clays by the pillaring process.

This book presents current research in the field of electrochemistry. Topics discussed include advanced materials for wet electrochemical detection of organic impurities; electrochemical applications of modified electrodes in waste water treatment and energy conversion systems; electrochemical hydrogen storage; application of high temperature electrolysis for large-scale hydrogen production; electrolysis of nitrate aqueous solution; electrocoagulation and electroflotation; and, voltage stabilisation using a storage capacitor and physical and electrochemical properties of quaternary ammonium salts.

This book includes a detailed study on the electrochemical oxidation and corrosion of metals (silver, copper and their alloys) in concentrated aqueous electrolytes solutions. The properties of the electronic subsystem of the solid electrolyte and their effect on the electrode process are discussed as well. In addition, natural and synthesised porous materials are deemed as one of the most important object of study in major contemporary technologies. The authors of this book analyse results of experimental researches revealing the regularities of high-voltage electric discharges influence in solutions of surface-active substances on the absorption processes. Moreover, reaction dynamics at the passive film/solution interface is an important subject from a theoretical and practical point-of-view. In this book, the relative importance of isovalent and oxidative dissolution is estimated, as well as anion-assisted solubilisation during oxidation of stainless alloys. Other chapters discuss non-crystalline semiconductors, crucial to a number of major technological notably in domains of electronic devices energy storage, and converters and environmental monitoring such as batteries, fuel cells and sensor technology. The structure, optical properties, electronic and ionic conduction mechanisms of non-crystalline semi-conductors are explored as well.

This book gathers the latest research from around the globe in the study in the dynamic field of electrochemistry and highlights such topics as: electrochemical applications of modified electrodes in wastewater treatment, corrosion and protection of magnesium and its alloys as a biomaterial, electrochemical hydrogen storage, analysis of electrochemical reactor performance and others.

This book is dedicated to presenting the latest research from around the world in electroanalytical chemistry, also known as electroanalysis, which lies at the interface between analytical science and electrochemistry. It is concerned with the development, characterisation and application of chemical analysis methods employing electrochemical phenomena. It has major significance in modern analytical science, enabling measurements of the smallest chemical species, the proton, right up to the macromolecules of importance in modern biology. Electroanalytical methodologies, devices and systems have importance in the contemporary laboratory as well as in out-of-laboratory applications. The latter applications are enabled by the role of electroanalysis as a major driving force in modern chemical sensor and biosensor technology as well as electroanalytical detection in microsystems technology.

Superconductivity is the ability of certain materials to conduct electrical current with no resistance and extremely low losses. High temperature superconductors, such as La2-xSrxCuOx (Tc=40K) and YBa2Cu3O7-x (Tc=90K), were discovered in 1987 and have been actively studied since. In spite of an intense, world-wide, research effort during this time, a complete understanding of the copper oxide (cuprate) materials is still lacking. Many fundamental questions are unanswered, particularly the mechanism by which high-Tc superconductivity occurs. More broadly, the cuprates are in a class of solids with strong electron-electron interactions. An understanding of such "strongly correlated" solids is perhaps the major unsolved problem of condensed matter physics with over ten thousand researchers working on this topic. High-Tc superconductors also have significant potential for applications in technologies ranging from electric power generation and transmission to digital electronics. This ability to carry large amounts of current can be applied to electric power devices such as motors and generators, and to electricity transmission in power lines. For example, superconductors can carry as much as 100 times the amount of electricity of ordinary copper or aluminium wires of the same size. Many universities, research institutes and companies are working to develop high-Tc superconductivity applications and considerable progress has been made. This volume brings together new leading-edge research in the field.

Electrochemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the chemical action of electricity and the production of electricity by chemical reactions. In a world short of energy sources yet long on energy use, electrochemistry is a critical component of the mix necessary to keep the world economies growing. Electrochemistry is involved with such important applications as batteries, fuel cells, corrosion studies, hydrogen energy conversion, bioelectricity. Research on electrolytes, cells, and electrodes is within the scope of this old but extremely dynamic field. This new book gathers new and important research from around the globe.

Electrochemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the chemical action of electricity and the production of electricity by chemical reactions. In a world short of energy sources yet long on energy use, electrochemistry is a critical component of the mix necessary to keep the world economies growing. Electrochemistry is involved with such important applications as batteries, fuel cells, corrosion studies, hydrogen energy conversion, bioelectricity. Research on electrolytes, cells, and electrodes is within the scope of this old but extremely dynamic field. This new book gathers leading research from throughout the world focussing on electrochemical studies of batteries.

Electrochemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the chemical action of electricity and the production of electricity by chemical reactions. In a world short of energy sources yet long on energy use, electrochemistry is a critical component of the mix necessary to keep the world economies growing. Electrochemistry is involved with such important applications as batteries, fuel cells, corrosion studies, hydrogen energy conversion, bioelectricity. Research on electrolytes, cells, and electrodes is within the scope of this old but extremely dynamic field.

Electrochemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the chemical action of electricity and the production of electricity by chemical reactions. In a world short of energy sources yet long on energy use, electrochemistry is a critical component of the mix necessary to keep the world economies growing. Electrochemistry is involved with such important applications as batteries, fuel cells, corrosion studies, hydrogen energy conversion, bioelectricity. Research on electrolytes, cells, and electrodes is within the scope of this old but extremely dynamic field.

Whether pH is being used to test a sample against a legal requirement or specification; as part of an analytical method; for monitoring and controlling a reaction; as a process control in the chemical industry; or for the environmental monitoring of waste and effluents, it is important that all pH measurements are carried out in a logical and consistent manner, paying careful attention to experimental procedures, in order to obtain reliable results. This guide provides scientists with the knowledge of how to do just that, first by outlining the principles of pH measurement and buffer solutions. pH meters and electrodes are then discussed, including selection criteria and the care of electrodes. Finally, sections on making pH measurements and uncertainty are followed by a set of practical exercises. Measurement of pH is one of the Practical Laboratory Skills Training Guides, a series that aims to make achieving best practice easy. These invaluable manuals will enable both experienced and inexperienced staff to get the essential basics of any experiment right simply by following the clear and easy to use instructions provided. The guides are written by experienced scientists and include minimal theory, plenty of practical exercises in order to assess competence, and trouble shooting information. Other titles are: Measurement of Mass; Measurement of Volume; High Performance Liquid Chromatography; and Gas Chromatography.

Originally compiled in Moscow between 1965 and 1982, and revised through 1995, this renowned 8-volume set comprises 10 parts, presenting a comprehensive set of critically selected thermal constants of inorganic, simple organic, and metallo-organic substances. Featuring 25,976 substances and more than 51,500 references, the volumes cover a broad range of constants, including enthalpy and Gibbs energy formation, dissociation energy, enthalpy content, entropy and heat capacity at standard temperature, crystallographic and critical parameters, ionization potential, and electron affinity.

A complete and up-to-date manual on HPCE theory and practice

High Performance Capillary Electrophoresis brings together in one volume essential coverage of the theory, techniques, and applications of this highly useful and efficient technology.

Suitable for the novice as well as the experienced user of HPCE, this book features expert contributions from highly respected scientists representing a wide range of disciplines. Chapters, which are grouped into sections to make information easy to find, cover:

• Theory and principles of the six HPCE techniques
• Detection systems, including indirect detection
• Essential operation topics such as sample introduction and stacking, coated capillaries, and method validation
• Recently developed methods, including two-dimensional separations, nonaqueous CE, and HPCE on microchips
• All of the basic HPCE applications, with an emphasis on bioanalytical uses
• HPCE in the determination of physico-chemical properties of molecules

With features and capabilities that match—and even surpass—those of conventional electrophoresis and HPLC, high performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE) is the fastest developing technology for the separation and analysis of chemical compounds. Keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field and the wealth of journal articles on the subject is a difficult and time-consuming challenge for anyone needing a basic and up-to-date grasp of HPCE.

This book makes it much easier to find this important information—with comprehensive one-source coverage of all of the essential aspects of HPCE theory, techniques, and applications. Featuring the contributions of well-qualified, highly regarded scientists, it is organized into sections on:

• Theory and principles of HPCE techniques
• Detection systems
• Operation aspects and special methods in HPCE
• Uses in chemical analysis
• Physico-chemical studies

Specific topics addressed here that are not treated extensively by other books include two-dimensional separations, CE on microchips, nonaqueous CE, indirect detection, monitoring enzymatic reactions, and more.

As interest in HPCE continues to grow, it is clear that this technology has much to offer researchers and others working in disciplines ranging from analytical chemistry and biochemistry to pharmaceutical chemistry and biotechnology. High Performance Capillary Electrophoresis equips scientists and students with the knowledge they need to take immediate advantage of the exciting potential of HPCE.

Over the past 25 years, the molecular electrostatic potential has become firmly established as an effective guide to molecular interactions. With the recent advances in computational technology, it is currently being applied to a variety of important chemical and biological systems. Its range of applicability has expanded from primarily a focus on sites for electrophilic and nucleophilic attack to now include solvent effects, studies of zeolite, molecular cluster and crystal behavior, and the correlation and prediction of a wide range of macroscopic properties. Moreover, the increasing prominence of density functional theory has raised the molecular electrostatic potential to a new stature on a more fundamental conceptual level. It is rigorously defined in terms of the electron density, and has very interesting topological characteristics since it explicitly reflects opposing contributions from the nuclei and the electrons.

This volume opens with a survey chapter by one of the original pioneers of the use of the electrostatic potential in studies of chemical reactivity, Jacopo Tomasi. Though the flow of the succeeding chapters is not stringently defined, the overall trend is that the emphasis changes gradually from methodology to applications. Chapters discussing more theoretical topics are placed near the end. Readers will find the wide variety of topics provided by an international group of authors both convincing and useful.

This text aims to evaluate the actual impact of high-performance capillary electrophoresis on analytical biotechnology and environmental analysis. The first part of the book presents a survey of present innovations in instrument design and different methods of pre-concentration techniques in order to obtain increased separations at higher sensitivities. The second part contains articles on applications of HPCE to protein and peptide analysis. In the third part, applications of HPCE in the investigation of drug abuse and drug interactions are presented. The last two parts of the book deal with the use of HPCE at low-UV wavelengths and negative-UV absorption. The book should be of interest to those working in HPCE research and applications.

Theory Of Radiation Processes In Metal Solid Solutions