This book continues the series Electroanalytical Chemistry: A Series of Advances, designed to provide authoritative reviews on recent developments and applications of well-established techniques in the field of electroanalytical chemistry. Electroanalytical techniques are used in a wide range of studies, including electro-organic synthesis, fuel cell studies, and radical ion formation. Each chapter in this volume provides comprehensive coverage of a subject area, including detailed descriptions of techniques, derivations of fundamental equations, and discussions of important related articles. The primary topics include: Nanoscale scanning electrochemical microscopy Electrochemical applications of scanning ion conductance microscopy Electrode surface modification using diazonium salts Each volume in the series provides the necessary background and a starting point for graduate students undertaking related research projects. They are also of particular interest to practicing analytical chemists concerned with learning and applying electroanalytical techniques and the fundamental theoretical principles upon which these techniques are based.

Nanoscale electrochemistry has revolutionized electrochemical research and technologies and has made broad impacts in other fields, including nanotechnology and nanoscience, biology, and materials chemistry. Nanoelectrochemistry examines well-established concepts and principles and provides an updated overview of the field and its applications. This book covers three integral aspects of nanoelectrochemistry. The first two chapters contain theoretical background, which is essential for everyone working in the field-specifically, theories of electron transfer, transport, and double-layer processes at nanoscale electrochemical interfaces. The next chapters are dedicated to the electrochemical studies of nanomaterials and nanosystems, as well as the development and applications of nanoelectrochemical techniques. Each chapter is self-contained and can be read independently to provide readers with a compact, up-to-date critical review of the subfield of interest. At the same time, the presented collection of chapters serves as a serious introduction to nanoelectrochemistry for graduate students or scientists who wish to enter this emerging field. The applications discussed range from studies of biological systems to nanoparticles and from electrocatalysis to molecular electronics, nanopores, and membranes. The book demonstrates how electrochemistry has contributed to the advancement of nanotechnology and nanoscience. It also explores how electrochemistry has transformed itself by leading to the discovery of new phenomena, enabling unprecedented electrochemical measurements and creating novel electrochemical systems.

This book describes the details of the research and development of nickel-saving high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel and high nitrogen steel (HNS) with excellent corrosion resistance in the sea. This resistance was realized by using nitrogen (N), one of the ubiquitous elements, as an alloying element. By using N it is possible to save nickel (Ni), a national strategic substance in Japan, to be partially reduced or to be totally free. Not only basic information about low nickel HNS but also its promising application to bipolar plates of solid polymer fuel cells are provided. Reduction of Ni ions in the cell environment can be expected to extend the life of the fuel cell. Furthermore, there is discussion of the serendipitous application and impact of nickel-free HNS in the field of biomaterials as an anti-nickel allergy material, leading to its development for coronary stents. The book includes an explanation of how to develop extremely high corrosion-resistance steel by controlling its level of oxygen. For researchers and engineers involved in the development and evaluation of corrosion-resistant materials in particular, this book is extremely helpful for understanding the details of the development of those materials.

Ferroelectricity in Doped Hafnium Oxide: Materials, Properties and Devices covers all aspects relating to the structural and electrical properties of HfO2 and its implementation into semiconductor devices, including a comparison to standard ferroelectric materials. The ferroelectric and field-induced ferroelectric properties of HfO2-based films are considered promising for various applications, including non-volatile memories, negative capacitance field-effect-transistors, energy storage, harvesting, and solid-state cooling. Fundamentals of ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties, HfO2 processes, and the impact of dopants on ferroelectric properties are also extensively discussed in the book, along with phase transition, switching kinetics, epitaxial growth, thickness scaling, and more. Additional chapters consider the modeling of ferroelectric phase transformation, structural characterization, and the differences and similarities between HFO2 and standard ferroelectric materials. Finally, HfO2 based devices are summarized.

There is great interest in converting electricity overcapacity e.g. from renewables; from fuels such as hydrogen and synthetic gasoline; or for the conversion of nitrogen to ammonia. Solid oxide electrolysis offers a high efficiency route to these conversions utilising technology similar to solid oxide fuel cells. However, there are significant differences between electrolysis and fuel cell operation, and the fundamental aspects of electrolysis have received little attention. This Faraday Discussion brings together the research of leading scientists to address the fundamental aspects of solid oxide electrolysis. Research in this field could yield a new clean chemical industry, potentially allowing greater harvesting of renewables by storing excess energy in a more useful and higher energy density form than electricity.

Electrochemical methods of chemical analysis have been widely used for many years, most especially the trusty pH electrode and conductivity meter, but also in the mass-manufactured glucose test strips which place electrochemical measurements into the hands of non-scientists. The purpose of this volume is to address advances that will enable new measurement strategies in the future. Surveying research and development advances based on new methods, materials and devices that achieve improved electroanalytical performances, this collection encompasses chip-based systems, through nanodomain approaches and soft interfaces. This book is a vital resource for graduate students and professional analytical chemists.

Analytical chemical results touch everyones lives can we eat the food? do I have a disease? did the defendant leave his DNA at the crime scene? should I invest in that gold mine? When a chemist measures something how do we know that the result is appropriate? What is fit for purpose in the context of analytical chemistry? Many manufacturing and service companies have embraced traditional statistical approaches to quality assurance, and these have been adopted by analytical chemistry laboratories. However the right chemical answer is never known, so there is not a direct parallel with the manufacture of ball bearings which can be measured and assessed. The customer of the analytical services relies on the quality assurance and quality control procedures adopted by the laboratory. It is the totality of the QA effort, perhaps first brought together in this text, that gives the customer confidence in the result. QA in the Analytical Chemistry Laboratory takes the reader through all aspects of QA, from the statistical basics and quality control tools to becoming accredited to international standards. The latest understanding of concepts such as measurement uncertainty and metrological traceability are explained for a working chemist or her client. How to design experiments to optimize an analytical process is included, together with the necessary statistics to analyze the results. All numerical manipulation and examples are given as Microsoft Excel spreadsheets that can be implemented on any personal computer. Different kinds of interlaboratory studies are explained, and how a laboratory is judged in proficiency testing schemes is described. Accreditation to ISO 17025 or OECD GLP is nearly obligatory for laboratories of any pretension to quality. Here the reader will find an introduction to the requirements and philosophy of accreditation. Whether completing a degree course in chemistry or working in a busy analytical laboratory, this book is a single source for an introduction into quality assurance.

"Covers the most recent methods and materials for the construction, validation, analysis, and design of electrochemical sensors for bioanalytical, clinical, and pharmaceutical applications--emphasizing the latest classes of enantioselective electrochemical sensors as well as electrochemical sensors for in vivo and in vitro diagnosis, for DNA assay and HIV detection, and as detectors in flow systems. Contains current techniques for the assay or biochemical assay of biological fluids and pharmaceutical compounds."

Investigating the relationship between the magnetic properties and structure of molecules, molecular magnetochemistry, is an area of growing interest to scientists in a variety of fields, including physical, organic and inorganic chemistry, molecular physics, and biophysics.
For the first time, systematic results on magnetic properties of molecules such as mean magnetic susceptibility, their anisotropies and principal magnetic axes are presented. Molecular Magnetochemistry is a comprehensive and up-to-date view on experimental methods not covered in previous volumes, including the Zeeman effect in vapor phase and magnetic birefringence of diamagnetic systems (Cotton-Mouton Effect). The relationship between magnetic and related electrical phenomena is also described, summing up experimental data on magnetic and electrical anisotropies and components of molecular quadrupole moments.

During his distinguished scientific career, Alfred Saupe made important contributions to liquid crystal research, laying the groundwork on which much of the current knowledge and research in the physics of liquid crystals is based. This volume features papers presented by Prof. Saupe's colleagues, students and friends at a festschrift in honor of his 70th birthday. In addition, a selection of Prof. Saupe's articles are reprinted in the original German and in English translation, offering the reader a unique opportunity to see both the early work of this important scientist and widespread effect of that work on later discoveries in liquid crystal physics.

This monograph will clearly depict much of the current, leading research into the reactions and properties of organic and bioorganic materials in which electron transfer plays an important role. Organic electrochemistry is increasingly expanding to various interdisciplinary fields and is of major interest to a growing number of researchers and engineers.
The contents of this book emphasize the scope of the reaction field at the electrode interface, specifically, electrogenerated active species, new mediatory reactions, and new trends in organic electrochemistry. Many of the results demonstrated in these reports may have broad applications to the development of science and new technologies. The twenty contributing authors are all active researchers in organic electrochemistry, bioelectrochemistry, electrocoordination chemistry, or electroanalytical chemistry.

Laser photoelectron emission not only allows investigation of interfaces between electrodes and solution, but also provides a method for fast generation of intermediate species in the vicinity of the interface and so permits study of their electrode reactions. Laser Electrochemistry of Intermediates presents the first-ever comprehensive review of this important phenomenon and its electrochemical applications.
The book explores how the innovative method of laser electron emission from metal electrodes resolves two fundamental problems inherent in current methods of intermediate species (IS) generation and detection: difficulty generating IS quickly in the vicinity of the electrode surface and low IS surface concentration. In addition, for the first time, quasi-free and solvated electrons, hydrogen atoms, simple organic and inorganic radicals, and ions with anomalous valence are systematically studied.
Laser Electrochemistry of Intermediates incorporates a unique, two-pronged analytical approach. First, the authors consider the kinetics and thermodynamics of the processes based on the participation of IS in its one-electron stages, thus allowing the assignment of real physical meaning to the electrochemical measurables. Second, they consider electrode reactions side by side with homogeneous reactions of electron transfer, facilitating understanding of the universal theory of electron transfer reactions in polar media as well as the peculiarities of these reactions occurring in the interface between electrode and solution.

Chemists increasingly apply electrochemical methods to the investigation of their systems, in particular towards a better understanding of molecular properties, the exploration of chemical reactions involving electron-transfer (ET), the initiation of further reactions by ET, the kinetic measurements, and the establishment of the reaction mechanisms, as well as the synthesis (electrosynthesis) of desired products. Trends in Molecular Electrochemistry presents recent research on procedures in molecular electroactivation and electrocatalysis, bioelectrochemistry, spectroelectrochemistry, and unconventional electrochemistry. The book highlights the state-of-the-art in the application of electrochemistry by taking an interdisciplinary approach to the study of both static and dynamic molecular properties of coordination compounds as well as inorganic, bioinorganic, and organometallic complexes, supramolecular systems, and metalloenzymes. The principles and approaches are often also valid for organic systems, which are illustrated in various contexts.

With the rapid development of nanotechnology, the surface-to-volume ratio of objects of interest continues to increase. As such, so does the importance of our ability to tailor interfacial properties. Written by bestselling author and internationally renowned researcher K.S. Birdi, Introduction to Electrical Interfacial Phenomena offers comprehensive coverage of the field of electrical double layer (EDL) research. Birdi discusses theoretical models used with EDL and demonstrates how they can be applied to typically encountered real-world problems, including those that must be considered in modern industrial applications. The book explains the EDL through fundamental theory and real-world solved examples from applications such as corrosion, aerosols, dispersions and emulsions, adhesion, storage batteries, waste-water treatment, enhanced oil recovery, biology (proteins at cell membranes), and macromolecules. After introducing the electrical interfacial phenomenon, it describes advanced systems, provides a comprehensive description of the double layer, and presents bonus material on advanced theory separate from the main text. The book also includes application examples that demonstrate EDL analyses to new and developing areas such as enhanced oil recovery, storage batteries, hydrogen fuel cells, and biology. While there are many books available on this topic, so far none have taken a combined application and fundamental theoretical approach to the problem. Collating available information drawn from the extensive literature on various models of EDL into a comprehensive resource, this book paints a picture of the state of an art that is on the brink of further development. It not only delineates theoretical models, but also demonstrates how they can be applied to real problems.

This book gives an overview of the present trends in a rapidly growing interdisciplinary field, namely the research and development of biosensors. It focuses on the development of new biosensors which combine the sensitivity and specificity of biological systems (enzymes, immunosystems, microbial cells, tissue, plants, etc.) with the efficiency of electrochemical transducers. The molecular mechanisms of the processes in biosensors as well as the new methods for transduction and immobilization of biosystems are described in detail. Also, important fields of application are evaluated, i.e. medicinal chemistry including in vivo monitoring, environment pollution monitoring, biotechnology process control, determination of food contaminants and food quality control.

This handbook is intended to be a guide (a guide for the perplexed) for all scientists active in fields related to the above topic. The range of applications of electric polarizabilities and hyperpolarizabilities has dramatically expanded in recent years. Very active fields where the theory of electric polarizability is of primary importance are as mentioned below. Nonlinear Optics and the search for new materials with potential applications in Molecular Electronics and Optoelectronics - the design of molecules with specific characteristics relies strongly on reliable determinations of the molecular hyperpolarizability. Simulation Studies - in this rapidly expanding field the use of very accurate polarizability and hyperpolarizability values is a key factor to the success of the simulation. Scientists are always seeking reliable data for their studies. The absence of any systematic presentation of such data constitutes a major problem, as readily evidenced in all related publications that have appeared recently in major journals. The handbook will provide recommended values for a very large number of systems of interest. A Database of such values will be an essential part of this endeavour. Spectroscopy - this represents a very wide spectrum of activities relevant to fields that rangefrom Atmospheric Chemistry to Surface Science. The main reason lies in the central importance of the theory of electric polarizability to major tools as Raman spectroscopy. Scientists active in Collision - and Interaction induced Spectroscopy lean heavily on the available polarizability mid hyperpolarizability values for the systems involved in such studies. It should be emphasised that the handbook will not include extensive presentations of theoretical or experimental methods. Such treatments are easily found in specialised textbooks. Emphasis will be given to the presentation of fields of application and the emerging new ideas. The most important part of the handbook will be the critical evaluation of the available data and the systematic presentation of the reliable data for large classes of systems, including atoms and almost all currently of interest molecules, in such a way that they will be readily accessible for potential applications. Primary audience for the work: Scientist at all levels - Researchers, Graduate Students, Undergraduate Students active in a wide spectrum of fields. These fields include Computational Quantum Chemistry, Spectroscopy, Simulation Studies, Molecular Physics. Nonlinear Optics and Materials Science: Secondary Market - the book will contain material relevant to various other fields as Medicinal Chemistry, Environmental Physics and Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry. Scientists active in these fields are always interested in obtaining accurate polarizability values for use in various applications.

Research interest in inorganic membrane materials and processes has significantly increased in recent years due to novel, potentially low-cost energy and fuel production applications. This book documents the recent progress in membrane science, especially in advanced materials and novel reaction and separation concepts. The book classifies membranes based on the mechanism of operation, i.e., size exclusion filtration, solution-diffusion, and mixed ion-electron conduction of the permeate streams. This is the first book on the use of inorganic membranes for fuel and energy applications.

The expected end of the "oil age" will lead to increasing focus and reliance on alternative energy conversion devices, among which fuel cells have the potential to play an important role. Not only can phosphoric acid and solid oxide fuel cells already efficiently convert today's fossil fuels, including methane, into electricity, but other types of fuel cells, such as polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells, have the potential to become the cornerstones of a possible future hydrogen economy. This handbook offers concise yet comprehensive coverage of the current state of fuel cell research and identifies key areas for future investigation. Internationally renowned specialists provide authoritative introductions to a wide variety of fuel cell types and hydrogen production technologies, and discuss materials and components for these systems. Sustainability and marketing considerations are also covered, including comparisons of fuel cells with alternative technologies.

Technologies based on the use of oxygen-ionic and mixed ionic-electronic conductors provide important economic and environmental advantages with respect to traditional industrial processes. Key applications of these materials include solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) for electric power generation, ceramic membranes for high-purity gas separation and conversion of natural gas and biogas, high-temperature electrolyzers for hydrogen production and carbon dioxide conversion, and various electrochemical sensors.

The monograph presents main equations, definitions and theoretical relationships necessary for the analysis of transport and electrochemical processes in oxygen ion conducting materials and devices on their basis, brief description of key experimental methods used, comparative analysis of the oxygen ionic conductivity, electronic transport and other physicochemical properties, survey of the interfacial reaction mechanisms, electrode materials, processing methods, and theoretical and empirical concepts.