This book covers a significant number of R&D projects, performed mostly after 2000, devoted to the understanding and prevention of performance degradation processes in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs). The extent and severity of performance degradation processes in PEFCs were recognized rather gradually. Indeed, the recognition overlapped with a significant number of industrial dem- strations of fuel cell powered vehicles, which would suggest a degree of technology maturity beyond the resaolution of fundamental failure mechanisms. An intriguing question, therefore, is why has there been this apparent delay in addressing fun- mental performance stability requirements. The apparent answer is that testing of the power system under fully realistic operation conditions was one prerequisite for revealing the nature and extent of some key modes of PEFC stack failure. Such modes of failure were not exposed to a similar degree, or not at all, in earlier tests of PEFC stacks which were not performed under fully relevant conditions, parti- larly such tests which did not include multiple on-off and/or high power-low power cycles typical for transportation and mobile power applications of PEFCs. Long-term testing of PEFCs reported in the early 1990s by both Los Alamos National Laboratory and Ballard Power was performed under conditions of c- stant cell voltage, typically near the maximum power point of the PEFC.

The Electrochemical Dictionary provides up-to-date, broad and authoritative coverage of the specific terms most used in electrochemistry and its related fields, including relevant areas of physics and engineering. This modern compendium will be an indispensable source of information for scientists, engineers, and technical staff active in all fields of electrochemistry. The more than 2.770 entries have been written by a distinguished panel of eminent electrochemists.

Each entry supplies a clear and precise explanation of the term and provides references to the most useful reviews, books and original papers to enable readers to pursue a deeper understanding if so desired. The Electrochemical Dictionary will also be appreciatively consulted by scientists working in adjacent sciences and technologies, who need a quick understanding of the electrochemical terms they encounter. More than 300 figures and illustrations elaborate the textual definitions. The Electrochemical Dictionary also contains biographical entries of people who have substantially contributed to electrochemistry."

A.J. Bard, Z. Ding, N. Myung: Electrochemistry and Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence of Semiconductor Nanocrystals in Solutions and in Films.- P. Guyot-Sionnest: Intraband Spectroscopy and Semiconductor Nanocrystals.- X. Peng, J. Thessing: Controlled Synthesis of High Quality Semiconductor Nanocrystals.- D. Santamaria-Perez, A. Vegas, F. Liebau: The Zintl-Klemm Concept Applied to Cations in Oxides. II. The Structures of Silicates

The development of solid state devices began a little more than a century ago, with the discovery of the electrical conductivity of ionic solids. Today, solid state technologies form the background of the society in which we live. The aim of this book is threefold: to present the background physical chemistry on which the technology of semiconductor devices is based; secondly, to describe specific issues such as the role of defects on the properties of solids, and the crucial influence of surface properties; and ultimately, to look at the physics and chemistry of semiconductor growth processes, both at the bulk and thin-film level, together with some issues relating to the properties of nano-devices. Divided into five chapters, it covers: Thermodynamics of solids, including phases and their properties and structural order Point defects in semiconductors Extended defects in semiconductors and their interactions with point defects and impurities Growth of semiconductor materials Physical chemistry of semiconductor materials processing With applications across all solid state technologies, the book is useful for advanced students and researchers in materials science, physics, chemistry, electrical and electronic engineering. It is also useful for those in the semiconductor industry.

Incorporating the latest theoretical and experimental developments in the field over the past decade, Brainina and Neyman's Electroanalytical Stripping Methods focuses on the theory associated with the most progressive stripping electroanalytical methods (SEAMs) and their application to environmental monitoring and industry. Wherever appropriate, it highlights the main advantages of these methods, including their extremely low detection limit, the low cost of the instruments used, the possibility of speciation analysis, and their use in the investigation of solids as well as solutions. The combined work of two eminent researchers from the former Soviet Union, the book closes the previous information gap that existed between West and East and now makes accessible the most recent developments from Russia, including a different approach to initial electro-crystallization stages, the interconnection between voltammograms of binary metal systems and work functions, and the use of these phenomena in applied stripping voltammetry. Electroanalytical Stripping Methods also provides a critical assessment of current achievements in the field of electrode materials, and in the design of electrodes and electrochemical cells used in stripping methods. Here, the authors provide unique insight into the advantages of graphite electrodes - largely used in the East - over glassy carbon electrodes generally favored by the West. The book presents a number of other modern ideas, including the theory behind and the application of a new internal standard in stripping voltammetry...the catalysis of metals electrodeposition on the foreign substrate with adatoms...and the electrochemical transformation of solidsand adsorbates and their use in phase analysis and the investigation of the defect structure of solids. Electroanalytical Stripping Methods will prove to be an invaluable tool for professionals involved in environmental monitoring, helping them to develop and use trace analysis in evaluating drinking water, food, waste, and other solids and solutions and to apply stripping voltammetry to the analyses of chemicals. Researchers in the food, clinical, and pharmaceutical industries will similarly use the book to develop and apply SEAMs for trace analysis. Practitioners in the microelectronics industry will find useful information on solids that will help them improve the quality of catalyzers, films, special ceramics, and semiconductors. Finally, medical technicians will tap this resource for the insight it can provide in the electroanalysis of blood, urine, and other body fluids.

Lithium Batteries: Science and Technology is an up-to-date and comprehensive compendium on advanced power sources and energy related topics. Each chapter is a detailed and thorough treatment of its subject. The volume includes several tutorials and contributes to an understanding of the many fields that impact the development of lithium batteries. Recent advances on various components are included and numerous examples of innovation are presented. Extensive references are given at the end of each chapter. All contributors are internationally recognized experts in their respective specialty. The fundamental knowledge necessary for designing new battery materials with desired physical and chemical properties including structural, electronic and reactivity are discussed. The molecular engineering of battery materials is treated by the most advanced theoretical and experimental methods.

Die nachhaltige Nutzung verfugbarer Energieressourcen, deren Moglichkeiten derzeit viel diskutiert werden, beinhaltet auch eine zukunftsfahige Hausenergieversorgung. Eine Option dafur stellen Brennstoffzellen in Minikraftwerken als Heizungsersatz dar, mit denen bei einer koordinierten Kopplung und Steuerung in sogenannten Virtuellen Kraftwerken durch bedarfsgerechte Fahrweise neben einer Grundversorgung auch Nachfragespitzen abgedeckt werden konnen.

Die vorliegende Studie zeigt Wege fur einen zukunftsfahigen Einsatz der Technologien Brennstoffzelle und Virtuelles Kraftwerk in der Hausenergieversorgung auf. Dazu werden zunachst Konkurrenztechnologien miteinander verglichen, Wettbewerbsverzerrungen aufgedeckt und Rahmenbedingungen analysiert. Darauf aufbauend werden Strategien zur Beseitigung von Innovationsbarrieren erarbeitet und Handlungsempfehlungen fur den (umwelt-, energie- und technologie-) politischen Umgang mit den neuen Technologien gegeben. Die Autorengruppe stellt u.a. Herausforderungen heraus, die sich bei der Gestaltung der Technologieforderung, der Erwirtschaftung moglicher zusatzlicher Erlose, der Vermeidung des Missbrauchs von Marktmacht und der Gestaltung der gesetzlichen Rahmenbedingungen fur den Einsatz dieser Technologien ergeben.

Die interdisziplinare Forschungsarbeit verknupft Aspekte aus Energietechnik, Technikfolgenanalyse, Politikwissenschaft, Okonomie und Rechtswissenschaft miteinander und richtet sich an Wissenschaft, Politik, Akteure in der Energiewirtschaft sowie an die interessierte Offentlichkeit.

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The second edition of this practical text offers a broad introduction to the engineering principles of chemical energy conversion. Eugene L. Keating, Ph.D., P.E., a recognized authority within academia, government, and industry, examines combustion science and technology using fundamental principles. Thermochemical engineering data and design formulations of basic performance relationships appear in dual SI and English engineering dimensions and units, helping you save time and avoid conversion errors.
New in the Second Edition
Streamlined organization that progressively develops fundamental concepts
Extended section on fuel cells
New section on the nitrogen-oxygen reaction system
Additional coverage of environmental aspects of specific combustion characteristics
New chapter on thermal destruction
Furnishing examples that demonstrate a proper engineering analysis as well as important concepts relevant to the nature of combustion devices, Applied Combustion, Second Edition explores the ideal oxidation-reaction equation, fuel heat release rates, chemical equilibrium, incomplete combustion, chemical kinetics, and detonation, thermal explosion, and basic flame theories. The book treats the features of chemical energy resources and presents a thermochemical overview of current and potential solid, liquid, and gaseous natural and synthetic fuel resources. It also describes the fuel-engine interface characteristics of important external and internal combustion heat engines in terms of fuel compatibility, consumption rates, pollution characteristics, emission controls, and energy conversion efficiencies.

Fuel Cells have become a potentially highly efficient sustainable source of energy and electricity for an ever-demanding power hungry world. The two main types of fuel cells ripe for commercialisation are the high temperature solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) and the low temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEM). The commercial uses of which include, but are not limited to, military, stand-by power, commercial and industrial, and remoter power. However, all aspects of the electricity market are being considered.

This book has brought together a team of world-renowned experts in all aspects of fuel cell development for both SOFC and PEM in a workshop environment. The workshop held between June 6-10, 2004 was held in the capital city of the Ukraine, Kiev. The reason for the venue was that Ukraine is the third largest resource of zircon sands, a major source of material for the solid oxide fuel cell. Ukraine is looking at undertaking a very large effort in the solid oxide fuel cell arena, and hopes, one day, to be an international player in this market, and this book is an outcome from the workshop. The book focuses on the issues related to fuel cells, particularly the state-of-the-art internationally, the issues that were of particular interest for getting fuel cells fully commercialized, and advances in fuel cell materials and technology. The focus was on all types of fuel cells, but the emphasis was particularly on solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC), due to their importance to the host country. The book is an essential reference to researchers, academics and industrialists interested in up-to-date information on SOFC and PEM development.

This book describes, for the first time in a modern text, the fundamental principles on which solid state electrochemistry is based. In this sense it is in contrast to other books in the field which concentrate on a description of materials. Topics include solid (ceramic) electrolytes, glasses, polymer electrolytes, intercalation electrodes, interfaces and applications. The different nature of ionic conductivity in ceramic, glassy and polymer electrolytes is described as are the thermodynamics and kinetics of intercalation reactions. The interface between solid electrolytes and electrodes is discussed and contrasted with the more conventional liquid state electrochemistry. The text provides an essential foundation of understanding for postgraduates or others entering the field for the first time and will also be of value in advanced undergraduate courses.

The aim of this book is to provide the reader with a modern presentation of ionic solutions at interfaces, for physical chemists, chemists and theoretically oriented experimentalists in this field. The discussion is mainly on the structural and thermodynamic properties, in relation to presently available statistical mechanical models. Some dynamic properties are also presented, at a more phenomenological level. The initial chapters are devoted to the presentation of some basic concepts for bulk properties: hydrodynamic interactions, electrostatics, van der Waals forces and thermodynamics of ionic solutions in the framework of a particular model: the mean spherical approximation (MSA). Specific features of interfaces are then discussed: experimental techniques such as in-situ X-ray diffraction, STM and AFM microscopy are described. Ions at liquid/air, liquid/metal and liquid/liquid interfaces are considered from the experimental and theoretical viewpoint. Lastly some dynamic (transport) properties are included, namely the self-diffusion and conductance of small colloids (polyelectrolytes and micelles) and the kinetics of solute transfer at free liquid/liquid interfaces.

In recent interactions with industrial companies it became quite obvious, that the search for new materials with strong anisotropic properties are of paramount importance for the development of new advanced electronic and magnetic devices. The questions concerning the tailoring of materials with large anisotropic electrical and thermal conductivity were asked over and over again. It became also quite clear that the chance to answer these questions and to find new materials which have these desired properties would demand close collaborations between scientists from different fields. Modem techniques ofcontrolled materials synthesis and advances in measurement and modeling have made clear that multiscale complexity is intrinsic to complex electronic materials, both organic and inorganic. A unified approach to classes of these materials is urgently needed, requiring interdisciplinary input from chemistry, materials science, and solid state physics. Only in this way can they be controlled and exploited for increasingly stringent demands oftechnology. The spatial and temporal complexity is driven by strong, often competing couplings between spin, charge and lattice degrees offreedom, which determine structure-function relationships. The nature of these couplings is a sensitive function of electron-electron, electron-lattice, and spin-lattice interactions; noise and disorder, external fields (magnetic, optical, pressure, etc. ), and dimensionality. In particular, these physical influences control broken-symmetry ground states (charge and spin ordered, ferroelectric, superconducting), metal-insulator transitions, and excitations with respect to broken-symmetries created by chemical- or photo-doping, especially in the form of polaronic or excitonic self-trapping.

It has been always an incentive for students to find whether his/her efforts to solve exercises give correct results, or to find tips for problems that he/she finds more difficult. These are the main reasons for the appearance of the present book. As part of the textbook Modern Electrochemistry 1: Ionics, A Guide to Problems in Modern Electrochemistry: Part 1: Ionics compiles many of the solutions to the exercises and problems presented in the text, as well as many new problems.

This long-awaited and thoroughly updated version of the classic text (Plenum Press, 1970) explains the subject of electrochemistry in clear, straightforward language for undergraduates and mature scientists who want to understand solutions. Like its predecessor, the new text presents the electrochemistry of solutions at the molecular level. The Second Edition takes full advantage of the advances in microscopy, computing power, and industrial applications in the quarter century since the publication of the First Edition. Such new techniques include scanning-tunneling microscopy, which enables us to see atoms on electrodes; and new computers capable of molecular dynamics calculations that are used in arriving at experimental values. A description of the electrochemical stage - the high field region near the interface - is the topic of Chapter 6 and involves a complete rewrite of the corresponding chapter in the First Edition, particularly the various happenings which occur with organic molecules which approach surfaces in solution. The chapter on electrode kinetics retains material describing the Butler-Volmer equation from the First Edition, but then turns to many new areas, including electrochemical theories of potential-dependent gas catalysis. Chapter 8 is a new one devoted to explaining how electrochemists deal with the fast-changing nature of the electrode surface. Quantum Mechanics as the basis to electrode kinetics is given an entirely new look - up to and including considerations of bond-breaking reactions.

Written engagingly and with agreeable humour, this book balances a light touch with a rigorous yet economical account of the theory of games and bargaining models. It provides a precise interpretation, discussion and mathematical analysis for a wide range of game-like problems in economics, sociology, strategic studies and war.
There is first an informal introduction to game theory, which can be understood by non-mathematicians, which covers the basic ideas of extensive form, pure and mixed strategies and the minimax theorem. The general theory of non-cooperative games is then given a detailed mathematical treatment in the second chapter. Next follows a first class account of linear programming, theory and practice, terse, rigorous and readable, which is applied as a tool to matrix games and economics from duality theory via the equilibrium theorem, with detailed explanations of computational aspects of the simplex algorithm.
The remaining chapters give an unusually comprehensive but concise treatment of cooperative games, an original account of bargaining models, with a skillfully guided tour through the Shapley and Nash solutions for bimatrix games and a carefully illustrated account of finding the best threat strategies.
Balances a light touch with a rigorous yet economical account of the theory of games and bargaining modelsShows basic ideas of extensive form, pure and mixed strategies, the minimax theorem, non-cooperative and co-operative games, and a first class account of linear programming, theory and practiceBased on a series of lectures given by the author in the theory of games at Royal Holloway College"

This volume is based on the lectures presented at the NATO Advanced Study Institute: (ASI) "Pollutants Formation from Combustion. Formation Mechanisms and Impact on th th Atmospheric Chemistry" held in Maratea, Italy, from 13 to 26 september 1998. Preservation of the environment is of increasing concern in individual countries but also at continental or world scales. The structure of a NATO ASI which involve lecturers and participants of different nationalities was thought as especially well suited to address environmental issues. As combustion is known to substantially contribute to the damaging of the atmosphere, it was natural to concentrate the ASI program on reviewing the currently available knowledge of the formation mechanisms of the main pollutants liberated by combustion systems. In most situations, pollutants are present as trace components and their formation and removal is strongly conditioned by the chemical reactions initiated by fuel consumption. Therefore specific lectures were aimed at defining precisely the general properties of combustion chemistry for gaseous, liquid and solid fuels. Physical factors can strongly affect the combustion chemistry and their influence was also considered. An interesting peculiarity of this specific ASI was to complement the program with a substantial part concerned with the impact of the main combustion pollutants: NOx, aromatics, soot, VOCs, sulphur and chlorinated compounds, on atmospheric chemistry.

This textbook is an accessible overview of the broad field of organic electrochemistry, covering the fundamentals and applications of contemporary organic electrochemistry. The book begins with an introduction to the fundamental aspects of electrode electron transfer and methods for the electrochemical measurement of organic molecules. It then goes on to discuss organic electrosynthesis of molecules and macromolecules, including detailed experimental information for the electrochemical synthesis of organic compounds and conducting polymers. Later chapters highlight new methodology for organic electrochemical synthesis, for example electrolysis in ionic liquids, the application to organic electronic devices such as solar cells and LEDs, and examples of commercialized organic electrode processes. Appendices present useful supplementary information including experimental examples of organic electrosynthesis, and tables of physical data (redox potentials of various organic solvents and organic compounds and physical properties of various organic solvents).

This book had its nucleus in some lectures given by one of us (J. O'M. B. ) in a course on electrochemistry to students of energy conversion at the University of Pennsyl- nia. It was there that he met a number of people trained in chemistry, physics, biology, metallurgy, and materials science, all of whom wanted to know something about electrochemistry. The concept of writing a book about electrochemistry which could be understood by people with very varied backgrounds was thereby engendered. The lectures were recorded and written up by Dr. Klaus Muller as a 293-page manuscript. At a later stage, A. K. N. R. joined the effort; it was decided to make a fresh start and to write a much more comprehensive text. Of methods for direct energy conversion, the electrochemical one is the most advanced and seems the most likely to become of considerable practical importance. Thus, conversion to electrochemically powered transportation systems appears to be an important step by means of which the difficulties of air pollution and the effects of an increasing concentration in the atmosphere of carbon dioxide may be met. Cor- sion is recognized as having an electrochemical basis. The synthesis of nylon now contains an important electrochemical stage. Some central biological mechanisms have been shown to take place by means of electrochemical reactions. A number of American organizations have recently recommended greatly increased activity in training and research in electrochemistry at universities in the United States.

The text Modern Electrochemistry (authored by J. O'M. Bockris and A. K. N. Reddy and published by Plenum Press in 1970) was written between 1967 and 1969. The concept for it arose in 1962 in the Energy Conversion Center at the University of Pennsylvania, and it was intended to act as a base for interdisciplinary students and mature scientists hemists, physicists, biologists, metallurgists, and engineers-who wanted to know about electrochemical energy conversion and storage. In writing the book, the stress, therefore, was placed above all on lucidity in teaching physical electrochemistry from the beginning. Although this fundamentally undergraduate text continues to find purchasers 20 years after its birth, it has long been clear that a modernized edition should be written, and the plans to do so were the origin of the present book. However, if a new Bockris and Reddy was to be prepared and include the advances of the last 20 years, with the same degree of lucidity as characterized the first one, the depth of the development would have to be well short of that needed by professional electrochemists.

This introduction to the principles and application of electrochemistry is presented in a manner designed for undergraduates in chemistry and related fields. The author covers the essential aspects of the subject and points the way to further study, his concern being with the overall shape of electrochemistry, its coherence and its wider application. This edition differs from its predecessors in having principles and applications separated, and greater prominence is given to areas such as electrochemical sensors and electroanalytical techniques, of which a number of modern methods were not included in previous editions. A range of numerical problems and outline solutions is provided for each chapter to cover most situations that a student might encounter.

In plating, electrochemical surface finishing, elec- trochemical reactors as well as in electrochemical energy conversion, there is an increasing demand for high speed and high efficiency processes. These ob- jectives are largely influenced by cell design. The study of such systems requires, besides know-how, a perfect scientific insight into the interaction bet- ween electrode kinetics, cell geometry and mass and charge transport. Needless to say, for that purpose, computer modelling has gained rapidly in importance over the last few years. Indeed, up to the 1960's, only problems with rather simple geometries and amenable to analytical techni- ques were treated. In 1964, Klingert et al. [60], as well as Fleck et al. [42] outlined the first computer programs for calculating current distributions by the finite dif- ference method. F~ve years later, Riggs et al. [94J presented the first electrode shape change simulations. They used also the finite difference method. In 1978, Bergh [ 12J applied at first the - nite element method to predict electrode shape changes. Since then, an increasing number of publi- cations on-computer modelling of electrochemical sys- tems, appeared. Mainly the finite difference or the finite element method were used.

The presence of freely moving charges gives peculiar properties to electrolyte solutions, such as electric conductance, charge transfer, and junction potentials in electrochemical systems. These charges play a dominant role in transport processes, by contrast with classical equilibrium thermodynamics which considers the electrically neutral electrolyte compounds. The present status of transport theory does not permit a first prin ciples analys1s of all transport phenomena with a detailed model of the relevant interactions. Host of the models are still unsufficient for real systems of reasonable complexity. The Liouville equation may be adapted with some Brownian approximations to problems of interact ing solute particles in a continuum (solvent>; however, keeping the Liouville level beyond the limiting laws is an unsolvable task. Some progress was made at the Pokker-Planck level; however, despite a promising start, this theory in its actual form is still unsatis factory for complex systems involving many ions and chemical reac tions. A better approach is provided by the so-called Smoluchowski level in which average velocities are used, but there the hydrodyna mic interactions produce some difficulties. The chemist or chemical engineer, or anyone working with complex electrolyte solutions in applied research wants a general representa tion of the transport phenomena which does not reduce the natural complexity of the multicomponent systems. Reduction of the natural complexity generally is connected with substantial changes of the systems."

Ideals are simple and able to be easily understood, but never exist in reality. In this book a theory based on the second law of thermodynamics and its applications are described. In thermodynamics there is a concept of an ideal gas which satisfies a mathematical formula PV = RT. This formula can appro- mately be applied to the real gas, so far as the gas has not an especially high pressure and low temperature. In connection with the second law of thermo- namics there is also a concept of reversible and irreversible processes. The reversible process is a phenomenon proceeding at an infinitely low velocity, while the irreversible process is that proceeding with a finite velocity. Such a process with an infinitely slow velocity can really never take place, and all processes observed are always irreversible, therefore, the reversible process is an ideal process, while the irreversible process is a real process. According to the first law of thermodynamics the energy increase dU of the thermodynamic system is a sum of the heat dQ added to the system and work dW done in the system. Practically, however, the mathematical formula of the law is often expressed by the equation , or some similar equations derived from this formula, is applied to many phenomena. Such formulae are, however, th- retically only applicable to phenomena proceeding at an infinitely low velocity, that is, reversible processes or ideal processes.

Bioelectrochemistry is a fast growing field at the interface between electrochemistry and other sciences such as biochemistry, analytical chemistry and medicinal chemistry. In the recent years, the methods and the understanding of the fundamentals have seen significant progress, which has led to rapid development in the field. Here, the expert editors have carefully selected contributions to best reflect the latest developments in this hot and rapidly growing interdisciplinary topic. The resulting excellent and timely overview of this multifaceted field covers recent methodological advances, as well as a range of new applications for analytical detection, drug screening, tumor therapy, and for energy conversion in biofuel cells. This book is a must-have for all Electrochemists, Biochemists, Analytical Chemists, and Medicinal Chemists.