Closing the gap between electrochemical engineering science and electrochemical technology, this volume is for all electrochemists and electrochemical engineers, metallurgists, engineers in chemical process, galvanic, metallurgical and electric power industries.

To the eyes of a chemist, carbon is certainly one of the most fascinating elements of the periodic table. Basically, the electronic structure and atomic size of carbon enables this element to form a variety of bonds with other elements and, most importantly, with other carbon atoms as weIl. These unique features lead to the amazingly complicated molecular structures we encounter e. g. in life sciences and organic chemistry. Of course, the technical importance of carbon is enormou- but I don't want to carry too many coals to Newcastle. Prom the viewpoint of an astrophysicist or chemist, the significance of carbon lies in the fact that it is the most abundant condensable element in space. Born in the interior of stars, and from there expelled into the interstellar medium, it initiates the formation of simple and complex molecules and of nanoscopic grains. These in turn form huge clouds in space - the birthplace of new stars and planetary systems. The decisive role of carbon in interstellar chemistry is widely accepted and the search for more and more families of interstellar carbon-bearing molecules is a topic of ongoing research. The interdisciplinary aspect of carbon also concerns its various solid forms, in which C and the other closed-cage fullerenes are certainly some of the most popular 60 newcomers.

Energy Harvesting Technologies provides a cohesive overview of the fundamentals and current developments in the field of energy harvesting. In a well-organized structure, this volume discusses basic principles for the design and fabrication of bulk and MEMS based vibration energy systems, theory and design rules required for fabrication of efficient electronics, in addition to recent findings in thermoelectric energy harvesting systems.

Combining leading research from both academia and industry onto a single platform, Energy Harvesting Technologies serves as an important reference for researchers and engineers involved with power sources, sensor networks and smart materials.

This book describes the field of State-of-Charge (SoC) indication for rechargeable batteries. An overview of the state-of-the-art of SoC indication methods including available market solutions from leading semiconductor companies is provided. All disciplines are covered, from electrical, chemical, mathematical and measurement engineering to understanding battery behavior. This book will therefore is for persons in engineering and involved in battery management.

Biosensors offer clear and distinct advantages over standard analytical methods for the direct monitoring of environmental pollutants in the field, such as real-time detection with minimum sample preparation and handling. The present book highlights recent advantages that will be of great value to a range of scientists, researchers and students dealing with analytical and environmental chemistry and biosensor technology. It presents recent trends in analytical methodology for the determination of indoor and outdoor pollutants, advances in DNA, biological and recognition-based sensors, examples of biosensors for use in field and water analysis, biosensors based on non-aqueous systems, and recent advances in the miniaturisation and micromachining of biosensors.

This book is a systematic survey of the knowledge accumulated in this field in the last thirty years. It includes material on the thermodynamic aspects of the polymers, the theory of the mechanism of charge transport processes, and the chemical and physical properties of these compounds. Also covered are the techniques of characterization, the electrochemical methods of synthesis, and the application of these systems. Inzelt 's book is a must-read for electrochemists and others.

This book covers a significant number of R&D projects, performed mostly after 2000, devoted to the understanding and prevention of performance degradation processes in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs). The extent and severity of performance degradation processes in PEFCs were recognized rather gradually. Indeed, the recognition overlapped with a significant number of industrial dem- strations of fuel cell powered vehicles, which would suggest a degree of technology maturity beyond the resaolution of fundamental failure mechanisms. An intriguing question, therefore, is why has there been this apparent delay in addressing fun- mental performance stability requirements. The apparent answer is that testing of the power system under fully realistic operation conditions was one prerequisite for revealing the nature and extent of some key modes of PEFC stack failure. Such modes of failure were not exposed to a similar degree, or not at all, in earlier tests of PEFC stacks which were not performed under fully relevant conditions, parti- larly such tests which did not include multiple on-off and/or high power-low power cycles typical for transportation and mobile power applications of PEFCs. Long-term testing of PEFCs reported in the early 1990s by both Los Alamos National Laboratory and Ballard Power was performed under conditions of c- stant cell voltage, typically near the maximum power point of the PEFC.

The Electrochemical Dictionary provides up-to-date, broad and authoritative coverage of the specific terms most used in electrochemistry and its related fields, including relevant areas of physics and engineering. This modern compendium will be an indispensable source of information for scientists, engineers, and technical staff active in all fields of electrochemistry. The more than 2.770 entries have been written by a distinguished panel of eminent electrochemists.

Each entry supplies a clear and precise explanation of the term and provides references to the most useful reviews, books and original papers to enable readers to pursue a deeper understanding if so desired. The Electrochemical Dictionary will also be appreciatively consulted by scientists working in adjacent sciences and technologies, who need a quick understanding of the electrochemical terms they encounter. More than 300 figures and illustrations elaborate the textual definitions. The Electrochemical Dictionary also contains biographical entries of people who have substantially contributed to electrochemistry."

Today's commercial, medical and military electronics are becoming smaller and smaller. At the same time these devices demand more power and currently this power requirement is met almost exclusively by battery power. This book includes coverage of ceramic hybrid separators for micro fuel cells and miniature fuel cells built with LTCC technology. It also covers novel fuel cells and discusses the application of fuel cell in microelectronics.

Synchrotron Techniques in Interfacial Chemistry covers the structure of the electrode--solution interface and surface films, theory of X-ray scattering at surfaces and interfaces, synchrotron radiation instrumentation, surface X-ray diffraction, X-ray reflectivity, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (EXAFS and XANES), standing wave techniques, and IR spectroscopy. The use of each technique in the study of electrochemical problems is illustrated.

Molecular Theory of Solvation presents the recent progress in the statistical mechanics of molecular liquids applied to the most intriguing problems in chemistry today, including chemical reactions, conformational stability of biomolecules, ion hydration, and electrode-solution interface. The continuum model of "solvation" has played a dominant role in describing chemical processes in solution during the last century. This book discards and replaces it completely with molecular theory taking proper account of chemical specificity of solvent.

The main machinery employed here is the reference-interaction-site-model (RISM) theory, which is combined with other tools in theoretical chemistry and physics: the ab initio and density functional theories in quantum chemistry, the generalized Langevin theory, and the molecular simulation techniques.

This book will be of benefit to graduate students and industrial scientists who are struggling to find a better way of accounting and/or predicting "solvation" properties.

Storage and conversion are critical components of important energy-related technologies. "Advanced Batteries: Materials Science Aspects" employs materials science concepts and tools to describe the critical features that control the behavior of advanced electrochemical storage systems.

This volume focuses on the basic phenomena that determine the properties of the components, i.e. electrodes and electrolytes, of advanced systems, as well as experimental methods used to study their critical parameters. This unique materials science approach utilizes concepts and methodologies different from those typical in electrochemical texts, offering a fresh, fundamental and tutorial perspective of advanced battery systems.

Graduate students, scientists and engineers interested in electrochemical energy storage and conversion will find "Advanced Batteries: Materials Science Aspects" a valuable reference.

A.J. Bard, Z. Ding, N. Myung: Electrochemistry and Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence of Semiconductor Nanocrystals in Solutions and in Films.- P. Guyot-Sionnest: Intraband Spectroscopy and Semiconductor Nanocrystals.- X. Peng, J. Thessing: Controlled Synthesis of High Quality Semiconductor Nanocrystals.- D. Santamaria-Perez, A. Vegas, F. Liebau: The Zintl-Klemm Concept Applied to Cations in Oxides. II. The Structures of Silicates

As world demand for electrical energy increases, it will be the ingenuity and skill of brilliant electrochemists that enables us to utilize the planet's mineral reserves responsibly. This biographical dictionary profiles 85 electrochemists from 19 nations who during the past 270 years have researched and developed ever more efficient batteries and energy cells. Each entry traces the subject's origin, education, discoveries and patents, as well as hobbies and family life. The breakthroughs of early innovators are cataloged and the work of living scientists and technicians is brought up to date. An appendix provides a cross-referenced timeline of innovation.

Lithium Batteries: Science and Technology is an up-to-date and comprehensive compendium on advanced power sources and energy related topics. Each chapter is a detailed and thorough treatment of its subject. The volume includes several tutorials and contributes to an understanding of the many fields that impact the development of lithium batteries. Recent advances on various components are included and numerous examples of innovation are presented. Extensive references are given at the end of each chapter. All contributors are internationally recognized experts in their respective specialty. The fundamental knowledge necessary for designing new battery materials with desired physical and chemical properties including structural, electronic and reactivity are discussed. The molecular engineering of battery materials is treated by the most advanced theoretical and experimental methods.

Batteries are becoming increasingly important in today's world of portable electronic devices, along with the need to store electricity derived from solar and other renewable forms of energy, and the desire to introduce electric and hybrid electric vehicles to reduce emissions. Understanding Batteries is a must for all those seeking a straightforward explanation of how batteries are constructed, their operation, and the factors determining their performance and life. Beginning with a brief history of the development of batteries and a discussion of their applications and markets, the book goes on to outline the basic terminology and science of batteries. The different types of primary (non-rechargeable) and secondary (rechargeable) batteries are then described and emphasis is given to the importance of matching the battery to the intended application. Examples are given to demonstrate how to define and prioritise the various criteria which comprise the battery specification. Throughout, the chemistry is kept as simple as possible. Understanding Batteries will appeal to a wide range of readers, including electrical equipment manufacturers and users, engineers and technicians, chemistry and materials science students, teachers and the interested battery user.

Die nachhaltige Nutzung verfugbarer Energieressourcen, deren Moglichkeiten derzeit viel diskutiert werden, beinhaltet auch eine zukunftsfahige Hausenergieversorgung. Eine Option dafur stellen Brennstoffzellen in Minikraftwerken als Heizungsersatz dar, mit denen bei einer koordinierten Kopplung und Steuerung in sogenannten Virtuellen Kraftwerken durch bedarfsgerechte Fahrweise neben einer Grundversorgung auch Nachfragespitzen abgedeckt werden konnen.

Die vorliegende Studie zeigt Wege fur einen zukunftsfahigen Einsatz der Technologien Brennstoffzelle und Virtuelles Kraftwerk in der Hausenergieversorgung auf. Dazu werden zunachst Konkurrenztechnologien miteinander verglichen, Wettbewerbsverzerrungen aufgedeckt und Rahmenbedingungen analysiert. Darauf aufbauend werden Strategien zur Beseitigung von Innovationsbarrieren erarbeitet und Handlungsempfehlungen fur den (umwelt-, energie- und technologie-) politischen Umgang mit den neuen Technologien gegeben. Die Autorengruppe stellt u.a. Herausforderungen heraus, die sich bei der Gestaltung der Technologieforderung, der Erwirtschaftung moglicher zusatzlicher Erlose, der Vermeidung des Missbrauchs von Marktmacht und der Gestaltung der gesetzlichen Rahmenbedingungen fur den Einsatz dieser Technologien ergeben.

Die interdisziplinare Forschungsarbeit verknupft Aspekte aus Energietechnik, Technikfolgenanalyse, Politikwissenschaft, Okonomie und Rechtswissenschaft miteinander und richtet sich an Wissenschaft, Politik, Akteure in der Energiewirtschaft sowie an die interessierte Offentlichkeit.

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"Capillary Gel Electrophoresis and Related Microseparation Techniques" covers all theoretical and practical aspects of capillary gel electrophoresis. It also provides an excellent overview of the key application areas of nucleic acid, protein and complex carbohydrate analysis, affinity based methodologies, micropreparative aspects, as well as related microseparation methods. It gives readers a better understanding of how to utilize this technology, and determine which method will provide the best technical solutions to their particular problems.

This book can also serve as a textbook for undergraduate and graduate courses in analytical chemistry, analytical biochemistry, molecular biology, and biotechnology courses.
Covers all theoretical and practical aspects of capillary gel electrophoresisExcellent overview of the key applications of nucleic acid, protein and complex carbohydrate analysis, affinity based methodologies, micropreparative aspects, as well as related microseparation methodsTeaches readers how to use the technology, and how to select methods ideal for fundamental problemsCan serve as a textbook for undergraduate and graduate courses in analytical chemistry, analytical biochemistry, molecular biology, and biotechnology courses

Fuel Cells have become a potentially highly efficient sustainable source of energy and electricity for an ever-demanding power hungry world. The two main types of fuel cells ripe for commercialisation are the high temperature solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) and the low temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEM). The commercial uses of which include, but are not limited to, military, stand-by power, commercial and industrial, and remoter power. However, all aspects of the electricity market are being considered.

This book has brought together a team of world-renowned experts in all aspects of fuel cell development for both SOFC and PEM in a workshop environment. The workshop held between June 6-10, 2004 was held in the capital city of the Ukraine, Kiev. The reason for the venue was that Ukraine is the third largest resource of zircon sands, a major source of material for the solid oxide fuel cell. Ukraine is looking at undertaking a very large effort in the solid oxide fuel cell arena, and hopes, one day, to be an international player in this market, and this book is an outcome from the workshop. The book focuses on the issues related to fuel cells, particularly the state-of-the-art internationally, the issues that were of particular interest for getting fuel cells fully commercialized, and advances in fuel cell materials and technology. The focus was on all types of fuel cells, but the emphasis was particularly on solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC), due to their importance to the host country. The book is an essential reference to researchers, academics and industrialists interested in up-to-date information on SOFC and PEM development.

The book starts with an exposition of the relevant properties of ions and continues with a description of their solvation in the gas phase. The book contains a large amount of factual information in the form of extensive tables of critically examined data and illustrations of the points made throughout. It covers: * the relevant properties of prospective liquid solvents for the ions * the process of the transfer of ions from the gas phase into a liquid where they are solvated * various aspects of the solutions of the ions, such as structural and transport ones and the effects of the ions on the solvent dynamics and structure * what happens in cases where the solvent is a mixture selective solvation takes place * applications of the concepts expounded previously in fields such as electrochemistry, hydrometallurgy, separation chemistry, biophysics, and synthetic methods

The second edition of this practical text offers a broad introduction to the engineering principles of chemical energy conversion. Eugene L. Keating, Ph.D., P.E., a recognized authority within academia, government, and industry, examines combustion science and technology using fundamental principles. Thermochemical engineering data and design formulations of basic performance relationships appear in dual SI and English engineering dimensions and units, helping you save time and avoid conversion errors.
New in the Second Edition
Streamlined organization that progressively develops fundamental concepts
Extended section on fuel cells
New section on the nitrogen-oxygen reaction system
Additional coverage of environmental aspects of specific combustion characteristics
New chapter on thermal destruction
Furnishing examples that demonstrate a proper engineering analysis as well as important concepts relevant to the nature of combustion devices, Applied Combustion, Second Edition explores the ideal oxidation-reaction equation, fuel heat release rates, chemical equilibrium, incomplete combustion, chemical kinetics, and detonation, thermal explosion, and basic flame theories. The book treats the features of chemical energy resources and presents a thermochemical overview of current and potential solid, liquid, and gaseous natural and synthetic fuel resources. It also describes the fuel-engine interface characteristics of important external and internal combustion heat engines in terms of fuel compatibility, consumption rates, pollution characteristics, emission controls, and energy conversion efficiencies.

Capillary Electrophoresis in Chiral Analysis Bezhan Chankvetadze Tbilisi State University, Republic of Georgia The application of capillary electrophoresis (CE) to the field of chiral analysis has exploded recently. The advantages of capillary electrophoresis - extremely high peak efficiency, excellent compatibility with biological samples, short analysis time, simplicity, versatility and low cost - are perfect for the accurate measurement of optical purity, increasingly important in the regulation-ruled pharmaceutical industry. Although there have been a number of books on capillary electrophoresis and chiral analysis separately, as yet there has been no dedicated monograph on the application of capillary electrophoresis to chiral analysis. This book bridges the gap. Capillary Electrophoresis in Chiral Analysis charts the evolution of chiral capillary electrophoresis and describes new types of chiral selectors and mechanistic aspects of chiral recognition. While on the one hand, it is an excellent introduction to newcomers, on the other, it is of practical use to experienced researchers in the field wishing to solve a particular separation problem. It includes an alphabetical list of chiral compounds resolved using CE with appropriate references, which any one working in the field will find invaluable.

This book is a comprehensive review of the chemistry of what are the simplest and most fundamental species present in aqueous solution for a chemical element - an ‘aqua’ ion. Understanding the chemistry of the aqua ion i.e. the species [M(OH₂)_n]^m+ is fundamental to an appreciation of not only a given elements aqueous solution chemistry, but also to the general chemical properties of that element. The Chemistry of Aqua Ions has been written at a time when environmental issues and the move towards ‘clean technology’ is driving synthetic chemists away from organic based solvent systems and towards water as the preferred medium of the future. The paints industry has already moved to aqueous based products. Metal aqua complexes are widely used in the areas of catalysis, dyes and pigments and in hydrometallurgy where a complete understanding of the metal ions in aqueous media is highly desirable. This is the first book to treat the chemistry of the aqua ions as a self-contained topic. It includes basic concepts relating to the structure of water and periodic trends concerning the state of hydration of metal ions in solution. It examines the significant role that spectroscopic techniques, e.g. NMR, Raman spectroscopy, EXAFS and diffraction techniques have played in establishing the structures of aqua metallic species. Element by element through the periodic table, the author reviews the preparative and separative techniques for aquated ions and their derivatives, physical techniques and their structure and reactivity with a strong emphasis on reaction mechanisms. The Chemistry of Aqua Ions -invaluable reading for all research students in the physical and natural sciences, chemistry, biochemistry, environmental, colloid and soil science, and practicing professional chemists and environmentalists in research and industry.

This book is an analytical treatment of the subject, that enables the reader to design successfully chemical methods (such as separations) and predict the required conditions for such methods. Part 1 describes the ways of obtaining selective effects through the use of competing reactions in aqueous media. Part 2 investigates how modifications of chemical reactivity of solutes are produced by using nonaqueous solvents. Particular consideration is given to ionized molten salts and molecular organic and inorganic solvents. This is a broad ranging study of the field. It demonstrates the theory and methodology behind practical problems in solution chemistry and enables the reader to solve them effectively, taking into account the chemistry of the system. The work is elucidated by numerous examples provided in context plus nearly 200 problems at the end of the book.

Providing the reader with an up to date digest of the most important research currently carried out in the field, Electrochemistry Volume 14 is compiled and written by leading experts from across the globe. Coverage includes chapters on the use of metal organic frameworks as a precursor for electrocatalytic centre supports to enhance the oxygen reduction process in low temperature fuel cell systems, electrocatalysis for ethanol electrooxidation in alkaline media, and new polymer electrolyte and electrocatalysts for direct alcohol fuel cells. This volume is a key reference for researchers providing a timely overview of this exciting and developing area.