Dieser Buchtitel ist Teil des Digitalisierungsprojekts Springer Book Archives mit Publikationen, die seit den Anfangen des Verlags von 1842 erschienen sind. Der Verlag stellt mit diesem Archiv Quellen fur die historische wie auch die disziplingeschichtliche Forschung zur Verfugung, die jeweils im historischen Kontext betrachtet werden mussen. Dieser Titel erschien in der Zeit vor 1945 und wird daher in seiner zeittypischen politisch-ideologischen Ausrichtung vom Verlag nicht beworben.

Dieser Buchtitel ist Teil des Digitalisierungsprojekts Springer Book Archives mit Publikationen, die seit den Anfangen des Verlags von 1842 erschienen sind. Der Verlag stellt mit diesem Archiv Quellen fur die historische wie auch die disziplingeschichtliche Forschung zur Verfugung, die jeweils im historischen Kontext betrachtet werden mussen. Dieser Titel erschien in der Zeit vor 1945 und wird daher in seiner zeittypischen politisch-ideologischen Ausrichtung vom Verlag nicht beworben.

This is a pre-1923 historical reproduction that was curated for quality. Quality assurance was conducted on each of these books in an attempt to remove books with imperfections introduced by the digitization process. Though we have made best efforts - the books may have occasional errors that do not impede the reading experience. We believe this work is culturally important and have elected to bring the book back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide.

IV Mitteln ausgefuhrt. Sie lassen samtlich den Vorgang, um den es sich handelt, deutlich erkennen. Ferner aber sind sie so angeordnet, dass das Endresultat in moeglichst kurzer Zeit eintritt. Daher moegen sie namentlich auch fur den Unterricht brauchbar erscheinen, sowie endlich fur die physikalischen und chemischen UEbungen mannigfachen Stoff bieten. Freilich darf man von auf Messungen ankommt, denjenigen Versuchen, bei denen es keine all zu sicheren Ergebnisse erwarten, denn zu exakteren Zahlenresultaten sind feinere Instrumente erforderlich, welche nur in den wissenschaftlichen Laboratorien zur Verfugung stehen, zu Demonstrationszwecken aber in der Regel nicht geeignet sind. Obgleich der Hauptsache nach die rein wissenschaftliche Seite der Elektrochemie behandelt wird, so ist doch auch die Praxis nicht ganz unberucksichtigt geblieben. An geeigneter Stelle wird auf die technischen elektrochemischen Arbeiten, insbesondere auf das jetzt so wichtige Gebiet der Elektro- metallurgie, hingewiesen. Berlin, den 1. Mai 1895. Robert Lflpke. Vorwort zur zweiten Auflage. Einige Monate nach dem Erscheinen meiner "Grundzuge der wissenschaftlichen Elektrochemie auf experimenteller Basis" machte sich die Notwendigkeit einer neuen Auflage geltend. In diesem Erfolg darf ich den Beweis sehen, dass eine kurz- gefasste Darstellung der wichtigsten Kapitel der Elektrochemie ein Bedurfnis gewesen ist, sowie dass die Methodik des. Buches, in welchem zur Ableitung der Gesetze und zur Erlauterung der Theorien auf das Experiment das Hauptgewicht gelegt ist, Anklang gefunden hat. Soweit es mir die Zeit erlaubte, habe ich die erste Auf- lage in einigen Punkten erganzt und erweitert. Auch ein Sachregister ist beigefugt. Berlin, den 18. April 1896. -Bobert Lilpke. Vorwort.

Die mit regem Eifer betriebenen Forschungen der physi- kalischen Chemie haben in den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten zu Resultaten gefUhrt, mittels deren eine grosse Reihe der bisher offnen Fragen der exakten N aturwissenschaften gelOst ist. Unter anderem ist ein tieferer Einblick in das Wesen der Losungen gewonnen, nachdem die Giiltigkeit del' A VOGADRO- schen Regel, die bis dahin nul' auf die Gase Anwendung fand, von VAN'T HOFF auch fUr die Korper im gelOsten Zu- stand dargethan worden war. Ganz besonders ist dieses Er- gebnis der Elektrochemie zu gute gekommen, wenn es auch auf den ersten Blick mit ihr nicht in Beziehung zu stehen scheint. Man darf heutzutage behaupten, dass die Leitung des galvanischen Stromes in Elektrolyten, wie auch die .Entstehung desselben in den VOLTAschen Ketten, iiber deren Natur man ein Jahrhundert lang im Zweifel war, vollig klar- gestellt ist. Die Lehren del' Elektrochemie sind in den Fachzeit- schriften und den Lehrbiichern der physikalischen Chemie von OSTWALD und von NERNST ausfiihrlich dargelegt. Trotzdem habe ich es unternommen, dieses Biichlein zu schreiben, da ich es fUr zeitgemass hielt, in gedrangter Form jene N eue- rungen zusammenzustellen und so demjenigen einen kurzen Uberblick zu geben, del' nicht in del' Lage ist, die ausgedehnte Fachlitteratur eingehend zu studiel'en. Urn abel' dem Leser, * IV Vorwort.

Chapter One examines the effect of water addition on some physicochemical properties of deep eutectic solvents through experimentation. Chapter Two deliberates on ionic liquids electrochemical behaviour for corrosion inhibition of different metals. Chapter Three presents the process and mechanism of electrochemical synthesis of DMC in ionic liquids. Chapter Four provides an overview of the applications of ionic liquids on the electrochemical reduction of CO2. Chapter Five studies the biocatalyst process for the esterification of dihydrocaffeic acid (DHCA) with different ionic liquids: 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazoliumhexafluorosphosphate, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazoliumhexafluorosphosphate, 1-octyl-3-methyllidazoliumhexafluorosphosphate. Chaper Six continues with a study on predicting wine quality, with the suggestion that investors should further their knowledge on all aspects of winemaking. Chapter Seven reviews the advantages of ionic liquids in biorefinery processes.

Ion exchange materials are extremely effective absorbents generally containing some functional groups with insoluble structures, which have high affinity capacities towards the targets among a series of structurally similar ions or ion groups. In recent decades, the various methods used to preparing the absorbents for contaminant removal and resource recycle from environment have been extensively studied under the backgrounds of environment pollution and resource shortages. Molecular imprinting technology (MIT) was developed rapidly as a research hot topic to prepare ion exchange materials with shape memory effects. In consideration of the advantages of molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs), including high adsorption capacities, high selectivity, easy recycle etc., their applications in the separation and concentration of target molecules or ions have been widely explored. This book briefly narrates the fundamentals and preparations of MIPs, and particularly focus on the research advances relevant to human-living environment including water, atmosphere and soil. An overview of the most important applications of the ion exchange method in the treatment of industrial wastewaters which contain heavy metal ions, and the main environmental benefits of this method are highlighted. The most important ion exchangers used in environment remediation processes, including their classification and environmental utilisations, are presented as well. The influence of operating conditions on the ion exchange process is discussed, both from efficiency and mechanism perspectives. Also, the opportunities and challenges, which make that the ion exchange method to be still an important research issue at international level, are reviewed. Other chapters familiarise the reader with innovative practices to develop sustainable water treatment methods; review the use of adsorption materials, including raw biomasses, and ion exchange resins for the treatment of olive mill wastewater; various examples of selective removal of heavy metal ions discharged in an effluent from electroplating plants, metal finishing operations, as well as mining and electronics industries through ion exchange are presented and finally; the principal mechanisms and specific features of the copper ion exchange in alkali silicate glasses is explored.

Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) is attracting many researchers attention nowadays because of its numerous advantages, such as simple deposition apparatus, fast deposition rate, and the ease of deposition with a controlled thickness, compared to the other processing techniques. Chapter One reports the effectiveness of AC-EPD for the deposition and infiltration of various ceramic nanoparticles in an aqueous suspension. In Chapter Two, the authors discuss the functionalization of SnO2 thick films prepared by electrophoretic deposition. Chapter Three concludes that despite being a wet process, EPD offers easy control of the thickness and morphology of a deposited film through simple adjustments to the deposition time and the applied potential.

Magnetoresistance is an effect associated with the change of the quanta of the magnetic field due to the energy emission by the atom. In this book, Chapter One discusses magnetoresistive multilayers using various iron oxides and their characteristics. Chapter Two examines magnetoresistance connected with quantum electron transitions in the hydrogen atom. Chapter Three focuses on giant injection magnetoresistance in ferromagnet/semiconductor heterostructures.

In Advanced ULSI interconnects - fundamentals and applications we bring a comprehensive description of copper-based interconnect technology for ultra-lar- scale integration (ULSI) technology for integrated circuit (IC) application. In- grated circuit technology is the base for all modern electronics systems. You can ?nd electronics systems today everywhere: from toys and home appliances to a- planes and space shuttles. Electronics systems form the hardware that together with software are the bases of the modern information society. The rapid growth and vast exploitation of modern electronics system create a strong demand for new and improved electronic circuits as demonstrated by the amazing progress in the ?eld of ULSI technology. This progress is well described by the famous "Moore's law" which states, in its most general form, that all the metrics that describe integrated circuit performance (e. g. , speed, number of devices, chip area) improve expon- tially as a function of time. For example, the number of components per chip d- bles every 18 months and the critical dimension on a chip has shrunk by 50% every 2 years on average in the last 30 years. This rapid growth in integrated circuits te- nology results in highly complex integrated circuits with an increasing number of interconnects on chips and between the chip and its package. The complexity of the interconnect network on chips involves an increasing number of metal lines per interconnect level, more interconnect levels, and at the same time a reduction in the interconnect line critical dimensions.

Wastewater treatment technology is undergoing a profound transformation due to the fundamental changes in regulations governing the discharge and disposal of h- ardous pollutants. Established design procedures and criteria, which have served the industry well for decades, can no longer meet the ever-increasing demand. Toxicity reduction requirements dictate in the development of new technologies for the treatment of these toxic pollutants in a safe and cost-effective manner. Fo- most among these technologies are electrochemical processes. While electrochemical technologies have been known and utilized for the tre- ment of wastewater containing heavy metal cations, the application of these p- cesses is only just a beginning to be developed for the oxidation of recalcitrant organic pollutants. In fact, only recently the electrochemical oxidation process has been rec- nized as an advanced oxidation process (AOP). This is due to the development of boron-doped diamond (BDD) anodes on which the oxidation of organic pollutants is mediated via the formation of active hydroxyl radicals.

This book reviews the current understanding of the mechanical, chemical and biological processes that are responsible for the degradation of a variety of implant materials. All 18 chapters will be written by internationally renowned experts to address both fundamental and practical aspects of research into the field. Different failure mechanisms such as corrosion, fatigue, and wear will be reviewed, together with experimental techniques for monitoring them, either in vitro or in vivo. Procedures for implant retrieval and analysis will be presented. A variety of biomaterials (stainless steels, titanium and its alloys, nitinol, magnesium alloys, polyethylene, biodegradable polymers, silicone gel, hydrogels, calcium phosphates) and medical devices (orthopedic and dental implants, stents, heart valves, breast implants) will be analyzed in detail. The book will serve as a broad reference source for graduate students and researchers studying biomedicine, corrosion, surface science, and electrochemistry.

Electrochemical Micromachining for Nanofabrication, MEMS and Nanotechnology is the first book solely dedicated to electrochemical micromachining (EMM). It begins with fundamentals, techniques, processes, and conditions, continuing with in-depth discussions of mechanisms of material removal, including an empirical model on the material removal rate for EMM (supported by experimental validation). The book moves next to construction-related features of EMM setup suitable for industrial micromachining applications, varying types of EMM, and the latest developments in the improvement of EMM setup. Further, it covers power supply, roll of electrolyte, and other major factors influencing EMM processes, and reports research findings concerning the improvement of machining accuracy and efficiency. Finally, the book devotes a chapter to the design and development of micro-tools, one of the most vital components in EMM.

Molybdenum and its compounds (oxides, sulphides, carbides, nitrides, selenides, molybdates and molybdenum complexes) have a number of applications in alloys, catalysts, electrochromics, sensors, capacitors, batteries, solar cells and so on. Promising works on their nanostructures have been reported as a means to enhance the performance of materials. The present book is an edited volume on molybdenum and its compounds in different applications. There are chapters concentrating on molybdenum and its alloys, molybdenum oxides, molybdenum sulphides, molybdenum carbides, molybdenum nitrides, molybdenum selenides, molybdenum blues, Keplerate-type molecular spheres, molybdenum complexes and molybdates.

The authors provide new insights into the theoretical and applied aspects of metal electrodeposition. The theory largely focuses on the electrochemistry of metals. Details on the practice discuss the selection and use of metal coatings, the technology of deposition of metals and alloys, including individual peculiarities, properties and structure of coatings, control and investigations. This book aims to acquaint advanced students and researchers with recent advances in electrodeposition while also being an excellent reference for the practical electrodeposition of metals and alloys.

Lithium air rechargeable batteries are the best candidate for a power source for electric vehicles, because of their high specific energy density. In this book, the history, scientific background, status and prospects of the lithium air system are introduced by specialists in the field. This book will contain the basics, current statuses, and prospects for new technologies. This book is ideal for those interested in electrochemistry, energy storage, and materials science.

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are promising electrochemical power generation devices that can convert chemical energy of a fuel into electricity in an efficient, environmental-friendly, and quiet manner. Due to their high operating temperature, SOFCs feature fuel flexibility as internal reforming of hydrocarbon fuels and ammonia thermal cracking can be realized in SOFC anode. This book first introduces the fundamental principles of SOFCs and compares SOFC technology with conventional heat engines as well as low temperature fuel cells. Then the latest developments in SOFC R&D are reviewed and future directions are discussed. Key issues related to SOFC performance improvement, long-term stability, mathematical modelling, as well as system integration/control are addressed, including material development, infiltration technique for nano-structured electrode fabrication, focused ion beam - scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) technique for microstructure reconstruction, the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) simulation at pore scale, multi-scale modelling, SOFC integration with buildings and other cycles for stationary applications.

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is an analytical technique that separates ions based on their electrophoretic mobility with the use of an applied voltage. With the high efficiency and broad separating capabilities, CE has continuously spurred research interests among the scientific society to execute further developments in the technique. This book is a timely synthesis of the on-going CE development and application research in the formats of general reviews and detailed case studies. All chapters are invited contributions and peer-reviewed. This book is basically the result of the combined efforts of the dedicated international group of contributors who are from Argentina, Canada, China, Czech Republic, France, Italy, Japan, and USA. This book should be of interest to university faculty, graduate students, research scientists, industrial engineers, and anyone who works and deals with various aspects of CE development and application.

This book reviews the current understanding of the mechanical, chemical and biological processes that are responsible for the degradation of a variety of implant materials. All 18 chapters will be written by internationally renowned experts to address both fundamental and practical aspects of research into the field. Different failure mechanisms such as corrosion, fatigue, and wear will be reviewed, together with experimental techniques for monitoring them, either in vitro or in vivo. Procedures for implant retrieval and analysis will be presented. A variety of biomaterials (stainless steels, titanium and its alloys, nitinol, magnesium alloys, polyethylene, biodegradable polymers, silicone gel, hydrogels, calcium phosphates) and medical devices (orthopedic and dental implants, stents, heart valves, breast implants) will be analyzed in detail. The book will serve as a broad reference source for graduate students and researchers studying biomedicine, corrosion, surface science, and electrochemistry.

Clay minerals are typically formed over long periods of time by the gradual chemical weathering of rocks, usually silicate-bearing, by low concentrations of carbonic acid and other diluted solvents. Since ancient times, clay minerals have been investigated because of their importance in agriculture, ceramics, building and other uses. In this book, the authors present current research in the study of the types, properties and uses of clay. Topics discussed include clay mineral application in electrochemistry and wastewater treatment; organoclay/polymer nanocomposites; use of clays to manufacture honeycomb monoliths for pollution control applications; clays for the removal of dyes from aqueous solutions and structural modification of montmorillonite clays by the pillaring process.

This book presents current research in the field of electrochemistry. Topics discussed include advanced materials for wet electrochemical detection of organic impurities; electrochemical applications of modified electrodes in waste water treatment and energy conversion systems; electrochemical hydrogen storage; application of high temperature electrolysis for large-scale hydrogen production; electrolysis of nitrate aqueous solution; electrocoagulation and electroflotation; and, voltage stabilisation using a storage capacitor and physical and electrochemical properties of quaternary ammonium salts.