In a highly original approach the author presents a general and systematic treatment of relations involving the hydrogen ion concentration of aqueous solutions. Mathematical exactness is developed as far as possible without dependence upon particular theories of ionization. Originally published in 1952. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Provides an introduction to the study of the magnetic properties of materials.

This highly illustrated textbook provides a framework of the key concepts involved in electrochemical kinetics. A wide range of modern electrochemical techniques and applications are discussed. The mathematical content has been minimised for clarity, whilst retaining the important results necessary for physical insight. A substantial series of examples and illustrations are taken from the recent research literature to explore the potential applications of electrochemical techniques. This book will be of interest to students taking courses in chemistry, material science and physics students.

With the rapid development of nanotechnology, the surface-to-volume ratio of objects of interest continues to increase. As such, so does the importance of our ability to tailor interfacial properties. Written by bestselling author and internationally renowned researcher K.S. Birdi, Introduction to Electrical Interfacial Phenomena offers comprehensive coverage of the field of electrical double layer (EDL) research. Birdi discusses theoretical models used with EDL and demonstrates how they can be applied to typically encountered real-world problems, including those that must be considered in modern industrial applications. The book explains the EDL through fundamental theory and real-world solved examples from applications such as corrosion, aerosols, dispersions and emulsions, adhesion, storage batteries, waste-water treatment, enhanced oil recovery, biology (proteins at cell membranes), and macromolecules. After introducing the electrical interfacial phenomenon, it describes advanced systems, provides a comprehensive description of the double layer, and presents bonus material on advanced theory separate from the main text. The book also includes application examples that demonstrate EDL analyses to new and developing areas such as enhanced oil recovery, storage batteries, hydrogen fuel cells, and biology. While there are many books available on this topic, so far none have taken a combined application and fundamental theoretical approach to the problem. Collating available information drawn from the extensive literature on various models of EDL into a comprehensive resource, this book paints a picture of the state of an art that is on the brink of further development. It not only delineates theoretical models, but also demonstrates how they can be applied to real problems.

This comprehensive book describes modern electrochemistry, from fundamental principles to the methods that can be used to study electrode and electrochemical processes, and finally, at the wide-ranging applications in sensors, industry, corrosion, and bioelectrochemistry. The breadth of coverage ensures that this volume will be valuable not only to undergraduate and graduate students, but also to research workers.

Nanoscale Probes of the Solid--Liquid Interface deals with the use of the scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) and related instrumentation to examine the phenomena occurring at the interface between solid and liquid. Scanning probe microscopy (the collective term for such instruments as the STM, the atomic force microscope and related instrumentation) allows detailed, real space atomic or lattice scale insight into surface structures, information which is ideally correlated with surface reactivity. The use of SPM methods is not restricted to ultrahigh vacuum: the STM and AFM have been used on samples immersed in solution or in ambient air, thus permitting a study of environmental effects on surfaces. At the solid--liquid interface the reactivity derives precisely from the presence of the solution and, in many cases, the application of an external potential. Topics covered in the present volume include: the advantages of studying the solid--liquid interface and the obtaining of additional information from probe measurements; interrelationships between probe tip, the interface and the tunnelling process; STM measurements on semiconductor surfaces; the scanning electrochemical microscope, AFM and the solid--liquid interface; surface X-ray scattering; cluster formation on graphite electrodes; Cu deposition on Au surfaces; macroscopic events following Cu deposition; deposition of small metallic clusters on carbon; overpotential deposition of metals; underpotential deposition; STM on nanoscale ceramic superlattices; reconstruction events on Au(ijk) surfaces; Au surface reconstructions; friction force measurements on graphite steps under potential control; and the biocompatibility of materials.

In a highly original approach the author presents a general and systematic treatment of relations involving the hydrogen ion concentration of aqueous solutions. Mathematical exactness is developed as far as possible without dependence upon particular theories of ionization. Originally published in 1952. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Conversion of light and electricity to chemicals is an important component of a sustainable energy system. The exponential growth in renewable energy generation implies that there will be strong market pull for chemical energy storage technology in the near future, and here carbon dioxide utilization must play a central role. The electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide is key in achieving these goals. Carbon Dioxide Electrochemistry showcases different advances in the field, and bridges the two worlds of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis that are often perceived as in competition in research. Chapters cover homogeneous and heterogeneous electrochemical reduction of CO2, nanostructures for CO2 reduction, hybrid systems for CO2 conversion, electrochemical reactors, theoretical approaches to catalytic reduction of CO2, and photoelectrodes for electrochemical conversion. With internationally well-known editors and authors, this book will appeal to graduate students and researchers in energy, catalysis, chemical engineering and chemistry who work on carbon dioxide.

The definitive resource for electroplating, now completely up to date

With advances in information-age technologies, the field of electroplating has seen dramatic growth in the decade since the previous edition of Modern Electroplating was published. This expanded new edition addresses these developments, providing a comprehensive, one-stop reference to the latest methods and applications of electroplating of metals, alloys, semiconductors, and conductive polymers.

With special emphasis on electroplating and electrochemical plating in nanotechnologies, data storage, and medical applications, the Fifth Edition boasts vast amounts of new and revised material, unmatched in breadth and depth by any other book on the subject. It includes:

Easily accessible, self-contained contributions by over thirty experts

Five completely new chapters and hundreds of additional pages

A cutting-edge look at applications in nanoelectronics

Coverage of the formation of nanoclusters and quantum dots using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM)

An important discussion of the physical properties of metal thin films

Chapters devoted to methods, tools, control, and environmental issues

And much more

A must-have for anyone in electroplating, including technicians, platers, plating researchers, and metal finishers, Modern Electroplating, Fifth Edition is also an excellent reference for electrical engineers and researchers in the automotive, data storage, and medical industries.

Praise for the Fourth Edition "Outstanding praise for previous editions....the single best general reference for the organic chemist." -Journal of the Electrochemical Society "The cast of editors and authors is excellent, the text is, in general, easily readable and understandable, well documented, and well indexed...those who purchase the book will be satisfied with their acquisition." -Journal of Polymer Science "...an excellent starting point for anyone wishing to explore the application of electrochemical technique to organic chemistry and...a comprehensive up-to-date review for researchers in the field." -Journal of the American Chemical Society Highlights from the Fifth Edition: Coverage of the electrochemistry of buckminsterfullerene and related compounds, electroenzymatic synthesis, conducting polymers, and electrochemical fluorination Systematic examination of electrochemical transformations of organic compounds, organized according to the type of starting materials In-depth discussions of carbonyl compounds, anodic oxidation of oxygen-containing compounds, electrosynthesis of bioactive materials, and electrolyte reductive coupling Features 16 entirely new chapters, with contributions from several new authors who also contribute to extensive revisions throughout the rest of the chapters Completely revised and updated, Organic Electrochemistry, Fifth Edition explains distinguishing fundamental characteristics that separate organic electrochemistry from classical organic chemistry. It includes descriptions of the most important variants of electron transfers and emphasizes the importance of electron transfers in initiating various electrochemical reactions. The sweeping changes and lengthy additions in the fifth edition testify to the field's continued and rapid growth in research, practice, and application, and make it a valuable addition to your collection.

This book is part of a set of books which offers advanced students successive characterization tool phases, the study of all types of phase (liquid, gas and solid, pure or multi-component), process engineering, chemical and electrochemical equilibria, and the properties of surfaces and phases of small sizes. Macroscopic and microscopic models are in turn covered with a constant correlation between the two scales. Particular attention has been paid to the rigor of mathematical developments. This sixth volume is made up of two parts. The first part focuses on the study of ionic equilibria in water or non-aqueous solvents. The following are then discussed in succession: the dissociation of electrolytes, solvents and solvation, acid-base equilibria, formation of complexes, redox equilibria and the problems of precipitation. Part 2 discusses electrochemical thermodynamics, with the study of two groups: electrodes and electrochemical cells. The book concludes with the study of potential-pH diagrams and their generalization in an aqueous or non-aqueous medium.

diesen Betrag miillte sich die spezifische Warme von Leitern gegen diejenige von Nichtleitern erhohen. Nun wird aber gerade auch bei Metallen das DULONG-PETITsche Gesetz, das besagt, dall die spezifische Warme fester Korper sich durch die Freiheits grade der Atome allein erklaren lallt, gut bestatigt. Um mit der Erfahrung-in "Obereinstimmung zu bleiben, miillte man annehmen, dall die Zahl der freien Elektronen sehr klein gegen die Zahl der Atome ist. Das steht aber in Widerspruch mit den Ergebnissen, die man fiir die Zahl dar "Leitungselektronen" aus den elektrischen und optischen Effekten erhalt. Bei einer konsequenten Weiterentwicklung ergab sich unter a.nderem auch eine falsche Temperaturabhangigkeit der elektrischen .Leitfahigkeit, namlich Proportionalitat mit l/yT anstatt mit liT (fiir nicht zu tiefe Temperaturen). Trotz vieler Versuche zeigte es sich, dall eine Rettung der Theorie auf dem Boden der klassischen Physik unmoglich war. Durch die Entwicklung der modernen Quantentheorie (Quanten mechanik, Wellenmechanik) wurde eine vol1standig neue Situation geschaffen. Vor allem miissen wir jetzt nicht wie in der klassischen Physik an die Spitze unserer Elektronentheorie eine Hypothese stellen, sondern wir werden begriinden, daB in Metallen die Elek tronen fast frei beweglich sind und so die elektrische Leitfiihigkeit erzeugen. Daneben werden wir auch aIle anderen Eigenschaften der Metalle (mit Ausnahme der Supraleitfahigkeit) erkliiren konnen. Einer vollstandig exakten Losung der sich ergebenden wellen mechanischen Probleme stehen allerdings grolle technische Schwie rigkeiten entgegen, da wir ja immer Probleme mit sehr vielen Elektronen zu behandeln haben. Deshalb miissen wir uns nach einem geeigneten Naherungsverfahren umsehen."

Nanoelectrochemistry is not only important for achieving ultra-sensitive applications in fields ranging from energy to bioanalysis, but also contributes to more fundamental understanding of processes on this scale. While electrochemical processes occur within confined geometries at the nanometre scale, electrochemistry endows us with an ever-increasing ability to measure and understand with unprecedented precision. This Faraday Discussions volume addresses the challenges in both fundamental and applied nanoelectrochemistry, where new concepts and new knowledge play key roles. This volume also encourages cross-disciplinary interactions for electrochemistry with biophysics, nanofabrication, informatics, electronics and beyond. It discusses new concepts and knowledge within the field of nanoelectrochemistry, including new methods and novel applications. These new methods for achieving highly precise electrochemical measurements at nanoscale make it possible to provide fundamental electrochemical techniques to integrate with advanced spectroscopy and informatics technology to achieve real-life applications. This Faraday Discussions volume will potentially both revolutionise understanding in nanoelectrochemistry and guide future developments in this exciting research area. It covers the following topics: Emerging electrochemical methods at the nanointerface State of the art energy conversion at the nanointerface Electrochemical data mining: from information to knowledge Advanced nanoelectrochemistry implementation: from concept to application

Dieser Buchtitel ist Teil des Digitalisierungsprojekts Springer Book Archives mit Publikationen, die seit den Anfangen des Verlags von 1842 erschienen sind. Der Verlag stellt mit diesem Archiv Quellen fur die historische wie auch die disziplingeschichtliche Forschung zur Verfugung, die jeweils im historischen Kontext betrachtet werden mussen. Dieser Titel erschien in der Zeit vor 1945 und wird daher in seiner zeittypischen politisch-ideologischen Ausrichtung vom Verlag nicht beworben.

Dieser Buchtitel ist Teil des Digitalisierungsprojekts Springer Book Archives mit Publikationen, die seit den Anfangen des Verlags von 1842 erschienen sind. Der Verlag stellt mit diesem Archiv Quellen fur die historische wie auch die disziplingeschichtliche Forschung zur Verfugung, die jeweils im historischen Kontext betrachtet werden mussen. Dieser Titel erschien in der Zeit vor 1945 und wird daher in seiner zeittypischen politisch-ideologischen Ausrichtung vom Verlag nicht beworben.

tJber Photozellen und ihre Anwendungen sind bisheI' die fol genden Biicher erschienen: Zworykin, V. K., u. E. D. Wilson: Photocells and their Appli cations. New York 1930. Campbell, N. R., u. D. Ritchie: Photoelectric Cells. London 1929. Barnard, G. R.: The Selenium Cell, its Properties and Appli cations. London 1930. Anderson, J. S.: Photoelectric Cells and their Applications. London 1930. ahrend das letztere eine Sammlung von Vortragen darstellt, die im vergangenen Jahre auf einer Tagung der englischen physi kalischen und optischen Gesellschaften gehalten wurden, und das von Barnard lediglich die Selenzelle bespricht, sind die beiden ersteren nach Art von Monographien systematisch aufgebaut und behandeln die Photozelle nur allgemein. Von ihnen unter scheidet sich das vorliegende Buch hauptsachlich dadurch, daB es nicht nur die MeBmethoden und einen "Oberblick del' Anwendungen gibt, sondern sich auch mit del' Theorie und der Herstellung der Photozellen befaBt. Die Theorie bringt es so weit, als zum Verstandnis del' Herstellungsmethoden und der Arbeitsweise der Zelle erforderlich ist; es bildet also eine Erganzung des Buches von Gudden iiber "Lichtelektrische Erscheinungen" nach der praktischen Seite hin. Die alteren Ergebnisse der licht elektrischen Forschung wurden nur dann herangezogen, wenn wir sie zur Abrundung del' Darstellung benotigten, die neueren, sofern sie fiir die Zellenherstellung oder die Verwendung der Zelle von Bedeutung sind."

Electrocatalysis in Balancing the Natural Carbon Cycle Explore the potential of electrocatalysis to balance an off-kilter natural carbon cycle In Electrocatalysis in Balancing the Natural Carbon Cycle, accomplished researcher and author, Yaobing Wang, delivers a focused examination of why and how to solve the unbalance of the natural carbon cycle with electrocatalysis. The book introduces the natural carbon cycle and analyzes current bottlenecks being caused by human activities. It then examines fundamental topics, including CO2 reduction, water splitting, and small molecule (alcohols and acid) oxidation to prove the feasibility and advantages of using electrocatalysis to tune the unbalanced carbon cycle. You'll realize modern aspects of electrocatalysis through the operando diagnostic and predictable mechanistic investigations. Further, you will be able to evaluate and manage the efficiency of the electrocatalytic reactions. The distinguished author presents a holistic view of solving an unbalanced natural carbon cycle with electrocatalysis. Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of: A thorough introduction to the natural carbon cycle and the anthropogenic carbon cycle, including inorganic carbon to organic carbon and vice versa An exploration of electrochemical catalysis processes, including water splitting and the electrochemistry CO2 reduction reaction (ECO2RR) A practical discussion of water and fuel basic redox parameters, including electrocatalytic materials and their performance evaluation in different electrocatalytic cells A perspective of the operando approaches and computational fundamentals and advances of different electrocatalytic redox reactions Perfect for electrochemists, catalytic chemists, environmental and physical chemists, and inorganic chemists, Electrocatalysis in Balancing the Natural Carbon Cycle will also earn a place in the libraries of solid state and theoretical chemists seeking a one-stop reference for all aspects of electrocatalysis in carbon cycle-related reactions.

Mit der fortschreitenden Entwicklung der Kolloidchemie sind deren Bezie hungen zur physikalischen Chemie der molekulardispersen Systeme immer mehr hervorgetreten, ist der rein quantitative Charakter der bestehenden Unterschiede immer deutlicher geworden. Das gilt nicht nur fUr das Gebiet der molekular kinetischen Erscheinungen, sondern auch in besonderem MaBe von einem ihrer wichtigsten Abschnitte, der Elektrochemie der Kolloide. Wir haben in diesem Buche den Versuch unternommen, die Prinzipien der modernen elektrolytischen Losungstheorie, welche vor allem durch die auf die Erkenntnis der interionischen Krafte gegriindete Theorie der starken Elektrolyte und den aus ihr hervorgegangenen Ausbau der Vorstellungen von der elektrischen Doppelschicht, sowie durch die Lehre von den Dipolen und von der Polarisier- und Orientierbarkeit der Molekiile eine machtige Ausgestaltung erfahren hat, zu einer moglichst einheitlichen und geschlossenen Darstellung einer Elektrochemie der Kolloide zu verwenden. In hohem MaBe wurde hierbei die Moglichkeit bedeutungsvoll, das Gleichgewicht der Oberflachen reaktionen als einen besonderen und durchsichtigen Fall des Massenwirkungs gesetzes zu behandeln. Die innigen Wechselbeziehungen zwischen der Elektro chemie der anorganischen Kolloide und Proteine, auf welche schon seit langen J ahren von dem einen von uns hingewiesen wurde und die die Methoden und Ergebnisse der letzteren vielfach auf die ersteren auszudehnen gestatteten, kommen auch in dem Buche in einer entsprechenden Beriicksichtigung der Proteine zum Ausdruck. So hoffen wir, daB dasselbe nicht allein dem Chemiker, sondern auch dem Biologen von Interesse sein wird."

Dieser Buchtitel ist Teil des Digitalisierungsprojekts Springer Book Archives mit Publikationen, die seit den Anfangen des Verlags von 1842 erschienen sind. Der Verlag stellt mit diesem Archiv Quellen fur die historische wie auch die disziplingeschichtliche Forschung zur Verfugung, die jeweils im historischen Kontext betrachtet werden mussen. Dieser Titel erschien in der Zeit vor 1945 und wird daher in seiner zeittypischen politisch-ideologischen Ausrichtung vom Verlag nicht beworben.